当我们读到约翰福音第19章时，他提出了一个简单 的问题，就是关于第30节耶稣说「成了」这句话。 He raised a simple question when we were going through verses in John 19, where Jesus says in verse 30, It is finished.
你认为这「成了」指的是什么？ What do you think it refers to?
第一世纪犹太人所庆祝的逾越节晚餐分为四个部分， 因为有四个杯，所以很容易分辨各个部分的顺序。 The Passover meal, as it was celebrated in the first century by Jews, consisted of four parts, and it was easy to identify the sequence of parts because there were four cups.
逾越节在分享第三杯之后，伴随着大哈利路诗歌的吟唱达 到高潮，然后当然就会来到最后的高峰，也就是第四杯。 The Passover would climax after the third cup was shared with the singing of the Great Hallel, and then, of course, you would come to the culminating point, and that is the fourth cup.
按理说，你会喝这第四杯，有人称之为完成之杯，但事实并非如此。 So, you would drink this fourth cup, the Cup of Consummation, some call it, except that that's not what happens.
耶稣并没有立即进行到高潮，喝第四杯，我们在马可福音1 4章26节读到「他们唱了诗，就出来，往橄榄山去。」 Jesus, instead of proceeding immediately to the climax, the drinking of the fourth cup, we read in Mark 14:26, And when they sang a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.
那么第四杯怎么了？ So what about that fourth cup?
正是在他死亡的那一刻，他喝了那杯酸酒，完成了第四杯。 Precisely at the moment of His death, He drinks from the bowl of sour wine and partakes of the fourth cup.
我意识到我找到了问题的答案：那个「成了」指的 是他在楼上与门徒开始然后中断的逾越节礼仪。 I realized that I had found the answer to my question: the it that was finished was the Passover liturgy that He had begun with the disciples in the upper room and then interrupted.
为什么呢？ And why?
因为更确切地说，那个「成了」不仅仅是旧约的逾越节，而是耶稣 对它的成全和转变——把旧约的逾越节转变为新约的逾越节祭。 Because, more precisely, the it that was finished was not simply the Passover of the Old Covenant, but Jesus' fulfillment of that and its transformation—the Passover of the Old Covenant into the Passover Sacrifice of the New Covenant.
要真正理解耶稣的话语或各各他山上发生的奥秘，唯一的方法就是退一步， 从楼上房间的角度来看加略山——逾越节、圣餐、从旧约到新约的转变，以 及他衷心同意遵行圣父旨意喝那杯的祷告，直到他看到一切都成就了才喝。 The only way to really understand the meaning of Jesus' words or the mystery of what happened there at Golgotha is by backing up and looking at Calvary in the light of the upper room—the Passover, the Eucharist, the transformation of the old into the new, and then the prayer where He gives heartfelt consent to the Father's will to drink the cup, which He doesn't drink until He sees that it is all finished.
然后他庄严地宣告「成了」这句话。 And then He declares that solemn phrase, It is finished.
我不想教授任何公教的内容，但我也不想因为恐惧而背离圣 经，犯下违背光明的罪，因为神的道的光明是如此明显。 I didn't want to teach anything that was Catholic, but I also didn't want in any way to just give in to fear and turn away from the scriptures and to kind of sin against the light, because the light of God's Word is what shone.
我意识到这引导我对圣周四和受难日所发生的事有了更深入、更连贯、更美好的理解。 I realized this was leading me to a much deeper and more coherent and beautiful explanation of how it was there on Holy Thursday and how it was also on Good Friday.
长话短说，我最终开始寻找一个与我在圣经页面上所发现的相符的教会，因为 我在圣经中发现的不仅仅是从圣周四到受难日再到复活节主日所发生的事件。 To make a long story short, I ended up in search of a church that matched what I was finding on the pages of Sacred Scripture, because what I was finding on the pages of Scripture wasn't just the events that transpired from Holy Thursday through Good Friday to Easter Sunday.
我开始意识到这其中还有更多的含义。 I began to realize that there is much more to it than that.
事实上，我开始意识到，如果回顾一年前约翰福音第6章的内容，就会发现耶稣 在使五千人吃饱、装满十二个篮子的零碎之后，在迦百农的会堂里，在逾越节的 背景下（约翰福音6:4）给我们讲述了著名的生命之粮的教导。所以在约翰福 音第6章，在另一个晚上——实际上是我们学习约翰福音课程的下一周——我和 他们一起查考耶稣对门徒和所有吃饱的人说的话，因为他在第51节说：「人若 吃这粮，就必永远活着。我所要赐的粮，就是我的肉，为世人之生命所赐的。」 In fact, I began to realize that if you back up one year and look into John's Gospel, there in chapter 6, you realize that Jesus, after feeding the 5,000 and filling the baskets—the twelve baskets with the leftovers—proceeds on in the synagogue there at Capernaum to give us the famous Bread of Life discourse in the context of the Passover (John 6:4). So there in John 6, on another evening— in fact, it was the next week of that seminary course on the Gospel of John— I am looking with them at what Jesus said to the disciples and all of the people that He fed, because He says to them in verse 51, If anyone eats of this bread, he will live forever, and the bread which I shall give for the life of the world is My flesh.
犹太人彼此争论说：「这个人怎能把他的肉给我们吃呢？」 The Jews then disputed among themselves, saying, How can this man give us his flesh to eat?
于是耶稣对他们说：「我实实在在地告诉你们……」 And so Jesus said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you...
我只是在打比方。 I'm only speaking figuratively.
但这不是他说的，这只是我期望他说的。 Well, that's not what He said; that's what I expected Him to say.
这是我希望他说的。 That's what I wanted Him to say.
但当我为准备讲课更仔细地查考他说的话时，我发现他说：「我实实在在地告 诉你们，你们若不吃人子的肉，不喝人子的血，就没有生命在你们里面。」 But when I looked more closely at what He was saying to prepare my lectures, I realized that He said, Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you.
