大家好，欢迎回到原初教会。 Hi folks, and welcome back to The Original Church.
原初教会有七个圣事吗？ Did the original church have seven sacraments?
简单回答是，没有，他们没有。但如果就此打住，那就显得过于简单了。 Well, the short answer is, no, they didn't. But if I left it there, that would kind of be deceptively simple.
为了不使真相过于简单化，请给我几分钟，我会告诉你整个故事。 In order not to oversimplify the truth, give me a few minutes and I'll tell you the whole story.
因为，虽然原初教会没有全部七个圣事，但他们拥有的比你 想象的要多，我会在后续的视频中讲解一些单独的圣事。 Because, while the original church did not have all seven sacraments, they had more than you might think, and I'm going to have videos on some of the individual sacraments to come later.
现在，今天我们要稍微倒过来讲。 Now, we're going to do this a bit backwards today.
首先，我会谈谈原初教会有哪些圣事和没有哪些圣事，然后我 们会讨论圣事究竟是什么，或者对原初基督徒意味着什么。 First, I'm going to talk about which sacraments the original church had and didn't have, and then we're going to talk about exactly what a sacrament is, or what it meant to the original Christians.
传统的七个圣事是洗礼、坚振、圣餐、告解（现在更常称为 和好）、病人傅油（以前称为临终圣事）、圣秩和婚姻。 The traditional seven sacraments are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Confession, now more commonly known as Reconciliation, the Anointing of the Sick, which used to be called the Last Rites, Ordination, and Marriage.
现在你可能听说过一些基督教传统声称只有两个圣事和圣餐。 Now you may have heard that some Christian traditions claim that there were only two and the Eucharist.
但在原初教会中，那两个圣事实际上是合二为一的。 But in the original church, those two sacraments were actually two in one.
首先，洗礼总是包括坚振。 First, Baptism always included Confirmation.
洗礼和坚振在大约三世纪之前是一种仪式。 Baptism and Confirmation were one rite until about the third century.
事实上，洗礼也包括用油膏抹，但不是为病人。 In fact, Baptism also included an anointing with oil, but not for the sick.
坚振是按手以确认洗礼。 Confirmation was the laying on of hands to confirm the baptism.
这是一个人接受圣灵的时刻。 It was the moment when the person received the Holy Spirit.
而洗礼与坚振被视为基督徒生命的印记。 And Baptism, with Confirmation, was considered the seal of the Christian life.
你可以在《启示录》中看到这一点。 And you can see this in the book of Revelation.
在《启示录》中，洗礼被称为印记，为神而印。 In the book of Revelation, Baptism is called the seal, to be sealed for God.
这是兽印的对立面。 It's the opposite of the mark of the beast.
所以你可以被打上兽的印记，或者为神而印。 So you can either be marked for the beast, or you can be sealed for God.
而那个印记是洗礼，但不仅仅是洗礼。 And that seal is Baptism, but not just Baptism.
是洗礼与坚振。 It's Baptism with Confirmation.
其次，圣餐总是包括或假定有罪的告解。 Second, the Eucharist always included or assumed the confession of sins.
保罗写信给哥林多人，告诉他们在领受圣餐前应省察自己。 Paul wrote to the Corinthians that they should examine themselves before receiving communion.
这是良心的省察。 This is an examination of conscience.
《十二使徒遗训》明确指出，擘饼感谢，先要告解你的罪。 And the Didache states it very matter-of-factly, break bread and give thanks, having first confessed your sins.
现在圣餐祷文会包括告解的祷告。 Now the Eucharistic prayers would have included prayers of confession.
所以私人罪在圣餐前的共同祷告中被涵盖。 So private sins were covered by that unison prayer before the Eucharist.
但公开的罪必须在会众面前站起来公开告解。 But public sins had to be confessed publicly by standing up in front of the congregation.
现在这一切在三世纪变得正式化，但我会有另一个视频来讲解。 Now all of this became formalized in the third century, but I'll have another video on that.
所以许多人认为的主要两个圣事实际上各自都是合二为一的。 So the two sacraments that many people think of as the main two were actually each two in one.
所以在这里你就有了七个圣事中的四个。 And so right there you have four of the seven sacraments.
教父们将洗礼和坚振合称为双重圣事。 The church fathers referred to Baptism and Confirmation together as the two-fold sacrament.
在原初教会中，你绝不会在没有先告解罪过的情况下去领圣餐。 And you would never go to communion in the original church without first confessing your sins.
现在我已经在关于主教的视频中谈到了新约中的圣秩。 Now I've already talked about ordination in the New Testament in the video on bishops.
圣秩是由耶稣亲自开始的，基于师徒关系和委派人们作为使 徒出去传道的理念，最终在师傅退休或去世时接替师傅。 Ordination was started by Jesus himself based on that master and apprentice relationship and on the idea of commissioning people to go out as apostles, to do ministry, and eventually to take over for the master when the master retires or dies.
