豪尔赫·伯格里奥在2013年成为方济各教宗，不久之后我在2014年皈 依了公教。我必须承认，在这位教宗治下要做一个忠实的公教徒并不容易。 Jorge Bergoglio became Pope Francis in 2013, shortly before I myself became Catholic in 2014. Now, I must admit that trying to be a faithful Catholic under this papacy has not been easy.
方济各教宗在社交媒体上发表的言论，或是被媒 体捕捉并报道的言论，一直都让人难以应对。 Pope Francis has been a notoriously difficult pope to deal with when it comes to statements that he makes on social media or that are captured and reported by the press.
无论是表示支持同性民事结合、说所有宗教都是通向神的道路、向一 个孩子保证他无神论的父亲在天堂，还是那个臭名昭著的帕查妈妈事 件，这些问题在公教界引起了各种不同的反应，尤其是在护教学界。 Whether it's indicating support for same-sex civil unions, saying all religions are a path to reach God, assuring a child that his atheist father is in heaven, or the infamous Pachamama controversy, the kinds of issues have generated a varied response, especially in the Catholic apologetics community.
在一端是方济各的狂热支持者，他们认为他永远不会犯错，并且会想尽 办法证明这些言论和行为都完全符合公教正统，根本没什么好担心的。 At one end of the spectrum, you have the Francis fanboys who act like he can do no wrong and will jump through any hoop to make it appear that these kinds of statements and actions are well within Catholic orthodoxy and that there's really nothing to be concerned about.
在另一端则是那些几乎已经对方济各教宗彻底失望的人，他们甚至 不愿用他正式的头衔称呼他，还把批评他作为他们事工的重心。 On the other end of the spectrum, you have people that have all but given up on Pope Francis, won't even refer to him by his proper title, and have even oriented their ministries around criticizing him.
而这仅仅是忠实的公教徒们的反应。 And that's just the responses from the faithful Catholics.
作为一个保守的公教徒，我确实对方济各教宗的许多言论有异议。 Well, as a conservative Catholic, I definitely have issues with many of the statements that Pope Francis has made.
作为一个公教护教者，我知道有办法解释他那些听起来最令人不 安的错误，正是这一点让我保持了对公教会及其教导的信心。 As a Catholic apologist, I am aware that there are ways around some of his more egregious-sounding errors, and it's that line that has kept my confidence in the Catholic Church and its teachings.
让我们以死刑为例来说明这一点。 Regarding it as a case in point, let's take the death penalty.
方济各教宗强烈反对死刑这一点已不是什么秘密。 It is no secret that Pope Francis is strongly against the death penalty.
他明确表示要在现代生活中完全废除死刑，他甚至修 改了《公教会教理》中的一段内容来反映他的观点。 He has made it absolutely clear that he is seeking its complete abolishment from modern life, and he even went so far as to change one of the paragraphs of the Catholic Catechism to reflect his views.
有趣的是，在对《教理》的修改中，他并没有直接说出许多人所担心他真正想表达的意思。 What's interesting, though, is that in the change to the Catechism, he didn't come right out and say what many people are afraid he thinks.
当美国主教团聚集在一起，在修订《教理》时反映方济各教宗的教 导时，他们使用了「不可接受」这个词，但没有明确解释其含义。 Now, when the U.S. Conference of Bishops got together to reflect Pope Francis' teaching in the revision to the Catechism, they used the term inadmissible without clarifying what it meant.
关于使用「不可接受」、「道德上不能接受」等用语， Commenting on the use of language like inadmissible, morally unacceptable, etc.,
巴伦主教说，他们在死刑的不道德性这个问题上，刻意保持了某种优雅的模糊性。 Bishop Robert Barron said that they were going for a certain eloquent ambiguity on the immorality of the death penalty.
神学的任务是消除模糊性，但我确实认为这揭示了一些很有趣的事情。 Now, the job of theology is to get rid of ambiguity; however, I do think it reveals something very interesting.
你看，反对死刑至少有两个不同的理由。 You see, there are at least two different reasons to oppose the death penalty.
其中之一是认为它本质上就是邪恶的。 One of them is that it is intrinsically evil.
当某事物本质上邪恶时，它本身就是邪恶的。 When something is intrinsically evil, it is evil in and of itself.
它之所以邪恶，完全是因为它的本质，任何外在环境都无法使其变得良善。 It is evil strictly because of what it is, and it cannot be made good by any external circumstance.
也就是说，这是本质的或自身的邪恶。 That is to say, it is an essential or a per se evil.
而外在的或偶然的邪恶，则是只在某些特定情况下才会成为邪恶的事物。 Something that is extrinsically or per accidens evil is something that would only be evil under certain circumstances.
当一个行为的道德性与其环境密切相关时，教会 领导层往往会对这些行为做出所谓的明智判断。 Now, when the morality of an action is strongly related to its circumstances, many times church leadership will make what is called a prudential judgment of those acts.
明智判断并不是针对行为本身或其本质，而是基于当前环境对其外在道德性的判断。 A prudential judgment is not against the act in and of itself or per se, but rather its extrinsic morality based on current circumstances.