开个玩笑！ Just kidding!
不，他也没有加上这句。 No, He didn't add that either.
事实上，他接下来说的话不是一次、两次或三次，而是四次。 In fact, what He goes on to say is not just once or twice or three times, but four times.
他说：「我实实在在地告诉你们，你们若不吃人子 的肉，不喝人子的血，就没有生命在你们里面。」 He says, Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you.
「吃我肉、喝我血的人就有永生，在末日我要叫他 复活。我的肉真是可吃的，我的血真是可喝的。」 He who eats My flesh and drinks My blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day, for My flesh is food indeed, and My blood is drink indeed.
「吃我肉、喝我血的人常在我里面，我也常在他里面。」 He who eats My flesh and drinks My blood abides in Me, and I in him.
你看，他说了四次。 You know, four times He says it.
说实话，我从来没有听过任何一篇讲道解释他的意思和他为什么要这样说。 And I'll be honest, I've never heard a single sermon ever preached to explain what He meant and why He said it that way.
我一定听过几十篇关于耶稣在约翰福音第3章说「你们必须重生」的讲道，而 他只说过一次那句话，但却从未听过一段关于耶稣在这里所说内容的讲解。 I must have heard dozens of sermons on what Jesus says in John 3, You must be born again, which He only says once, but not a single paragraph in a homily about what Jesus is talking about here.
我真能理解我们在第60节读到的内容。在约翰福音第6章60节，我们读 到：「他的门徒中有好些人听见了，就说：『这话甚难，谁能听呢？』」 I could really relate to what we read in verse 60. In John 6, verse 60, we read, Many of the disciples, when they heard it, said, 'This is a hard saying; who can listen to it?'
他刚刚使数千人吃饱，但他们对他现在所教导的如此反感，以至于开始离开，开始退去。 He had just fed the thousands, but they were taking such offense at what He was now teaching that they began to fall away; they began to leave.
所以，我更仔细地查考了这段经文，因为这一定是翻译错误。 So, I went and looked at it more closely, because this must be a mistranslation.
我越仔细查考希腊文，就越发现确实，耶稣一开始谈到吃的时候，在49到53节中用了四 次希腊词「esthio」。这个词经常可以用作比喻，当然，这里一定是比喻的用法。 The closer I looked at the Greek, the more I discovered that sure enough, Jesus is speaking at first about eating, using a Greek word, esthio, four times there in verses 49 to 53. That term can often be used figuratively, and of course, it must be used figuratively here.
就像「什么在困扰你」这样的说法不是字面意思而是比喻。 It's like what's eating you is not literal but figurative.
但是耶稣在接下来的几节经文中谈到吃他的肉和喝他的血。 Except that what Jesus goes on to say in the next few verses is about eating His flesh and drinking His blood.
他把动词换成了希腊词「trago」，这个词 不仅仅是吃的意思，而是咀嚼、嚼碎、大口吃。 He changes the verb to the Greek term trago, which doesn't just mean eat; it means to chew, to masticate, to munch.
难怪他们如此震惊。 No wonder they were so shocked.
这话确实难懂，不能理解为比喻。 This is a hard saying; it can't be taken figuratively.
所以当他意识到发生了什么，我们在第66节读到： 「从此，他门徒中多有退去的，不再和他同行。」 And so when He realizes what's happening, we read in verse 66, After this, many of His disciples drew back and no longer went about with Him.
耶稣转向十二门徒，他没有问他们：「为什么你们没有一个人阻止我？」 Jesus turned to the twelve; He doesn't ask them, Why didn't one of you stop me?
我只是在打比方。 I was only speaking figuratively.
他显然是说他真正的意思，他说的就是他的本意，但我不明白，而且我看出彼得也不明白。 He clearly meant what He said, and He said what He meant, but I wasn't understanding, and it was apparent to me that neither did Peter.
耶稣对十二个门徒说：「你们也要去吗？」 Jesus said to the twelve, Do you also wish to go away?
西门彼得回答说：「主啊，我们去找谁呢？」 And Simon Peter answered Him, Lord, to whom shall we go?
「你有永生之道，我们已经信了，又知道你是神的圣者。」 You have the words of eternal life, and we have come to know and believe that You are the Holy One of God.
我能理解彼得，因为你知道，他没有说：「嘿，他们是外人，他们 不明白你在说什么，但我们是内部人，我们理解你深奥的教导。」 I could relate to Peter, because, you know, he didn't say, Hey, they're outsiders; they don't have a clue as to what You’re referring to, but we're the insiders; we understand Your esoteric teaching.
请别动，让我们咀嚼你的手臂和腿。 Hold still while we chew Your arms and legs.
不，事情不是这样的。 No, it doesn't work that way.
西门彼得基本上是在说：我们完全不明白你在说什么，但我们相信你是明白的。 What Simon Peter was basically saying was, We don't have a clue as to what You're talking about, but we assume that You do.
这就像我被要求对我们的主投以信任，这永远都不会是个坏主意。 It was like I was being asked to extend a line of credit to our Lord, which is never a bad idea.
这也是西门彼得所做的：「主啊，我们去找谁呢？」 That is also what Simon Peter was doing: Lord, to whom shall we go?
「你有永生之道。」 You have the words of eternal life.
一方面，他在问：「我们去找谁呢？」 On the one hand, he's asking, To whom shall we go?
还有哪位拉比的教导如此深奥，能行神迹？ Is there any other rabbi whose teaching is so profound, who performs miracles?
你能推荐一位吗？ Can you recommend him?
但当然没有。所以他继续承认说：「我们已经信了，又知道你是神的圣者。」 But no, of course, there isn't. So he goes on to confess the fact that, We have come to believe that You're the Holy One of God.
所以彼得基本上是在说：我们不明白，但我们信任你。 And so Peter's basically saying, We don't understand, but we trust You.
