若每年能根除一项恶习，我们很快就能成为完全人。 We should soon become perfect men if every year we extirpated someone vice we're in perfection.
你不要惧怕他们，因为耶和华你的神在你中间，他是大而可畏的神。 Thou shall not fear them because the Lord, thy God, has been amidst of thee, a god almighty and terrible.
你要渐渐将他们从你面前撵出，使他们灭绝。 You'll consume these nations in our sight by little and little, and by degrees.
申命记7:21-22 Deuteronomy 7:21-22.
教会历史上，有两种特定灵修方式被推荐为公教灵修生活的完整体现。 Throughout the history of the church, there have been two specific devotions that have been recommended as encapsulating the totality of Catholic spirituality.
无论你是否意识到，这两种灵修渗透在你诵念的每一篇日课、连祷文和串经中。 Whether you know it or not, these two devotions pervade every single office, litany, and chaplet you pray.
更重要的是，这两种灵修对正确参与弥撒、办告解， 以及履行你在德行成长与战胜恶习的责任至关重要。 Further, these two devotions are essential to hearing mass properly, going to confession, and generally carrying out your duty to grow in virtue and defeat vice.
第一种灵修称为心祷。 The first of these devotions is called mental prayer.
在心祷中，灵魂被提升到神面前，以表达虔敬、默想真理，并决心践行诫命。 In mental prayer, the soul is elevated to God in order to make acts of devotion, consider truth, and resolve to carry out the commandments.
若你想了解心祷，我最近出版了一本耶稣会士的著作 《依圣依纳爵精神的心祷简导》，链接见下方描述。 If you're interested in learning about mental prayer, I've recently published an old book from a Jesuit priest called A Brief Guide to Mental Prayer, According to the Mind of Saint Ignatius, linked in the description below.
第二种灵修即本视频要探讨的，称为特定省察。 The second of these devotions and the subject of this video is called the particular examen.
这种灵修以不同形式被灵修导师们推荐，用以克服恶习、培养德行。 This devotion, in various different forms, has always been recommended by spiritual masters in order to overcome vices and build virtues.
古典作家亦曾推荐此法。 It has even been recommended among classical authors.
圣耶柔米与圣托马斯指出，塞内卡、普鲁塔克和爱比克泰德都曾向门徒推荐省察。 Saint Jerome and Saint Thomas note that authors like Seneca, Plutarch, and Epictetus recommended it to their disciples.
这在教父时代也很普遍。 This was also common amongst the church fathers.
罗德里格斯神父总结道：「制定隐修规则的鼻祖之一圣巴西略规定修士须每晚省察； 圣奥古斯丁在其会规中同样要求；圣安东尼以自身榜样教导追随者省察；圣伯尔纳铎 、圣文德、圣约翰·卡西安，以及所有修会创始人与灵修导师，无不要求我们每日践 行此功课。」但直到圣依纳爵及其门徒时代，才形成本视频将介绍的经典范式。 Father Rodriguez gives us a summary, noting that, quote, "Saint Basil, one of the most ancient of those that have made rules for religious persons, ordained that they should, every night, make this examen.
圣奥古斯丁在其会规中也如此规定。 Saint Augustine, in his rule, enjoins the same.
圣安东尼同样以身作则教导门徒省察。 Saint Anthony taught also the same to his followers by his own example.
圣伯尔纳铎、圣文德、圣约翰·卡西安，以及所有修会创始人与灵修生活导师，都要求我 们每日操练此功课。但直到圣依纳爵及其门徒时代，才形成本视频将遵循的经典范式。 And Saint Bernard, Saint Bonaventure, and Saint John Cassian, and generally all the founders of religious orders, as well as all masters of a spiritual life, would have us daily apply ourselves to this exercise." Yet it wasn't until the time of Saint Ignatius and his disciples that we received the classical formulation of this practice, which this video will follow.
继续之前需说明：我并非灵修导师或灵修大师。 As a note before we continue, I'm not a spiritual director or any sort of master of the spiritual life.
我只是个读书人，将书中所得传达给他人。 I'm a guy who reads books and then communicates what they say to others.
不要相信我，而要自己研读。 Do not trust me, but read them for yourself.
尤其值得参考的是路易斯·德·拉帕尔玛神父的《依圣依纳爵法之特 定省察良心论》、阿方索·罗德里格斯神父的《基督徒与宗教成全实 践》第七论著，以及贝利西乌斯神父《坚固德行》第二卷第五章。 Particularly useful are Father Luis de La Palma, A Treatise on the Particular Examen of Conscience According to the Method of Saint Ignatius, Father Alfonso Rodriguez, The Practice of Christian and Religious Perfection, Treaty Seven, and Father Belisius' Solid Virtue, Part Two, Chapter Five.
