大家好，我是帕潘德里亚博士。 Hi folks, I'm Dr. Papandrea.
我是加勒特福音神学院教会历史和历史神学教授，这是你们「基 督教思想与实践史1」课程的介绍视频，我们简称为「历史1」 。如果你不是我的学生，偶然看到这个视频，也欢迎你观看。 I am the professor of Church History and Historical Theology at Garrett Evangelical Seminary, and this is your orientation and introduction video to the course The History of Christian Thought and Practice 1, or as we like to call it, History 1. Now, if you're not in my course and you've stumbled on this video, well, you're welcome to watch it.
我希望你能看到最后，在结尾会有一个简短的视频告诉你如何与 我联系，如何在网上与我的社区互动，以及如何向我提问等。 I hope you watch it all the way through to the end, and at the end there will be a short little outro video for you to tell you how you can connect with me, interact with my community online, and, you know, ask me questions and things like that.
但如果你是我课程的注册学生，那个简短的结束视频不是为你准备的。 But if you are a registered student in my course, That little outro video is not for you.
你可以忽略那个，因为显然你会通过课程与我互动。 You can ignore that because obviously you will interact with me through the course.
所以，欢迎来到历史1，在这里我们练习灵魂功夫。 So, welcome to History 1, where we practice Kung Fu for the Soul.
现在，为什么我称它为灵魂功夫呢？ Now, why do I call it Kung Fu for the Soul?
当我去功夫学校训练时，进去后看到的第一件事就是墙上挂着一排照片。 When I go into my Kung Fu school to train, the first thing you see when you go in is a row of pictures on the wall.
我的师傅，我的功夫教练，那种特定的功夫流派就是这样保存下 来的。基督教也是如此，我们在这门课程中要学习的正是从耶稣 传给使徒，从使徒传给他们的门徒，一代代传下来的内容。 And my Sifu, my Kung Fu instructor, The only way that particular style of Kung Fu is preserved Christianity is like that and what we're going to learn in this course is exactly what was handed down from Jesus to the Apostles and from the Apostles to their disciples and on down through the generations to us.
这门课程的内容主要是通过阅读来传授的。 The delivery of content for this course is actually mostly through reading.
你们要阅读书籍，还要阅读原始资料，这些是教会历史上各个时期保存下来的实际文献。 You're going to read the books, and you're going to read the primary sources, which are the actual documents preserved from the history of the church, from each time period in the church's history.
稍后我会详细说明，但现在要强调的是，我们所有的互动，无论是在线 上、通过Teams还是面对面，都将围绕你们所读内容进行讨论。 I'll have more to say about that in a little bit, but the point of that for now is that all of our interaction, whether it's online, over Teams, or whether it's in person, All of our interaction is really going to be about debriefing what you've read.
所以这将全是关于问答和讨论，这会给你们很多机会真正深入理解材料。 So it's all going to be about Q&A and discussion, and it's going to give you a lot of opportunity to really work through the material.
但这里有你们需要知道的事。 But here's what you need to know.
在你们的神学院经历中，有些课程没有错误答案。 There are courses that you will take in your seminary experience that have no wrong answers.
那些课程很好，但这不是那样的课程。 And those courses are great, but this is not one of those courses.
在你们的神学院经历中，有些课程你们可以大谈你们的信仰。 There are courses you will take in your seminary experience where you get to talk a lot about what you believe.
那些课程很好，但这不是那样的课程。 And those courses are great, but this is not one of those courses.
这门课程不是关于你们的信仰，甚至不是关于我的信仰。 This course is not about what you believe, and it's not even about what I believe.
这是一门学习最初基督徒信仰的课程。 This is the class where you learn what the original Christians believed.
这很重要，因为是他们定义了什么是基督教。 And this is important because they were the ones who defined what Christianity is.
而我们，现在活着的人，都无权重新定义它。 And we, no one living now, is in a position to redefine it.
我们只能接受它并学习它。 We only receive it and we learn it.