如同坚振，圣秩也总是包括按手，如我们在《提摩太后书》中所见。 Like confirmation, ordination has always included the laying on of hands, as we see in 2 Timothy.
它后来被正式化为一种仪式，但从一开始就存在。 It was formalized as a ritual later, but it's there from the beginning.
所以这是五个。 So that's five.
从一开始就存在的还有病人傅油。 Also there from the beginning is the anointing of the sick.
看看《雅各书》第五章。在那封信中，雅各谈到 主教和牧师如何有权用傅油和祷告来医治病人。 And look at the letter of James, chapter 5. In that letter, James talks about how the bishops and pastors have the authority to heal the sick with anointing and prayer.
所以这是六个。 So that makes six.
唯一在原初教会中确实不存在的圣事是婚姻，这很讽刺，因为它实际上是最古老的。 The only sacrament that really didn't exist in the original church was marriage, which is ironic because it's actually the oldest.
我的意思是，它是在《创世记》中由神设立的。 I mean, it was instituted by God at the beginning of the Bible in Genesis.
但这是原初教会实际上没有作为圣事的唯一一个。 But it's the only one that the original church did not actually have as a sacrament.
当然，基督徒结婚了，但不是在教会内，因为在 罗马文化中，教会没有权力承认或合法化婚姻。 Now Christians got married, of course, but it was not within the church because in Roman culture the church had no authority to recognize or legalize a marriage.
所以，我会有另一个关于原初教会中婚姻的视频，但我现在能告诉你的 是，我们在最初得到的唯一信息是安提阿的主教伊格那修的声明，想要 在教会内结合并被教会承认的夫妇应该在结婚前得到主教的祝福。 And so again, I'll have another video on marriage in the original church, but what I can tell you right now is about the only thing we get at the very beginning is a statement by the Bishop Ignatius of Antioch that couples who want to have a union within the church and be recognized by the church should get the bishop's blessing before getting married.
但事实是，由于罗马法律的限制，原初教会中的许多基督徒无法拥有合法的婚姻。 But the truth is many Christians in the original church could not have a legal marriage because of the restrictions of Roman law.
所以，我们会在另一个视频中讨论这个问题。 So again, we'll get to that in another video.
所以你可以看到，在原初教会中，七个圣事中有六个是存在的。 So you can see in the original church, six of the seven sacraments were there.
唯一不是真正作为圣事存在的是婚姻。 The only one that wasn't really there as a sacrament was marriage.
但圣事究竟是什么？ But what exactly is a sacrament?
有些人根据耶稣所接受的来定义圣事，这成为将 圣事数量限制为两个的理由，即洗礼和圣餐。 Some people define a sacrament according to what Jesus received, and this becomes a kind of rationale for limiting the number of sacraments to two, baptism and the Eucharist or Holy Communion.
但这种定义是误导的，因为它将耶稣参与的概念仅限于他的人性或他所接受的。 But that definition is misguided because it limits the idea of Jesus' participation to his human nature only or to what he received.
因为耶稣确实参与了罪的赦免、圣秩，甚至婚姻，不是作为 接受这些圣事的人，而是作为设立、主持或祝福它们的人。 Because Jesus did participate in the forgiveness of sins, in ordination, and even in marriage, not as one who received those sacraments, but as one who instituted them, who presided over them, or who blessed them.
虽然他没有生病，但他在受难和埋葬前被膏抹，并委派他的门徒为病人傅油。 And although he was not sick, he was anointed in preparation for his passion and his burial, and he commissioned his disciples to anoint the sick.
正如耶稣赋予他的门徒施洗、医治和赦罪的权柄，这权柄被传给了 后来的主教和牧师，以施洗、用油膏抹和祷告医治，并赦免罪。 And just as Jesus gave his disciples the authority to baptize, heal, and forgive, that authority was handed down to the bishops and pastors after them to baptize, to heal by the anointing with oil and prayer, and to forgive sins.
那么原初基督徒认为圣事是什么呢？ So what did the original Christians think that a sacrament was?
注意在原初教会中，圣事不被称为符号、仪式、礼仪，甚至标记。 Notice that in the original church, the sacraments are not called symbols, rites, rituals, or even signs.
它们被称为奥秘。 They're called the mysteries.
在拉丁文中，这个词是sacramentum， 这就是我们英语中sacrament的来源。 In Latin, that would be the word sacramentum, which is where we get our English word sacrament.
这是一个神秘而神圣的事件。 It is a mysterious and sacred event.
在罗马文化中，sacramentum是神与人结合的时刻。 In Roman culture, a sacramentum was a moment of union of the divine with the human.