此外开篇前，请记得点赞、评论、订阅与分享。 Also, before we begin, remember to like, comment, subscribe, and share.
若你真心喜爱这类内容并想表达感谢，可考虑在patreon. com/militanthomas成为赞助者，或通过chr istianbewagner.com/donate捐赠。 If you really enjoy this type of content and would like to thank me, please consider becoming a patron on patreon.com/militanthomas or sending a donation at christianbewagner.com/donate.
这对我的帮助极大。 It really helps me out.
特别鸣谢联合倡议团队为本视频剪辑提供协助。 Also, I would like to give Unionist Initiative a special shout-out for helping with the editing of this video.
也请务必订阅他的频道。 Make sure to go and subscribe to his channel as well.
虽然我在视频开头提到特定省察的踪迹可见于每位灵修 导师的教导，但必须强调圣依纳爵的体系具有开创性。 While I mentioned in the introduction to this video that the traces of the particular examen are found throughout every one of the spiritual masters, it is important to emphasize that Saint Ignatius' formulation was groundbreaking.
他从沙漠教父、中世纪灵修者及同时代大师的著作中汲取养分，将古老传统焕发新意。 He took from his reading of the Desert Fathers, medievals, and other spiritual masters of his day, and made something that was ancient, yet new.
十六世纪依纳爵灵修大师冈萨雷斯·达维拉神父指出，特定省察是「主赐予耶 稣会的特殊恩典，为纯洁其子嗣，栽培无可指摘、毫无瑕疵的工人，使他们不 仅摆脱罪污，更超越自身特殊性与天然缺陷。耶稣会其他修炼方式与教会内现 存各修会德行学校共通——祈祷工夫众多修会皆有涉猎，总省察亦然。但此处 论述的特定省察，我们却未见其他传统有同等明确的体系与践行规范。」 Father Gonzales Davila, a 16th-century Ignatian master, notes that the particular examen has been given to the Jesuits by, quote, "The singular grace of our Lord, for the purity of its sons, and to raise workers unmistakable and without reproach and blemish, free not only from the stains of sins, but also from our particular and natural conditions.
耶稣会运用的其他方法均与教会内现存修会共通的德行学校无异。 All other means used by the Jesuits are common to other religious orders from schools of virtue that exist in the Church.
论及祈祷，众多修会皆有涉猎。 Prayer, there are many religious orders that deal with it.
总省察亦然。 General examination also.
但此处讨论的特定省察，我们未见其他传统有如此 明确的体系——虽然确有特定省察的基础形式。 But the particular examen as discussed here, we do not find in any other trace, yes, and foundation of particular examen.
但耶稣会所教导的严谨规范，确是独一无二。」 But the punctuality with which the Jesuits teach it, in no way." End quote.
然而可悲的是，当今实践圣依纳爵灵修者往往忽视这项功课。 Yet, unfortunately, this devotion is not as frequently emphasized by those who are practitioners of the spirituality of Saint Ignatius today.
许多人听闻「省察」时，想到的是圣依纳爵所称的总省察。 Many, when they hear of the examen, they think of what Saint Ignatius calls the general examen.
二者区别在于：特定省察旨在逐项攻克具体过失。 The difference between the two is that the particular examen is concerned with extinguishing one particular fault at a time.
而总省察则综览全天过失，并以更普泛的心态为神一日所赐恩典献上感恩。 Whereas the general examen overlooks all one's faults and has a more general disposition of thanksgiving for the working of God throughout one's day.
但对圣依纳爵及其门徒而言，特定省察与总省察同等重要。 Yet for Saint Ignatius and the Ignatian masters, the particular examen was just as important as the general examen.
罗德里格斯神父强调：「即便是疾病使我们无法进行 常规的心祷时辰，也不能免除总省察或特定省察。」 Father Rodriguez notes that, "Sickness itself, which dispenses with our ordinary hour of mental prayer, dispenses not with our general or particular examens.
因此我们必须持守这条不可动摇的准则：无论任何理由都绝 不能免除省察。」圣依纳爵终其一生都在修订《神操》。 We must hold that, therefore, for an infallible maxim, that we must never exempt ourselves from it upon any account whatsoever." The spiritual exercises were edited and revised by Saint Ignatius throughout his life.
相传圣依纳爵写下特定省察法，是为帮助未来的圣彼得·法伯尔 ——这位热忱践行神操却始终未能达到理想成全境界的修士。 It is said that Saint Ignatius wrote down the particular examen as an aid to the future Saint Peter Faber when, while zealous for the exercises, he could not quite reach the degree of perfection that he desired.