说实话，在准备这门神学院课程的讲座时，我面临着 同样的困境，因为我不确定该如何教导这段经文。 I'll be honest; in preparing my lecture for this seminary course, I was facing that same dilemma, because I wasn't sure how to teach this.
我不确定该如何理解它。 I wasn't sure how to understand it.
我确信主明白他的意思，他说了他的本意，也是他真正的意思。 I was sure that the Lord understood what He meant, and He said what He meant and meant what He said.
然后我犯了一个大错。 And then I made a big mistake.
我去查阅早期教父们的著作。 I went to look into the writings of the early Church Fathers.
他们是如何理解耶稣的话的？ How did they understand the meaning of Jesus' words?
我读了不同的教父——安布罗修、奥古斯丁、屈梭多 模和爱任纽——但真正让我开眼界的是奥古斯丁。 I read different Fathers—Ambrose, Augustine, St. John Chrysostom, and Irenaeus—but the one who really opened my eyes was St. Augustine.
他在几处提到，要真正理解耶稣的意思，唯一的方法就是注意耶稣在什么时候讲生命之粮 的教导，就是在用五饼二鱼使众人吃饱，并装满十二个篮子来象征以色列十二支派之后。 He said in a couple of places that the only way to really understand what Jesus means is to notice when Jesus gave the Bread of Life discourse, immediately after feeding the multitude with the five loaves and the two fish and filling the twelve baskets full to symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel.
因为在约翰福音6:4，我们读到犹太人的逾越节 近了，所以这是他将要庆祝的倒数第二个逾越节。 Because in John 6:4, we read that the Passover of the Jews was at hand, so this is the second to last Passover He'll ever celebrate.
他是在为一年后庆祝最后的逾越节时将要发生的事情预备他的门徒。 What He’s doing is preparing His disciples for what He knows will happen one year later when He celebrates the final Passover.
因为他不仅仅是最后一次庆祝，他要通过建立新约的逾越节来成全旧约的逾越节。 Because He won't just celebrate it one last time; He will fulfill the Passover of the Old precisely by establishing the Passover of the New.
那么，庆祝逾越节需要什么呢？ So, what is it that you need to celebrate the Passover?
就是我们已经看到的。 What we've already seen.
因为在出埃及记第12章，你必须取一只羊羔——一只无残疾、未折骨的公羊羔。 Because back in Exodus 12, you had to take a lamb—an unblemished male lamb with no broken bones.
你必须宰杀羊羔，洒血。 You had to slaughter the lamb; you had to sprinkle the blood.
然后你必须烤羊羔，全家人手拿杖，聚集在桌前一同吃羊羔，准备逃往自由。 But then you had to roast the lamb and eat the lamb together as a family gathered around the table with staff in hand, ready to flee to freedom.
但你必须吃羊羔，这不是可选的。 But you had to eat the lamb; it was not an option.
事实上，这是逾越节的高潮。 In fact, it was the climax of the Passover.
所以，如果这不仅是耶稣在生命之粮的教导一年后最后一次庆祝的，而且正 是耶稣要通过建立新约的逾越节来成全的，那么，当然，这羔羊必须要死。 So, if this is what Jesus is not only celebrating one last time one year later after His Bread of Life discourse, but precisely what Jesus is going to fulfill by establishing the Passover of the New Covenant, then, of course, the Lamb is going to have to die.
他也必须倾倒他的血以赦免罪，但他还需要为新约逾越节的圣餐作预备。 He's going to also have to pour out His blood for the forgiveness of sins, but He will also need to make provisions for the communion meal of the New Passover.
对于奥古斯丁和我读到的其他教父文献来说，这正是他在约翰福音 第6章说这些话的原因。因为一年后，他们终于明白了只有耶稣在 一年前就知道的事：他必须舍命，必须流血，但他也必须作预备。 For St. Augustine and the other patristic sources I read, this is exactly why He said what He said when He said it in John 6. Because one year later, they would finally understand what Jesus alone knew one year earlier: that He'd have to lay His life down, He'd have to pour His blood out, but He would also have to make provisions.
假设在埃及的时候，你们全家决定都不喜欢羊肉，所以说：「妈 妈，何不烤些羊形状的无酵饼，我们吃这个来纪念摩西呢？」 Suppose back in Egypt you decided as a family that none of us like mutton, so, Mama, why don't you bake some matzah in the form of a lamb, and we'll eat that in remembrance of Moses?
如果你们真的这样做而不是吃羊羔，你们醒来时就会发现长子已经死了。 Well, if you had proceeded to do that instead of eating the lamb, you would have awakened, and the firstborn would be dead.
因为宰杀羊羔是不够的，洒血也是不够的。 Because it wasn't enough to slaughter the lamb; it wasn't enough to sprinkle the blood.
你必须吃羊羔，不管你喜不喜欢羊肉，因为这是逾越节的高潮。 You had to eat the lamb, whether you liked lamb or not, because that was the climax of the Passover.
如果这在旧约是真实的，在新约就不是更少而是更加真实。 And if that was true in the Old, it isn't less but more true in the New.
所以耶稣给出指示，因为他知道他会作预备。 And so Jesus gives the instructions because He knows He will make the provisions.
因此，门徒们一年后会通过他的死亡和复活，借着 圣灵的恩赐，在十字架上看到最后晚餐的奥秘。 Thus, the disciples will come to see a year later with His death and resurrection, through the gift of the Holy Spirit, the mystery of the Last Supper will be unveiled at the cross.
因为在那里，我们将看到第四杯，看到国度的成全，看到神国度 大能的彰显，正是在那赐生命的爱中，正如我们的主所显明的。 Because there, we will see the fourth cup, the fulfillment of the Kingdom, the manifestation of the power of God's Kingdom, precisely in that love that is life-giving, as our Lord manifested it.
当我得出这些结论后，我开始寻找一个教会。 Well, after I had come to these conclusions, I was in search of a church.