所以这门课不是关于你们的信仰，也不是关于我的信仰。 So this class is not about what you believe or about what I believe.
我也不一定在教你们我所信的。 And I'm not necessarily teaching you what I believe.
所以不要假设我个人相信、接受或实践我们讨论的所有内容。 So don't assume that I personally believe or accept or practice everything we talk about.
话虽如此，我总体上是传统的支持者，这就是为什么我来教这门课。 Having said that, I am an advocate for the tradition in general, which is why I'm the one who teaches this class.
但我不是在教你们我的信仰。 But I'm not teaching you what I believe.
你们会在当代神学课程中学习当代神学家的信仰。 You'll learn what contemporary theologians believe in your contemporary theology classes.
我传递给你们的是那些在我们之前的伟大见证人云彩传给我和我们所有人的内容。 I am passing on to you what was handed down to me and to all of us from that great cloud of witnesses who came before us.
这门课的目的是让你们不仅能学习，还能转身教导，阐明信仰并传授给下一代。 And the point of this class is for you to be able to not only learn it, but turn around and teach it, to articulate the faith and teach it to the next generation.
为了做到这一点，我们都必须明白我们不是历史的中心。 Now, in order to do that, we all have to understand that we are not the center of history.
我们的观点是有限的，且不在中心的视角。 Our point of view is a limited and off-center vantage point.
因此，我们需要以谦卑和耐心的态度来研究历史。谦卑地接受我们比历史和教会渺 小，当我们说我们是教会的成员时，我们是在进入一个比我们自己更伟大的事物。 And so we need to approach history with a bit of humility and patience The humility to accept that we are smaller than the history and the church, and when we say we are members of the church, we are entering into something greater than ourselves.
还要有耐心接受有些问题可能无法得到令你满意的答案，至少在这门课 上可能不会，在你人生的这个阶段可能不会，甚至在此生可能都不会。 And the patience to accept that some questions will just not be answered to your satisfaction, at least maybe not in this class, maybe not at this point in your life, maybe not ever in this life.
我们需要谦卑地接受这个事实：我们的满意并不是真理的标准。 We need to have the humility to accept the fact that our satisfaction is not the criterion of truth.
我们需要有耐心倾听过去的声音，而不是轻易否定它们。 And we need to have the patience to listen to the voices from the past without dismissing them.
我常说，如果你的神学院经历是一个披萨，这门课就是披萨的底座。 And I always say that if your seminary experience were a pizza, this course is the crust.
它是其他一切的基础。 It is the foundation on which everything else rests.
你可能会选修其他课程，这些选修课程就像是披萨上的配料。 And you may take other courses, you may take electives that would be kind of metaphorically like the toppings on the pizza.
你们每个人选择的配料可能都不同。 And some of you will have different toppings than others.
但我们的披萨都需要底座，所以我们都需要这个基础。 But we all need a crust to our pizza, and so we all need this foundation.
你们应该知道，多年来我对这门课程进行了巨大的改变，尤其是在最近几个学期。 Now, you should know that I've changed this course drastically over the years, and especially in more recent semesters.
所以再次强调，这意味着课程内容主要通过你们阅读来传授，而不是我讲课。 And so again, as I said, this means that the content delivery of the course is going to be primarily by you reading, not by me lecturing.
我已经大大减少了阅读量，比我从教授那里接手这 门课时，甚至比我刚开始教这门课时都少得多。 Now, I have cut the amount of reading way down from when I inherited this course from my professor, and even from when I first started teaching it.
所以，不用谢。 And so, you're welcome.
阅读量比以前少了很多，我把它编辑得更加集中于最相关的资料，我为主 要资料添加了注释，并且修改了过时的英语翻译，使它们更容易理解。 The reading is a lot less than it used to be, and I've edited it down to focus on the most relevant sources, and I have annotated the primary sources, and I've edited them to update the archaic English translations and make them easier to understand.