最终圣彼得·法伯尔成为依纳爵子弟中的冠冕，被圣依纳爵本人誉为神操的最佳导师。 Eventually, Saint Peter Faber would go on to become one of the crown jewels of the Sons of Saint Ignatius and would be regarded by Saint Ignatius himself as the greatest teacher of his spiritual exercises.
圣依纳爵确立的最终范式如下： The final form given by Saint Ignatius is as follows.
「特定省察包含三次操练与两次自查。 Quote, "The particular examen consists in three exercises and two to examine oneself.
首次在清晨起床时，当立即立志谨慎防范想要纠正的特定罪过或缺陷。」 The first time is in the morning, immediately on rising."When one ought to propose to guard himself with diligence against particular sin or defect with which he wants to correct and amend.
第二次在午饭后，当祈求主赐恩典，使人忆起自己 已多少次陷于该罪过或缺陷，并立志改过自新。」 The second time is after dinner, when one is to ask of God, our Lord, what he wants, namely grace to remember how many times he has fallen into particular sin or defect, and to amend himself in the future.
本视频将逐项解析圣依纳爵的教导。 Throughout this video, we will take what was given by Saint Ignatius here and explain it part by part.
路易斯·德·拉帕尔玛神父的界定颇具助益： Here, we are helped by Father Luis de la Palma when he gives the following definition.
「特定省察是针对特定过失的属灵争战。 Quote, "The particular examen is a spiritual contest against some particular fault.
它包含立志不犯此过、持守此誓愿的热切渴望、检视是否失足以 察知改正成效，从而彻底根除最阻碍我们的过失，将所需美德栽 植于心。」此处可见特定省察的质料、形式与目的三要素。 It comprises a purpose not to fall, an anxious desire to keep this promise, an examination whether we have fallen that we may discover whether any correction has been obtained and to what extent, and that in this manner, the fault which most hinders us may be thoroughly uprooted, and the virtue we stand in need of be implanted in our hearts." Here, we see that all the parts of the particular examen are given, the matter, form, and final cause of the examen.
故本视频分三部分： Thus, this video will be split into three parts.
首论省察形式，即省察中的各类行动； First, we will cover the form of the examen, showing what are the various acts that take place in the examen.
次论省察质料，即需破除的恶习与需培育的美德； Second, we will show the matter of the examen, what kind of vices destroyed and what kind of virtue gained in the examen.
末论省察目的。 Lastly, we will cover the end of the examen, that is, its purpose.
为提纲挈领，我将简要说明这三要素。 To summarize the matter, form, and end, I will briefly explain each one of them.
形式是源于默观的决心，可分为四个行动： So the form is the resolution as flowing from meditation, which we may split into four acts.
持守决心的立志、 First, determination to keep the resolution.
对决心的警醒、 Second, watchfulness over the resolution.
检视是否持守、 Third, examination whether we have kept this resolution.
比较不同时段的持守成效。 Fourth, comparison between time periods in which we have sought to keep this resolution.
质料则是需纠正的特定过失或需获取的美德。 Then the matter of the particular examen is some particular fault we must correct or virtue we must acquire.
目的是通过特定省察形式的实践，消除该过失或获取该美德。 And the end of the particular examen is to eliminate that particular fault or acquire that virtue that is the matter of the examen by an application of the form of the examen.
视频第一部分探讨特定省察形式，即源于默观的决心。 In this first part of the video, we will cover the form of the examination, which is a resolution as formed from meditation.
决心仅是意志对某项行动的决断。 Simply, a resolution is merely some act of the will to carry out such and such an act.
若清晨立志今日要战胜色欲，便是立下攻克色欲的决心。 Thus, if we wake up in the morning and say to ourselves that today we will defeat lust, we are making a resolution to defeat lust.
特定省察形式的四部分，旨在形成并践行破除罪过的决心（即质料所指的特定罪过）。 The four parts of the form of the particular examen are meant to be the forming and carrying out of this resolution to destroy what is present in the matter, that is, a particular sin.
关键这非普通决心，而是源于默观（或谓心祷）的决心。 It is also important that this is just not any resolution, but a resolution as flowing from meditation, or we could say a resolution as flowing from mental prayer.
通过心祷，我们不仅向神献上虔敬，更发现当破除的恶 习、当获取的美德、行动动机，最终形成坚定决心。 Through mental prayer, we not only make certain acts of devotion towards God, but we discover the vices we must destroy, the virtues we must gain, the motives for these acts, and finally, we make strong resolutions to these things.
这使特定省察区别于自然主义、道德主义与类伯拉纠主义的德行追求。 This is what distinguishes the particular examen from a merely naturalistic, moralistic, and quasi-Pelagian desire to grow in virtue and fix our defects.