例如，若望保禄二世教宗也反对死刑，但当他修改《教理》第2267段时 ，他非常清楚地表明，正是因为当今世界的环境，死刑才应该受到质疑。 So, for example, Pope John Paul II was also against the death penalty, but when he changed paragraph 2267 in the Catechism, he made it very clear that it is because of the context of today's world that the death penalty should be called into question.
明智判断并不是必须要达成一致的，因为明智判断需要特 定的专业知识、事实和论据，在这些情况下很容易出错。 Now, a prudential judgment is not one that has to be agreed upon because prudential judgments require certain expertise, facts, and arguments, and it is not difficult to be wrong in those situations.
教宗无误性涵盖神学和道德问题，而不一定包括那些需要通过专业知识和 权威来筛选和判断的事物，而这些恰恰是做出准确明智判断所需要的。 Papal infallibility covers theological and moral issues, not necessarily the kinds of things that have to be sifted through and judged with expertise and authority, and those are usually what are required for an accurate prudential judgment.
方济各教宗立场的问题在于，虽然他似乎非常认为死刑 是本质上或内在邪恶的行为，但他却不能真正这样说。 Now, the problem with Pope Francis' position is that although he very much seems to think that the death penalty is a per se or intrinsically evil action, he can't really say so.
公教会的历史表明，它明确支持死刑是一种道德行为。 The history of the Catholic Church shows that it is clearly in favor of the death penalty as a moral act.
正如法泽尔和比才在《人必流他的血》中指出的那样，这个教导在 教会历史中根深蒂固，如果在这时试图推翻它将会引起重大争议。 As Fazer and Bizet point out in By Man Shall His Blood Be Shed, this teaching is so rooted in Church history that it would be a major scandal to try to overturn it at this point.
然而，明智判断认为死刑并非本质上邪恶，而是在当 今环境下不再可接受，这是一个非常不同的说法。 However, a prudential judgment that says that the death penalty is not a per se evil argument but that today, under current circumstances, it is no longer acceptable is a very different claim.
但方济各教宗经常把他对死刑的判断表述为内在的道德判断，而不仅仅是明智判断。 But Pope Francis often frames his judgments on the death penalty as intrinsic moral judgments and not merely prudential judgments.
所以我的问题是，为什么他不直接宣布呢？ So my question is, why doesn't he just come out and declare it?
方济各教宗只需要以教会最高领袖的身份，从宗座发表谕旨，宣布 死刑本质上是邪恶的，永远不能在道德上实行，这就成为教条了。 All Pope Francis has to do is declare ex cathedra, from the chair in his role as the supreme pontiff of the Church, that it is now dogma that the death penalty is a per se evil and can never be morally practiced.
他只需要做这些就够了。 That's all he's got to do.
但相反，他所做的只是向记者发表声明，并以一 种最多只能说是模棱两可的方式修改《教理》。 But instead, all he's done are make these statements to journalists and change the Catechism in such a way that it is at best ambiguous.
如果教宗无误性确实保证即使教宗也无法推翻教会的教导， 那这就可以解释为什么方济各教宗无法做出明确的声明。 If it is the case that papal infallibility guarantees that even a pope is not able to overturn Church teaching, then that would have some explanatory power as to why Pope Francis could have made a clear statement.
他确实发表了明确的声明，但他没有把自己的观点宣布为教条。 He has made clear statements, but he hasn't declared his opinion as dogma.
而且公教会教导说他不能这样做。 And the Catholic Church teaches that he cannot.
虽然教宗忠于教会教导当然证实了教宗无误性，但一位似乎想要改变教 会教导却无法做到的教宗，反而似乎为教宗无误性的教义提供了证据。 Now, while a pope being faithful to Church teaching certainly affirms papal infallibility, a pope that seems to want to change Church teaching but can't seems to provide evidence that the doctrine of papal infallibility is true.
教宗可能犯各种错误，只有当他们试图教条性地宣布某事时，无误性才会发生作用。 Popes can make all kinds of errors; it is only when they try to declare something dogmatically that infallibility kicks in.
所以虽然教会历史上出现过不好的教宗，但教会的教导必定保持真实。 So while there have been bad popes throughout Church history, it is the Church's teaching that is guaranteed to remain true.
对我来说，归根结底是这样的：我成为公教徒不是因为某个特定教宗的个 人观点，所以也没有理由因为某个特定教宗的个人观点而不做公教徒。 So what it comes down to for me is this: I didn't become Catholic because of the private views of any particular pope, so there is no reason to not be Catholic because of the private views of any particular pope.
事实上，我们似乎有一位想要改变教会教导却似乎无法 做到的教宗，这可能正是我做出了正确选择的证据。 Indeed, the fact that we seem to have a pope that would like to change Church teachings but can't seem to actually do it may count as evidence that I made the right choice.
非常感谢大家观看这个视频。 I really appreciate you guys watching this video.
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我是道格，下次再见。 Until next time, I'm Doug.
愿神保佑你们。 God bless.