我提交了辞呈，最后越来越深入地研究这些，越来越多地 阅读教父著作，同时也在圣经中发现越来越多的线索。 I had submitted my resignation, and I ended up looking into this more and more, reading the Fathers more and more, but finding more and more clues in the Scriptures as well.
例如，我们过去总是说弥撒是错误的，因为耶稣的祭只有一次， 就如我们在希伯来书7:27所读到的。这一次而永远的祭表明 弥撒不可能是祭，因为那样耶稣就会一次又一次地被献祭。 For example, we used to always say that the Mass is wrong because Jesus' sacrifice was once for all, as we read, for example, in Hebrews 7:27. This once-for-all sacrifice points to the fact that the Mass can't be a sacrifice because then Jesus would be sacrificed again and again.
当它是一次而永远的，就已经完成了，就已经结束了。 When it's once for all, it's over and done; it's terminated.
我把我所有的发现都带到希伯来书的经文中，发现这种洞见就像滚雪球一样越来越大。 I took all of my findings into the text of Hebrews, and I discovered this insight kept growing like a snowball rolling down the hill.
因为在希伯来书第7章，我们读到关于耶稣的话：他不像那 些大祭司，每日必须先为自己的罪，后为百姓的罪献祭。 Because there in Hebrews 7, what we read is about Jesus: He has no need like those high priests to offer sacrifices daily, first for His own sins and then for those of His people.
他献了自己，就把这事成全了。 He did this once for all when He offered up Himself.
这就是为什么他永远为祭司，因为他永远长存，他就长久保持他的祭司职分。 And this is why He is a priest forever; He holds His priesthood permanently because He continues forever.
然后在希伯来书第8章，我们读到——我第一次看到——我们所讲的 要点就是：我们有这样的大祭司，已经坐在天上至大者宝座的右边， 在圣所，就是真帐幕里作执事，这帐幕是主所支的，不是人所支的。 Then in the next section of Hebrews, chapter 8, we read—and I saw for the first time—that the point in what we're saying is this: We have such a high priest, one who is seated at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven, a minister in the sanctuary, in the true tent which is set up, not by man but by the Lord.
凡大祭司都是为献礼物和祭物设立的，所以这位大祭司也必须有所献的。 For every high priest is appointed to offer gifts and sacrifices; hence, it is necessary for this priest also to have something to offer.
但他在哪里献祭呢？ But where does He offer it?
在天上。 In heaven.
他献的是什么？ What is He offering?
牛、羊和山羊吗？ Cattle, sheep, and goats?
不，他献的是他的身体，就是在楼上以圣餐的形式赐给他们的。 No, He's offering His body, which was given to them in the upper room in the form of the Eucharist.
就是那跪下三次祷告说「撤去这杯，然而不要照我的意思，只要照你的意思」的身体。 His body, which then knelt down and prayed three times, Take away this cup; nevertheless, not my will but Thy will be done.
然后这同一个悬挂在十字架上的身体，这同一个被埋在坟墓里的身体，这同一个从死 里复活的身体，现在升到天上，坐在神的右边，不仅是君王，也是君尊的大祭司。 And then that same body that was hanging on the cross, the same body that was buried in the tomb, that same body that was resurrected from the dead is now ascended into heaven and enthroned at the right hand of God as not only a king but a royal high priest.
所以他永远为祭司是因为他有祭司的职分，而每个祭司都是为献祭而设立的。 And so He's a priest forever because He’s got a priestly ministry, and every priest is appointed to offer sacrifice.
那么耶稣现在所献的祭是什么？ So what is the sacrifice that Jesus now offers?
不是像在地上所献的牛羊山羊，而是他得荣耀的身体。 It isn't cattle, sheep, and goats like those who did it on earth; it is His glorified body.
但这与在楼上开始的是同一个祭，与在十字架上完成的是同一个祭，与现 在在天上为我们所献的是同一个祭，就是圣子将他得荣耀的人性献给圣父 ，这人性不仅得了荣耀，也被神化了，这也使我们得荣耀并被神化。 But it's the same sacrifice as what was initiated in the upper room, the same sacrifice that is consummated on the cross, the same sacrifice that is now present in heaven on our behalf as the Son presents to the Father His glorified humanity, which is not only glorified but deified, and it's what glorifies and deifies us as well.
你不能把这定格，说这祭只在加略山。 You can't freeze-frame this and say the sacrifice is only Calvary.
那确实是在楼上开始的事的高潮，但耶稣是天上的大祭司，他 在天上所献的，就是我们通过圣灵的能力在圣餐中所分享的。 That is the climax, indeed, of what was begun in the upper room, but Jesus is a heavenly high priest, and what He is offering up in heaven is what we share through the power of the Holy Spirit in the Holy Eucharist.
但这就是「一次而永远」的意思。 But this is the meaning of once for all.
这不是一次就完全结束了，不是在终止的意义上一次而永远。 It's not once and for all over and done; it's not once and for all in the sense of termination.
这是在永恒的意义上一次而永远。 It's once and for all in the sense of everlasting.
这是在耶稣的祭在祭中永远持续的意义上一次而永远。 It's once and for all in the sense that Jesus' sacrifice is perpetuated in the sacrifice.
我们不是在重复献耶稣为祭，因为你怎么能重复一个永不终止的事呢？ We are not repeatedly sacrificing Jesus, because how can you repeat something that is never-ending?
耶稣现在站在天上，在圣父面前献上他得荣耀的人性，这同样的神圣 人性就是我们在圣餐中所领受的耶稣的身体、宝血、灵魂和神性。 Jesus now stands in heaven before the Father and offers His glorified humanity, and that same sacred humanity is what we receive in Holy Communion as the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Jesus.
但这就是「一次而永远」的意思：不是完成就结 束，而是持续的；不是终止的，而是永续的。 But this is the meaning of once for all: not over and done, but continuous; not terminated, but perpetuated.