如前所述，特定省察形式包含立志、警醒、检视、比较四行动。 As I mentioned, there are four acts which constitute the form of the particular examen, determination, watchfulness, examination, and comparison.
首项「立志」是持守某项美德、破除某项恶习的决心。 The first of these, determination, is the purpose to keep such and such a virtue and destroy such and such a vice.
圣依纳爵在《神操》中描述：「清晨起床时，当立即立志谨慎 防范想要纠正的特定罪过或缺陷。」此立志称为第一次省察。 In the Spiritual Exercises, Saint Ignatius describes it as follows, quote, "Immediately on rising, when one ought to propose to guard himself with diligence against that particular sin or defect which he wants to correct and amend." This determination is known as the first examen.
第一次省察在晨祷时进行。 The first examen is carried out right when you wake up in the morning during your morning prayers.
此立志非三心二意，而是在神面前向世俗、肉体与魔鬼宣战的宣言。 This determination is not some half-hearted wish, but a declaration of holy war before God against the world of flesh and the devil.
需聚焦单项恶习或美德，在神前竭尽全力持守。 In this, you focus on a single vice or a single virtue and resolve with all your power before God to keep this.
灵修著作指出，完善立志包含四步骤： There are four parts to making a good determination that the spiritual authors outline.
一、诵念晨祷，将全天行动奉献于神； First, you say your morning offering, offering yourself and all your actions during this day to God.
二、省察过往过失（尤其是相关美德或恶习），发痛悔； Second, you consider your past faults, especially against the virtue or vice you're seeking to work on, making an act of contrition.
三、最关键的是： Third, this is the most important part.
更新破除恶习或建立美德的决心。 Renew your resolution against the vice you seek to destroy or virtue you wish to establish.
为强化决心，可简要思虑动机（后将详述）； In order to make this fervently, it may be helpful to briefly consider the various motives for this resolution, which we will cover in a bit more detail later.
四、祈求神赐恩典以持守所立决心。 Lastly, one must ask for the graces from God to keep this resolution you have made.
此刻亦可向圣母、守护天使、主保圣人、圣依纳爵及 相关圣人（如守贞可求圣托马斯·阿奎那）祈祷。 It is also appropriate here to add prayers to the Blessed Virgin, one's guardian angel, patron saint, and Saint Ignatius, along with saints that are related to your resolution, for example, Saint Thomas Aquinas for chastity.
灵修著作指出良好决心需具五种特质： The authors list five qualities of a good resolution.
一、具体而非笼统。 First, it must be definite rather than general.
例如立志「不过量饮食」比泛泛立志「不贪食」更有效。 For example, it is better to resolve not to overindulge in food quantitatively than simply resolve not to be gluttonous.
二、适度而非好高骛远。 Second, it must be discreet rather than overly ambitious.
例如先解决某些故意的小罪，而非妄求消除所有无序冲动。 For example, it is better to resolve to avoid certain deliberate venial sins than removing all inordinate movements.
三、坚定不移。 Third, it must be steadfast.
四、谦卑。 Fourth, it must be humble.
当效法席皮奥利神父的双重武器：彻底弃绝自我与完全信靠神。 Here we seek to follow Father Scipoli's two weapons of distrust of self and complete trust in God.
如此我们避免使特定省察沦为伯拉纠主义，而恒常仰赖祈祷。 Thus, we will not imagine the particular examen to function in a Pelagian sense, but will always rely on constant prayer.
五、与日俱增。 Fifth, it must daily increase.
即所立决心当趋向美德成全或彻底除罪，而非停滞不前。 That is, the resolution made tends towards the perfection of the virtue or perfect removal of the vice rather than remaining stagnant.
形式的后续三部分旨在落实晨间所立决心。 The next three parts of the form are meant to be the carrying out of the determination that you have made in the morning.
立志后当实践警醒。 After determination, one must practice watchfulness.
警醒即监察己行以符合所立之志。 Watchfulness simply means that one keeps watch over his actions in order to bring them into conformity with his resolution.
其功能有二： This functions in two ways.
遇试探时与犯罪后。 First, when one is tempted.
遇试探时，首当祈求神赐恩持守决心，并呼求晨祷所念圣人为代祷； Second, when one has fallen into such and such a sin.When one is tempted, first we are to supplicate God for the grace to keep our resolution and to ask for the intercession of those saints you prayed to that morning.
次当思虑动机。 Second, you are to consider motives.
视频已多次提及动机，尚未阐明其内涵、形成与功效。 I've mentioned motives a few times in this video already, but haven't clearly laid out what these motives are and how they are formed and effect change.