在人类方面，它像一个神圣的誓言，创造了一种新的忠诚，象征着一种全新的生活方式。 On the human side, it was like a sacred vow, creating a new loyalty and signifying a whole new way of life.
例如，要加入罗马军团，一个人会立下sacrame ntum，一个神圣的誓言，可能还会有烙印或纹身。 So for example, to join the Roman legions, one would make a sacramentum, a sacred vow, and it probably came with a brand or a tattoo.
在神的方面，圣事是神所做的事情。 On the divine side, a sacrament is something that God does.
这是一个神圣的行为。 It's a divine act.
这是那一刻的神圣介入。 It is divine intervention in that moment.
这是一个奇迹般的事件，这意味着接受圣事就是永远被改变。 It's a miraculous event, which means that to receive a sacrament is to be changed forever.
所以圣事既是誓言又是奇迹，是一个神圣的奥秘。 So a sacrament is both a vow and a miracle, a sacred mystery.
事实上，对于原初基督徒来说，圣事根本不是我们所做的事情。 In fact, for the original Christians, a sacrament is not primarily something we do at all.
圣事主要是神所做的事情。 A sacrament is primarily something God does.
它从未被认为只是纪念过去事件的东西，好像洗礼是对先前决定的公开承认。 It was never thought to be simply something that commemorates a past event, as if baptism was a public recognition of a prior decision.
圣事不仅仅是内在信仰的外在标记，如有些人所说。 A sacrament is not just an outward sign of an inward faith, as some might say.
圣事总是被认为是在那一刻发生的实际神圣介入。 A sacrament was always believed to be actual divine intervention happening in that moment.
这是神圣力量的创造性行为，是神在接受者中的工作，使接受者成为新造的人。 It's a creative act of divine power, a work of God in the recipient, making the recipient a new creation.
所以这不仅仅是对我们所做事情的承认，对过去所做事情的承认。 So it's not just a recognition of something we did, something that was done in the past.
例如，圣餐不仅仅是对基督受难的承认或记忆，圣秩也不仅仅是承认某人有事奉的恩赐。 For example, the Eucharist was not simply a recognition or a remembering of Christ's passion, and ordination was not simply a recognition that someone has the gifts for ministry.
这是神赐予那个人事奉恩赐的时刻。 It was a moment in which God was granting that person the gifts for ministry.
圣事赐予你以前没有的东西。 A sacrament gives you something you did not have before.
通过按手，被祝圣的人获得他们所需的能力来履行职 责，神以祂的恩典填补他们恩赐的不足或软弱之处。 By the laying on of hands, a person being ordained is granted what they will need to do that job, and God, by God's grace, is filling in the gaps where their own gifts might be lacking or weak.
教父们说，教会就像一所医院。 The church fathers said that the church is like a hospital.
神职人员是医生，圣事是药物。 The clergy are the doctors, and the sacraments are the medicine.
所以接受圣事就是在另一边出来时被改变，被医治。 So to receive a sacrament is to come out on the other side changed, healed.
这也是为什么葬礼不是圣事的部分原因。 And this is part of the reason why a funeral is not a sacrament.
它不是改变一个人的事情，也不是神在那一刻所做的事情。 It's not something that changes a person, and it's not something that God is doing in that moment.
所以要始终记住，圣事主要不是我们所做的，而是神所做 的，这就是为什么我们认为它是神恩典的途径或渠道。 So always remember this, a sacrament is not primarily something we do, but it is primarily something that God does, and that is why we consider it a means or a channel of God's grace.
这也是为什么教父们说，教会之外无救恩。 This is also why the church fathers said that there is no salvation outside of the church.
教会之外无救恩，因为教会之外无圣事。 There's no salvation outside of the church because there are no sacraments outside of the church.
我们是通过圣事和在圣事中临到我们的恩典而得救。 And it is through the sacraments and through the grace that comes to us in the sacraments that we are saved.
这就是原初教会的情况。 And that's how it was in the original church.
再会。 Cheers.
嘿，感谢你看到视频的最后。 Hey, thanks for watching this video all the way to the end.
我非常感激。 I really appreciate that.
请将这个视频分享给你的朋友，并请加入我在Locals.com上的原初教会社区。 Please share this video with your friends, and please join me in the original church community on Locals.com.
别忘了，如果你加入Locals.com上的原初教会社区， Don't forget that if you join the original church community on Locals.com,
你可以每周和我一起参加一个实时、深入、按时间顺序的圣经学习。 you can join me each week for a live, in-depth, chronological Bible study.
每周六都有直播，但如果你没空，可以稍后观看。 It's live-streamed every Saturday, but you can watch it later if you're not available.
所以加入我，我们在那里见。 So join me for that, and I'll see you there.
希望在那里见到你。 I hope to see you there.
我们在那里见。 And I'll see you there.