这是经文说他永远为祭司的唯一原因。 It's the only reason why the text says He continues a priest forever.
不是说他只做几个小时或几天的祭司，然后到了天上坐下就退休了。 It wasn't that He was a priest for several hours or a few days, but when He finally got up to heaven and sat down, He retired.
不，他献上自己既是祭司又是祭物，这是唯一打开我理解的门的事， 表明希伯来书不是在谴责弥撒圣祭，而是在用同样的方式教导它。 No, He is offering Himself as both priest and victim, and this is the only thing that unlocks the door for me to show that instead of condemning the sacrifice of the Mass, the book of Hebrews was teaching it the same way.
我在马太福音、马可福音、路加福音，特别是约翰福音19:28-30，约翰 福音第6章51-66节中，一次又一次地发现，这些内容都显出公教的特征。 I found in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and especially John 19:28-30, John chapter 6, verses 51-66, over and over again, things just keep coming up Catholic.
所以很自然地，这就是它引导我看到的。 And so naturally, this is what it led me to see.
但我还想分享的是：这对我们今天的实际意义。 But what I also want to share is this: the practical implications for us today.
因为如果事实上耶稣在十字架上分享了第四杯，并在每一台弥 撒中给我们祝福的杯来喝，那么我们什么时候分享第四杯呢？ Because if, in fact, Jesus shared the fourth cup at the cross and gives to us the cup of blessing in each and every Mass to drink from, when do we share the fourth cup?
在我们临终的时候。 At the hour of our death.
你是否曾想过为什么我们多次祷告说：「现在和我们临终时，为我们祈求」？ Did you ever wonder why we pray so many times, Pray for us now and at the hour of our death?
我是教授，我知道教学是什么样的，但我也知道考试是什么样的。 I'm a professor; I know what it's like to teach, but I also know what it's like to test.
期末考试总是真相大白的时刻，从某种意义上说，我们最后的时刻就是那真相大白的时刻。 The final exam is always the moment of truth, and our last hour is, in a sense, that moment of truth.
我在早期教父们的著作中发现了这个洞见，就是耶稣所建立的是什么——真理。 What I found in the early Church Fathers was this insight into what it is that Jesus established—truth.
因为如果旧约的逾越节是带领以色列人出埃及的奴役进入应许之地的产业，这一切 只是预表更伟大的事的地上形象，那就是新的更伟大的摩西，新约的新逾越节，带 来一个新的出埃及，不是领我们出埃及的奴役，而是出罪和死亡的奴役，这样通过 耶稣开辟了一条新路，通向更大的产业——更荣耀的应许之地，当然就是天堂。 Because if the Passover in the Old Covenant is what led Israel out of Egyptian bondage into the inheritance of the Promised Land, all of that is just an earthly figure that prefigures something much greater, and that is the new and greater Moses, the new Passover of the New Covenant, bringing about a new Exodus that leads us not out of Egyptian bondage but bondage to sin and to death, so that through Jesus a new way has been opened into a much greater inheritance—a far more glorious Promised Land, which, of course, is heaven.
这就是我们在临终时将要到达的地方。 And that is what we will reach when we come to the hour of our death.
我发现一个有趣的事实，这不仅与临终时刻有关，还与饮杯有关。 It's an interesting fact that I discovered that this is associated not just with the hour of death but with drinking the cup.
我最喜欢的早期教父的例子之一是关于坡旅甲殉道的记载。 One of my favorite examples from the early Church Fathers is this account of the martyrdom of St. Polycarp.
你们知道，坡旅甲是二世纪士每拿的主教，在86岁高龄时殉道。 Polycarp, as you know, was the Bishop of Smyrna in the second century and, at the ripe old age of 86, was martyred.
但有目击者不仅描述了当时的情况，还描述了他最后祷告的高潮。 But there were eyewitnesses who described not only the circumstances but also the climax of his final prayer.
如果你们不介意，我要读一下这段记载。 I'm going to read from this if you don't mind.
当坡旅甲走进竞技场时，有声音从天上来说：「坡旅甲，要刚强，要作大丈夫。」 As Polycarp stepped into the arena, there came a voice from heaven: Be strong, Polycarp, and play the man.
没有人看见说话的人，但我们在场的朋友都听见了这声音。 No one caught sight of the speaker, but those of our friends who were there heard the voice.
然后他被带到总督面前，总督试图说服他放弃信仰。 He was then brought before the governor, who tried to persuade him to recant.
他说：「坡旅甲，要顾及你的年纪。」 Polycarp, have some respect for your years, he said.
只要指着凯撒起誓就行。 Just swear an oath by Caesar.
然后他指着基督徒说：「谴责他们，说『打倒这些不信者！』」 And then he pointed to the Christians and said, Denounce them; say, 'Down with the infidels!'
坡旅甲眉头紧锁，环视竞技场中躁动的异教徒群众，然 后挥手指向他们，咆哮着望天说：「打倒不信者！」 Polycarp's brow darkened as he threw a look around the turbulent crowd of heathens in the circus, and then indicating them instead with a sweep of his hand, he said with a growl and a glance up to heaven, Down with the infidels!
总督继续逼迫他说：「起誓吧，我就放你走。」 The governor still went on pressing him, Take the oath; I'll let you go.
「咒骂你的基督。」 Revile your Christ.
坡旅甲回答说：「我事奉他八十六年了，他从未亏待我。」 Polycarp replied, For eighty and six years have I served Him, and He has done me no wrong.
「我怎能亵渎我的君王和救主呢？」 How then can I blaspheme my King and my Savior?
然后目击者继续描述说，这一切发生得比说出来还要快。 And then the witnesses go on to describe how it was all done in less time than it takes to tell.
转眼间，群众就收集了木柴和引火物。 In a moment, the crowd had collected firewood and kindling.
火刑柱上的铁链绑在他身上，双手被捆在背后。 The irons with which the pyre was equipped were fastened around him, bound with his hands tied behind him.