这些动机可简称为驱动力。 These motives can be more easily described as motivations.
这些驱动力是促使意志执行特定任务的考量因素。 These motivations are considerations that move the will to carry out a certain task.
日常生活中我们时刻运用驱动力。 In our day-to-day life, we use motivations all the time.
若有人不想吃蛋糕，会考虑保持健康的必要性； If one wishes not to eat a slice of cake, they consider the fact that they need to be healthy.
若不愿起床工作，会思及家人温饱所需。 If one doesn't want to wake up and go to work, they consider the fact their family needs to eat.
灵修生活中驱动力同样运作。 These motivations function similarly in the spiritual life.
通过心祷与研读，我们能积累践行决心的各类驱动力，在受试探时应用，并终日反复忆起。 Here, through mental prayer and study, we can amass various motivations for carrying out your resolution that you can apply to yourself in times of temptation and recall from time to time throughout your day.
驱动力越具体有力，效果越佳。 The more particular and impactful you can make these motivations, the better.
例如若某人敬爱圣托马斯·阿奎那却苦于守贞， 可默想圣人战胜夜间诱惑的事迹以坚定心志。 For example, if someone has a devotion to Saint Thomas Aquinas and struggles with purity, you may recall Saint Thomas Aquinas's victory over the woman of the night in order to strengthen one's resolve.
由此可知驱动力分两种：普遍与特殊。 This brings us to the fact that there are two types of motivation, general and special.
普遍驱动力促使我们实践美德的总原则。 General motivations are motivations that move us to practice virtue in general.
例如默想真福八端并不导向特定美德，而是泛论德行。 For example, considering beatitude does not draw us to any virtue in particular, but only virtue in general.
因其普适性，这类驱动力极具威力；但对阵特定恶习时，或需更具体的武器方能克敌制胜。 These are very powerful due to their universal scope, but can be less effective for focused battle on a particular vice, which may need to be defeated with a more particular weapon.
这具体武器即是特殊驱动力。 This more particular weapon are special motivations.
其针对性可强可弱。 These can be more or less general.
例如对抗不洁的驱动力就属较普遍的范畴。 For example, a motivation against impurity is most general.
对抗奸淫的驱动力稍具体；而在自身特殊处境下 抵御对某位特定女性邪念的驱动力则最为精准。 Motivation against fornication is less general, and a motivation against fornication with this particular woman in my particular state with my particular interest is most particular.
驱动力越具体，力量越强。 The more particular the motive, the more powerful it is.
故不仅需阅读论述美德的著作，更应运用心祷所得的默想。 This is why not only reading books which list these virtues, but also considerations drawn from mental prayer should be deployed.
欲通过阅读装备自己，真福路易斯·德·格拉纳达的《罪人指南》中有丰富案例。 If you wish to furnish yourself by reading, Venerable Louis of Granada's Sinners List has lists of both types in abundance.
其次，我们也可考察屈服于恶习时的警醒。 Second, we can also look at watchfulness when one capitulates to such and such advice.
传统上当人违反决心时，会以拳抵胸献上简祷作为补赎小行动。 Here, it is traditional that one place their fist on their chest and offer a small prayer as a small act of penance whenever they break their resolution.
亦可简要记录过失以便记忆。 One can also make a short note of this transgression for memory's sake.
此举有助于后续两项省察环节——检视自己是否警醒持守了决心。 This act will help with the next two parts of the form, both of which are meant to consider whether one has been watchful and vigilant in carrying out one's resolution.
第三部分是省察。 The third part is the examination.
这项操练的核心环节，即回顾全天以检视是否持守决心。 The examination from which the whole exercise takes its name is when we look over our day in order to discover whether we have kept our resolution.
传统上在午时与睡前进行，但平信徒通常仅在睡前省察。 Traditionally, this was done at noon and before bed, but often laymen simply do this before bed.
是否采用晨昏模式或加添午时省察，全凭个人选择，但午时省察益处良多。 It is up to every individual whether to keep the morning and evening model or add in a noon examination as well, but there are many advantages to doing a noontime examination.
首先，频率越高越能清晰回忆过失细节； First, one is better able to recall their instances of transgressions when it is done more frequently.
其次，更频繁地激励意志可避免好高骛远。 Second, one is able to better motivate the will when it is done with more frequency so that one does not bite off more than they can chew.
例如戒除色情瘾时，立志「坚持到午餐时分不犯罪」与「 从午餐到就寝保持洁净」，比「全天戒绝」更易达成。 For example, if one is addicted to pornography, to resolve to make it without indulging in the desire or the act until lunchtime, and then from lunchtime to bedtime is a much easier set of goals than resolving to go the entire day.