他就像从大群羊中挑选出来献祭的高贵公羊。 He was like a noble ram taken out of some great flock for sacrifice.
注意这个礼仪性的形象——已经预备给神的圣洁燔祭。 Notice the liturgical image—a holy burnt offering already for God.
然后他举目望天说，听听他的祷告：「全能的主神啊，你蒙福和蒙爱之子耶 稣基督的父，我感谢你赐给我这日子和这时刻，使我得以列在殉道者之中， 分享你受膏者的杯，并在圣灵的永恒里，在身体和灵魂上复活得永生。」 And then he cast his eyes up to heaven and said, and listen to his prayer: O Lord God Almighty, Father of Your blessed and beloved Son, Jesus Christ, I bless You for granting me this day and this hour, that I may be numbered among the martyrs to share the cup of Your Anointed and to rise again unto life everlasting, both in body and soul in the immortality of the Holy Spirit.
「愿我今日在你面前被接纳，作为丰盛可蒙悦纳的祭物。」 May I be received among them this day in Your presence, a sacrifice rich and acceptable.
阿们。 Amen.
历史学家注意到这些词句实际上是取自古代圣餐礼仪， 以及逾越节，还有福音书中在十字架上饮杯的经文。 Historians notice phrases that are actually lifted from the ancient Eucharistic liturgy, as well as the Passover, as well as the Gospel text of drinking the cup there at the cross.
目击者这样结束记述：当坡旅甲的大「阿们」响起，祷告 结束时，那些在火旁的人点燃了火，一大片火焰腾起。 The eyewitnesses conclude the account: as Polycarp's great amen soared up and the prayer ended, the men at the fire set their lights to it, and a great sheet of flame blazed out.
然后我们这些有幸目睹的人看到了最奇妙的景象，我们得以存活告诉你们 其余的人，因为火焰形成了一个中空的室，在殉道者身边形成了一道墙。 Then we who were privileged to witness it saw a most wondrous sight, and we have been spared to tell it to the rest of you, for the fire took on the shape of a hollow chamber and formed a wall around the martyr's figure.
他就在其中央，不像一个在火中的人，而像在炉中烤的饼。 And there he was in the center of it, not like a human being in flames but like a loaf baking in the oven.
我们都闻到了一种美妙的香气，像香的气味。 We all became aware of a delicious fragrance, like the odor of incense.
最后，当他们意识到火不能毁坏他的身体时，那些暴徒命 令一个持匕首的人上前用武器刺他，那人就这样做了。 Finally, when they realized that his body could not be destroyed by fire, the ruffians ordered one of the dagger men to go up and stab him with his weapon, and he did so.
当他这样做时，有一只鸽子从火中飞出，同时涌出大量的血，熄灭了 火焰，使观众充满敬畏，看到了不信者与神的选民之间巨大的区别。 When he did, there flew out of the fire a dove, together with such a copious rush of blood that the flames were extinguished, filling the spectators with awe to see the greatness of the difference that separates unbelievers from the elect of God.
我们都知道地上人的死亡率是多少：是百分之百。我们没 有一个人能活着离开这里，我们都要面对死亡的时刻。 We all know what the mortality rate is for earthlings: It's 100%. None of us are going to get out of here alive; we're all going to come to the hour of death.
但在那里，我们将有一个选择。 But there, we're going to have a choice.
但这不是我们只在那一刻做出的选择，而是我们在 此刻和之后每一刻直到临终时都要做出的选择。 But it's not a choice that we'll simply make at that moment; it's a choice that we will make at this moment and every subsequent moment leading up to the hour of death.
因为如果我们确实同意耶稣为我们和我们的罪所献的祭，那么我们确 实会领受恩典，经历一个新的更伟大的出埃及，并饮我们的第四杯。 Because if, in fact, we give consent to Jesus' sacrifice for us and for our sins, then indeed we will receive the grace to pass in a new and greater Exodus and to drink from our fourth cup.
这样，所有的祝福之杯，所有我们领受基督的身体和宝血 的时刻，都会预备我们迎接那个能说「成了」的时刻。 So that all of the cups of blessing, all of the times that we have partaken of the body and blood of Christ, will prepare us for that moment when we can say, It is finished.
即使我们没有受折磨，即使我们没有殉道，我们仍然可以成为见证人。 Even if we're not tortured, even if we're not martyred, we can still be a martus.
希腊语中殉道者一词martus的意思是见证人。 The Greek word for martyr, martus, means witness.
希腊语中marturia这个词是见证的意思。 The Greek word marturia is the term in Greek for testimony.
我们可以通过生活成为见证人，向世界作见证，就是活出我们在弥撒 圣祭中所庆祝的奥秘，让我们的主重现他的爱、他的生命、他的受苦 和他的死亡，当我们献上这一切，直到我们都饮第四杯的最后时刻。 We can be witnesses and give testimony to the world through our lives by living out the mystery that we celebrate in the holy sacrifice of the Mass, by allowing our Lord to reproduce His love, His life, His suffering, and His death while we offer it up until that final moment when we all drink from the fourth cup.
但每一台弥撒和每一次圣餐都会引领我们到那个时刻，到那一刻，到那一杯。 But every Mass and every communion will lead us to that hour, to that moment, to that cup.
奥古斯丁也赞美他所说的殉道者之杯。 St. Augustine also extols what he calls the martyr's cup.
他在他的第329篇讲道中说：「你们已坐在一张伟大的桌前。」 He said in one of his sermons, number 329, You have sat down at a great table.
「仔细思考摆在你们面前的是什么，因为你们自己也当预备同样的事。」 Consider carefully what is set before you, since you ought to prepare the same kind of thing yourself.
「这确实是一张伟大的桌子，因为这桌子的主自己就是筵席。」 It is certainly a great table, for the Lord of the table is Himself the banquet.
没有人把自己作为食物给客人吃，但这正是主基督 所做的，他自己是主人，自己也是食物和饮料。 No one feeds his guests on himself, but that is what the Lord Christ did, being Himself the host, Himself the food and drink.
因此，殉道者认出他们所吃所喝的是什么，好让他们也能活出同样的事。 Therefore, the martyrs recognized what they ate and drank so that they could live out the same kind of thing.
我拿什么报答耶和华向我所施的一切厚恩？ What shall I give to the Lord for all that He has done for me?
我要举起救恩的杯。 I will take up the cup of salvation.
这杯是什么？ What is this cup?
这是苦涩却有益且带来救恩的受苦之杯。 The bitter but salutary and saving cup of suffering.
这就是这杯的意义。 This is what the cup is.
当我们的主说「父啊，若是可能，求你叫这杯离开我」时 ，我们能认出这杯。啊，那些喝这杯的人是多么有福！ We can recognize this cup on the lips of our Lord when He says, Father, if it be so, let this cup pass from Me. Oh, how blessed are those who drink this cup!
这赋予我们生命中每一刻以意义，也阐明了基督的死如何拯救我们的奥秘。 This is what invests every moment of our lives with meaning, but this also illuminates the mystery of how Christ's death saves us.
让我引用我最喜爱的神学家圣托马斯阿奎那的话作为结束，他说：「基 督出于爱和顺服而受苦，给予圣父的远超过补偿全人类罪所需要的。」 Let me conclude by quoting from my favorite theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas, who says—and I quote—By suffering out of love and obedience, Christ gave more to God the Father than what was required to compensate for all the sins of the human race.
想想看——我们无数次得罪圣洁的神所欠下的债是无法衡量的。 Think about it—the debt that we have incurred by sinning against the holy God countless times is an immeasurable debt.
然而，基督通过他的爱和顺服归还给圣父的，远超过我们所夺去的。 And yet, what Christ gave back to the Father through His love and obedience was much more than what we took away.
为什么？ Why?
阿奎那继续说：第一，因为耶稣受苦源于极大的爱德；第二，因为他为赎罪所 舍的生命具有神人二性的尊严；第三，因为他所受的苦难之广和忧伤之大。 Aquinas continues: first, because of the exceeding charity from which Jesus suffered; second, because the dignity of the life that He laid down in atonement for it was the life of one who is both God and man; and third, because of the extent of the passion and the greatness of the grief that He endured.
他这样总结说：基督的受难不仅足以赎我们的罪，而且是为我们的罪作了超乎寻常的赎罪。 He concludes thus: Christ's passion was not only sufficient for our sins but a superabundant atonement for our sins.
的确，阿奎那总结说，基督的爱远超过杀害他之人的恶意，以至于他受难的赎罪价 值超过了钉死他之人的罪，使基督的受苦甚至足以超乎寻常地赎他杀害者的罪。 Indeed, Aquinas concludes, Christ's love was so much greater than His slayers' malice that the value of His passion in atoning surpassed the murderous guilt of His crucifiers, such that Christ's suffering is a sufficient and superabundant atonement even for the sin of His murderers.
而我们岂不是都因着我们的罪实际上参与了他的死吗？ And haven't we all, in effect, contributed to His death by our sins?
因为我们为了这世界有限的好处而背离了神无限的恩典。 By turning away from the infinite grace of God for the finite goods of this world.
正如一位殉道者在面对死亡前在日记中写道：「为了得 到永不失去的，而放弃无法保有的，这人并非愚拙。」 As one martyr wrote in his journal before he faced death, He is no fool to give up what he cannot keep in order to gain what he can never lose.
我们无法在这世界上保有任何东西，也无法带走任何东西。 We can't keep anything in this world, nor can we take it with us.
所以，当我们被呼召为了更爱赐予者而牺牲神所赐给我们的，这是很合理的交换。 And so, when we're called upon to sacrifice what it is that God has given us out of greater love for the giver of the gifts, it is a very reasonable exchange.
但神的儿子成为受苦的仆人，并将有罪的仆人转变为蒙爱的儿女，这就是十字架的奥秘。 But for God the Son to become the suffering servant and to transform sinful servants into beloved sons and daughters, this is what the mystery of the cross is.
这就是新约的逾越节所阐明的。 This is what the Passover of the New Covenant illuminates.
这就是为什么若不明白其中之一，就无法明白另一个。 This is why we can't understand either one without the other.
耶稣所做的——庆祝旧约的逾越节，通过设立新约来成全它，一直到十字架 ，在死亡时刻饮第四杯——带来了新的更伟大的出埃及，新的更伟大的约。 What Jesus is doing—celebrating the Passover of the Old, fulfilling it by instituting the New, taking it all the way to the cross, drinking the fourth cup at the moment of death—brings about the new and greater Exodus, the new and greater Covenant.
不是为他自己，因为他从这一切中得到的，没有一样是他成为人之前所缺少的。 Not for Himself, because He gained nothing from all of this that He lacked before He became a man.
作为神，他一无所缺；成为人，他也没有得到什么。 Being God, He lacked nothing; becoming a man, He gained nothing.
那么，为什么要这样做呢？ So, why bother?
不是为了给自己得到什么，而是为了给予我们， 他不仅慷慨地给予他的爱，也给予他的生命。 It wasn't to gain stuff for Himself; it was to give it to us, and He lavishes not only His love but His life as well.
我确信这是对耶稣的死如何拯救我们最准确的解释，远胜于新教 的刑罚替代观念，即认为在那几个小时里，圣父从天上俯视，不 再能看见他所爱的儿子，只能看见堆积在他身上的我们的罪。 I am convinced that this is the most precise explanation of how Jesus' death saves us, much to be preferred to the Protestant notion of penal substitution, that for a few hours God the Father looked down from heaven and could no longer see His Son whom He loved; He could only see our sins heaped upon Him.