请按自身状态选择最佳方式。 Either way, do what you find best in your state in life.
传统省察含五步骤： Traditionally, there are five parts to the examination.
一、求光照，使能忆罪悔改，发痛悔并更新决心； First, ask for light, that you may be able to recall your sins and be able to rise again, bringing forth acts of contrition and renewing your resolve against it.
二、逐时回顾过失。 Second, consider your transgressions going from hour to hour.
需注意此非省察核心， It is important to note that this second part is not the central part of the examination.
而是为：1.提供材料激发真诚痛悔；2.追溯犯罪根源。 Rather, this consideration is, one, in order to have proper material to bring forth good acts of sorrow, and two, to consider the causes of your sin.
三、基于第二步，对所省察诸罪思其邪恶并发痛悔； Third, as flowing from the second, bring forth all of those sins you have considered and then think about their wickedness and make acts of contrition for these sins.
四、同样基于第二步，针对所犯诸罪自我劝诫。 Fourth, also flowing from the second, one ought to exhort themselves against the sins they have committed and considered under the second point.
需追溯犯罪诱因而非仅停留罪行本身。 This involves going back to the causes you considered in your transgressions, not merely the transgressions themselves.
聚焦根源能使警醒更有效。 This focus on causes will also help you be more ready in your watchfulness.
例如若与不洁抗争时，发现晨间赖床的懈怠提供了犯罪温床，便可据此强力纠正。 For example, if you struggle with impurity and realize that the sloth that you suffer in the morning by lying in bed is providing an occasion of sin, this can be used as a powerful corrective to exhort yourself towards.
五、更新决心。 Fifth, renew your resolution.
此外，有人会辅以小补赎以助克胜恶习， Additionally, some also give themselves a small penance in order to help overcome the vice.
如诵特定祷文或轻度克苦。 It might be a certain prayer or a light deprivation.
例如念一遍圣母经或下顿饭不放盐。 For example, praying an Ave or not putting salt on your next meal.
但这属可选。 But this is optional.
最后环节是比较。 The last part of the form is comparison.
借此逐日追踪进展。 In this, you can keep track of how you are going day by day.
圣依纳爵建议用数字记录：晨午对比、逐日对比、逐周对比。 Saint Ignatius suggests you track numerically, counting morning to afternoon, day to day, week to week.
例如晨间犯某过七次、下午五次，通过比较可见进步； For example, you may break a certain vice seven times in the morning, five times in the afternoon, and you compare them and see that you've improved.
或对比上周犯罪三十次与本周二十五次，长期追踪。 Or you may compare how you've done last week and see that you have committed the sin 30 times and then see that this week it's 25 times, and then you track it over time.
亦可简要记录每日状况进行比较。 You can also write short notes of how your day went and compare them.
核心在于：1.通过可见成长获得鼓励；2.发现停滞时（ 或需见灵修导师、短期退省、重新检视省察忠诚度）... Basically, the idea is that you want to be able to see how you are growing from day to day for, one, encouragement; two, so that you can identify stagnation of growth, which may require a meeting with a spiritual director, a short retreat, or an ex- reexamination of one's fidelity to the examen....
3.明确何时基本攻克某罪可转战下一恶习。 or three, so that you can know when you've basically eliminated a certain vice and can move on to another vice.
形式部分至此。 That is it for the form.
现需探讨省察的质料。 Now we have to go over the matter of the examen.
省察质料即通过上述形式实践需纠正的特定过失或需获取的美德。 The matter of the examine is some particular fault we must correct or virtue we must acquire by the application of the form stated above.
若对抗色欲，色欲即特定省察的质料。 Thus, if one wishes to fight the vice of lust, lust would be said to be the matter of the particular examine.
进一步解析定义： Let's look at the definition in a bit more detail.
因省察旨在除罪建德，故其质料非罪即德。 Generally speaking, since the examine is meant to destroy sin or to build virtue, thus either sin or virtue is going to be the matter of one's examine.
更准确说是特定罪过或特定美德。 It gets more clarified when we go further and say particular sin or particular virtue.
「特定性」正是省察力量之源。 This idea of the examine being particular is where it gets all its strength from.
攻城时不分散兵力四面出击， If you are laying siege to a city, you wouldn't go and try to destroy each part of the wall.
而应集中全力突破一点。 Rather, you would concentrate all your forces on a single point and place all the power you have against that little point.
故当将上述形式应用于特定罪过或美德，而非泛泛而论。 So you apply the form above, not to sin in general or virtue in general.
要针对某个具体弱点发动全面歼灭战，不留活口、盐碱其地，使敌人仅存纯粹可憎的记忆。 You take it and apply it to a single little point that you wish to wage a complete war of attrition against, leaving no survivors, salting the fields, and obliterating any memory of your enemy except one of pure and utter disdain and disgust.
更进一步将每项美德与恶习细分，逐个击破直至全胜。 We go even further, dividing each virtue into particular parts and each vice into particular parts, attacking one part at a time until we have destroyed the entire thing.
比如对抗色欲时，先戒淫行，再绝秽语，最终净化邪念。 Thus, we don't only destroy lust in general, but we may begin with lustful acts, then lustful words, and then finally destroy lustful thoughts.
罗德里格斯著作第五章与德·拉·帕尔玛著作第十三章列有诸多恶习细分范例。 Chapter 5 of Rodriguez and Chapter 13 of De La Palma give example divisions for a number of vices.
据此可按质料性质分为「消极省察」（针对恶习）与「积极省察」（培育美德）。 Here, depending on whether it is a virtue or vice we are speaking of, we can distinguish between a, quote, "negative examine," which treats vices, or a, quote, "positive examine," which treats virtues.
时序上消极省察居首——若要开辟花园，必先拔除杂草。 Temporally, the negative examine comes first, for if we are to plant a garden, we must be sure to pull out the weeds that overrun it.
故初学者用消极省察除罪，进阶者用积极省察建德。 Thus, the negative examine is for beginners seeking to destroy vices, and the positive examine is for proficients and perfects who seek to build virtue.
但攻克恶习应遵循何种顺序？ But what is the order in which we should destroy vices?
对此存在分歧。 Here there is some dispute.
有主张先找出「主导性过失」（其他恶习的根源），根除后再解决其余； Some determine that you ought to find what is called your predominant fault, which is the source and root of other vices, destroying this first and then moving on to others.
有认为七宗罪或八宗罪的排序即初学者指南。 Others say that the listing of the seven or eight deadly sins are actually the order one should follow as a beginner.
我仅列举灵修著作的普遍共识： I will just give some general guidelines that seem common among the authors.
质料顺序至关重要——正如筑墙须在盖顶之前。 The order of matter is quite important, for we must be sure that we are building the walls before we build the roof.
主耶稣斥责法利赛人「滤出蠓虫却吞下骆驼」即此理。 Our Lord mentions this when he rebukes the Pharisees for straining out a gnat in a swallowed camel.
必须从最严重、最具破坏性的罪开始攻克。 You have to be sure to begin with the more grave and the more destructive and then move on from there.
首要：战胜大罪。 First, defeat mortal sin.
此乃关键。 This is crucial.
若非处于恩典状态，便无法增长恩典。 If you are not in a state of grace, you cannot grow in grace.
故若有习惯性大罪，当优先攻克。 So if you have any habitual sins that are mortal, war against them first.
其次：消除影响他人义务的故意小罪。 Second, destroy deliberate venial sins that impugn on the obligations that you have to others.
这对父母与修会人士尤为重要。 This is especially relevant to parents and those in religious orders.
例如妻子若因顺服问题引发家庭不和，需优先解决。 For example, if a wife has venial problems with obedience that are causing discord in her family, she needs to work through that first.
再次：先除外在行为，再克内心活动。 Third, destroy outward acts before inward acts.
因内心活动更难根除，且常由外在行为助长，通常故 意性较低、严重性较轻，故当先禁其行，再净其心。 Since it is much more difficult to root out inward acts and inward acts are fueled by outward acts and inward acts ordinarily are less deliberate and thus less grave, it is most important to begin by destroying outward acts and then moving on to inward acts.
比如某人若犯奸淫，当先戒绝淫行，而非强攻内心色欲冲动。 Thus, if someone is struggling with fornication, they must root out their fornication rather than attempt to fight the inward motions of their heart towards lust.
第四，恶习可分为肉体性质（如贪食、色欲等）与 精神性质（骄傲、虚荣等），当先攻克肉体恶习。 Fourth, vices can either be of a carnal nature, such as gluttony, lust, etc., or a spiritual nature, pride, vanity, etc. One ought to destroy carnal vices before spiritual vices.
肉体恶习不仅因更依赖外在行为而易于攻克，且往往危害更大、更易构成大罪。 Not only are carnal vices easier to destroy since they more immediately rely on external acts, but also they tend to do more damage, more often being of a grave nature.
此外，许多灵修著作指出贪食是其他恶习的根源。 Beyond this, many authors propose that gluttony is at the root and source of other vices.
故为初学者推荐以下顺序：一贪食、二色欲、三贪 婪、四忿怒、五忧郁、六懈怠、七虚荣与骄傲。 This leads them to give the following list for beginners: first, gluttony; second, lust; third, covetousness; fourth, anger; fifth, melancholy; sixth, sloth; seventh, vanity and pride.