因此，他不是爱他的儿子，而是将他的愤怒倾倒在他身上，把他当作牺牲品发泄他的怒气。 And so, instead of loving His Son, He heaped His wrath and vented His rage upon Him as a victim.
这常常被宣讲为福音。 That is what is often proclaimed as the gospel.
这是伪造的；这不仅是误解，而且是对所发生事情的严重且近乎亵渎的歪曲。 That is a counterfeit; that is not only a misinterpretation but a gross and virtually blasphemous distortion of what is happening.
圣子是出于爱和顺服将这献给圣父。 It's out of love and obedience that the Son offers it to the Father.
我认为这样说也是对的：当圣父从天上俯视他的儿子那三十三年时 ，他神圣的人性总是可爱的，总是蒙爱的，但从未如此可爱…… I think it would also be true to say this: when God the Father looked down from heaven upon His Son throughout His 33 years, His sacred humanity was always lovely and always beloved, but never so lovely...
就在他同意接受那杯，走向各各他，悬挂在十字架上的那一刻，他不是失去而是给予他的生 命，不是中止圣父的爱而是表达圣父的爱；正是因为三位一体中圣父的爱是赐生命的爱。 As the moment when He gave consent to the cup and went to Golgotha and hung on the cross, not losing but giving His life, not suspending the love of the Father but expressing the love of the Father; precisely because a Father's love in the Trinity is life-giving love.
这就是耶稣通过他神圣的人性所做的——他使他的生命成为爱的礼物，不 仅是在那时，现在在圣餐中也是如此，不仅是为了我们，也是通过我们。 And that's what Jesus is doing through His sacred humanity—He's making His life a gift of love, not only then but now in the Holy Eucharist, and not only for us but through us as well.
他不仅仅是赐予；不仅仅是为我们背负十字架；他也将十字架赐给我们。 He doesn't just bestow; He doesn't just bear a cross for us; He bestows a cross on us.
他呼召我们背负十字架，饮那杯，但在这之前他不断地一次又一次给我们祝福 的杯——他与门徒分享的第三杯——因他知道他们都将分享他受苦的团契。 He calls us to carry the cross, to drink of the cup, but not before He continually gives us again and again the cup of blessing—the third cup that He shared with the disciples—knowing that all of them would share in the fellowship of His sufferings.
这一件事解释了一切——它可以追溯到神的内在生命，三位一体 的神，他从永恒就是赐生命的爱，并呼召我们达到那个目标。 This is the one thing that explains everything—it’s traceable back to the inner life of God, the Holy Trinity, who is life-giving love from all eternity and calls us to that goal.
我们被造的唯一原因就是要进入那生命，而我们唯一能做到的方式就是让那 生命通过十字架的祭献，通过弥撒圣祭，通过圣灵的爱和能力进入我们。 The only reason for which we were made was to enter into that life, and the only way we can is by allowing that life to enter into us through the sacrifice of the cross, through the sacrifice of the Mass, through the love and the power of the Holy Spirit.
我确信现在是我们这些公教徒把握这一点的时候了，不是要成 为神学研究生，而是要成为我们主耶稣基督忠实的跟随者。 I am convinced that it is time for us as Catholics to lay hold of this, not by becoming graduate students in theology, but by becoming faithful followers of our Lord Jesus Christ.
这改变了我对福音的理解，更重要的是，这开启了我的眼睛，使我看见弥撒圣祭的奥秘。 This is what transformed my understanding of the Gospel, but even more, this is what opened my eyes to the mystery of the holy sacrifice of the Mass.
通过信心的眼睛，我们看见某种真正比整个世界所能容 纳的更伟大的事物，而我们就在这世界上庆祝这事。 Through the eyes of faith, we behold something that is really greater than this whole world can contain, and yet here we are in the world to celebrate this.
所以让我们求我们的主增加我们的信心，以及持久的盼望，也完善我们的爱德。 So let's ask our Lord to increase our faith, along with the endurance of hope, to perfect our charity as well.
奉圣父、圣子、圣灵的名。 In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
阿们。 Amen.
全能的神，我们在天上的父，我们感谢你赐下你永恒的儿子，我们的救主。 Almighty God, our Father in heaven, we thank You for the gift of Your eternal Son, our Savior.
我们感谢你通过他向我们显明一种超越我们从父母、兄弟姐妹和朋友那里所知的 任何爱的爱，因为你通过圣餐建立了友谊的纽带，爱的盟约，我们为此感谢你。 We thank You for manifesting to us through Him a love that goes beyond anything we've ever known from our parents, from our siblings, and friends, because You have established through the Holy Eucharist a bond of friendship, a covenant of love, and we thank You for it.
但我们也奉耶稣的圣名求你赐下圣灵的恩赐，用你真理的道光照我们的心智 ，用你爱的火点燃我们的心，使我们不仅被你的道教导，也被转变成圣徒。 But we also ask You, in the holy name of Jesus, for the gift of the Holy Spirit to illuminate our minds with the word of Your truth, to enkindle our hearts with the fire of Your love, that we might not only be informed by Your word but also transformed into saints.
求你垂听我们祷告耶稣教导我们的家庭祷文：我们在天上的父，愿人都 尊你的名为圣；愿你的国降临；愿你的旨意行在地上，如同行在天上。 So hear us as we pray that family prayer that Jesus taught us: Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.
我们日用的饮食，今日赐给我们；免我们的债，如同我们免了人的债。 Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us.
不叫我们遇见试探，救我们脱离凶恶。 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
阿们。 Amen.
万福马利亚，你充满圣宠，主与你同在。 Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee.
你在妇女中受赞颂，你腹中的果实耶稣同受赞颂。 Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
天主圣母马利亚，求你现在和我们临终时，为我们罪人祈求。 Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.
阿们。 Amen.
奉圣父、圣子、圣灵的名。 In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
阿们。 Amen.
非常感谢。 Thank you very much.