详参圣约翰·格西安的《修道制度》。 One may read more about these in Saint John Cassian's Institutes.
帕尔玛神父在第十三章中还将每项恶习按行为、言语、思想三级细分。 Father de la Palma, in Chapter 13, divides each of the vices in the order of deeds, words, and thoughts as well.
但需谨记此顺序细节可灵活调整。 Yet we ought to remember that this list is quite flexible in its details.
帕尔玛神父指出：「人性各有不同。 Father de la Palma comments, "Different persons are differently constituted.
时移世易，主导性私欲亦因人而异； There is also a diversity of time and occasion, as in different individuals, the same passions do not predominate.
即便同一人，其私欲亦随境遇、职分与心绪而变。 So even in the same person does the same passion vary with the times, occasions, employments, and dispositions.
仇敌正虎视眈眈这些变化，企图重新掳掠灵魂。 Our enemy narrowly watches all these changes in order to get our souls back into his clutches.
故当在受攻最急处筑最坚防线——我们最易陷入的诱惑，正指明省察的主攻方向。」 This being the case, we must make the stoutest defense where the attack is the sharpest.
需特别注意，前述所有恶习清单皆针对初学者。 The temptation we are most liable to will show on what our examine should mostly be made." It is important to recognize that all of the vices listed up until now are for beginners.
对抗这些恶习属于净化阶段的功课，该阶段先于光照阶段与合一阶段。 To fight these vices is part of the purgative way, which precedes the eliminative and unitive ways.
如前所述，这仅是消极省察阶段，之后才是积极省察。 Further, as we mentioned above, this is simply the negative examine, which is before the positive examine.
另有灵修作家推荐各灵修阶段需重点培养的核心美德。 Some authors also recommend certain virtues that are central to each one of the stages of perfection.
现列举帕尔玛神父的建议： I'll give the recommendations of Father de la Palma here.
初学者当培养独处；进阶者当培育谦卑与神贫。 First, the beginner must cultivate solitude.Second, the proficient, which cultivate humility and poverty of spirit.
第三，成全者当「藉祈祷与默观，使灵魂与神达至深契共融」。此外，人亦可通过祈祷 辨明当培育何种美德——这取决于其挣扎的缺陷、恩典的吸引，以及自身境遇的需要。 Third, the perfect must, quote, "Buy prayer and contemplation deep in the union and familiarity of their souls with God." It is also possible that one simply discern by prayer which virtue one ought to build due to the imperfections they struggle with, the attractions of grace, and the needs of their state.
最后需探讨攻克某恶习或培育某美德的时长。若走马观 花般快速转换目标，仅表面击破此罪彼恶，实属危险。 The last question that needs to be asked is how long we ought to remain in defeating a certain aspect of a vice, or building a certain aspect of a virtue, for it can be quite dangerous to go from vice to vice rapidly, only superficially destroying this or that vice.
罗德里格斯神父对此有明确指引：「须持续争战，直至能在仇敌乍现时 立时制伏，使其顺服理性——但不必苛求私欲完全灭绝或毫无挣扎感。 Father Rodriguez gives us guidance on this matter, saying, quote, "We must fight it till we find we have got so much ground and advantage over our enemy that as soon as he dares show himself, we are presently able to overcome him and subject him to reason, so that we must not stay until the passion is quite distinguished, until we feel no repugnance at all.
因今生永难达此境界。 For this, we must never expect in this life.
只要目标私欲不再造成重大困扰，甫一萌动即能 轻易克胜，便可转攻其他敌人、另立省察主题。 It is sufficient that the passion we propose to ourselves to overcome gives us not much trouble, in that it is of so little hindrance to us that as soon as it rises, we are able easily and are certainly to overcome it, and then we may attack other enemies and take another subject for our examen.
不必待恶习死绝无感。 It is not necessary, therefore, that we should wait till the vice is so dead in us that we feel nothing at all of it.
只需将其削弱缴械，不再阻碍救灵之功即足矣。」最后可探讨特定省察的目标。 It is sufficient that we have so weakened and so disarmed it that it is no hindrance to us in the performance of what conduces to our salvation." Lastly, we can look at the end of the particular examen.
可用一句话概括本视频主旨： Here, we can give a brief synopsis of the entire video in one sentence.
特定省察的终极目标，是通过运用前述方法消除特定过失或 获取特定美德，为荣耀至圣三位一体并救赎我们的灵魂。 The end of the particular examen is to eliminate that particular fault or acquire that virtue that is the matter of the examen by an application of the form as expressed above for the glory of the blessed trinity and for the salvation of our souls.