我做了这些工作，但我不会骗你们，这门课仍然有很多阅读内容。 And I've done all that, but I'm not gonna lie to you, there is a lot of reading for this course.
所以做好准备。 So get ready.
准备好深入研究，通过当时产生的文献真正沉浸在早期和中世纪教会中。 Get ready to dig in and really immerse yourself in the early and medieval church through the very documents that were produced at that time.
我还尽可能地编辑了主要资料，使用包容性语言，对吧？ Now, I've also edited the primary sources for inclusive language as much as possible, right?
这意味着我尽力编辑了我所称的包容性人类学。 And so what that means is that I've done my best to edit for what I call inclusive anthropology.
换句话说，就是关于人类的包容性语言。 In other words, inclusive language regarding humanity.
但当涉及到关于神的语言时，我们是在学习传统。 But when it comes to God language, we are learning the tradition.
没有传统语言，就不可能学习传统。 And it is impossible to learn the tradition without traditional language.
所以你们必须学习传统语言。 So you're going to have to learn the traditional language.
涂蜡，擦蜡。 Wax on, wax off.
这就是你们开始的方式。 That's how you begin.
这并不意味着你们要处处模仿我的说话方式。 Now, that doesn't mean you are expected to imitate me and the way I say things at every turn.
我经常使用传统语言是因为它更精确。 I often use traditional language because It's more precise.
所以你们不必模仿我，但模仿我总比弄错好。 And so you don't have to imitate me, but imitating me is better than getting it wrong.
如果你们必须这样开始，那也没问题。 So if that's how you have to start, that's fine.
但关键是，最终你们将能够找到自己的声音，忠实地阐述传 统和信仰，同时也能以一种与当代人产生共鸣的方式表达。 But the point is, eventually you will be able to find your own voice to articulate the tradition and the faith faithfully, but also in a way that will resonate with people today.
所以会有一些要求，比如我希望每个人在谈论神时，要大写「神 」、「三位一体」、「圣父」、「圣子」和「圣灵」这些词。 And so there are going to be some expectations, like I do expect everyone to capitalize certain words like God, Trinity, and Father, Son, and Holy Spirit when you're talking about God.
你们可以自由使用你们觉得更舒适的语言，只要不牺牲神学准确性。我会让 你们阅读一些有助于理解这一点的内容，但你们会在学习过程中逐渐明白。 Now, you're free to use language that you find more comfortable as long as you don't sacrifice theological accuracy, and there's going to be something that I'll ask you to read that's going to help you with this, but you'll see as we go along the way.
现在，我想花点时间读一段经文。 Now, I want to take a moment to read a bit of Scripture here.
这段经文出自旧约列王纪上第19章7至12节。「耶和华的使 者第二次来，拍他说：『起来吃吧，因为你当走的路甚远。』」 This is from the Old Testament book of 1 Kings, chapter 19, verses 7 through 12. The angel of the Lord came back a second time, touched him, Elijah, and said, Get up and eat, or the journey will be too much for you.
「他就起来吃了喝了。」 He got up, ate, and drank.
「他靠着这饮食的力，走了四十昼夜，到了神的山，就是何烈山。」 Then, strengthened by that food, he walked forty days and forty nights to the mountain of God, Horeb.
「他在那里进了一个洞，就住在洞中。」 There he came to a cave, where he took shelter.
「耶和华的话临到他说：『以利亚啊，你在这里做什么？』」 But the word of the Lord came to him, Where are you, Elijah?
「他说：『我为耶和华万军之神大发热心；因为以色列人背弃了你的约。』」 He answered, I have been most zealous for the Lord, the God of hosts, but the Israelites have forsaken the covenant.
「毁坏了你的祭坛，用刀杀了你的先知。」 They have destroyed your altars and murdered your prophets by the sword.
「只剩下我一个人，他们还要寻索我的命。」 I alone remain, and they seek to take my life.
「耶和华说：『你出来站在山上，在我面前。』」 Then the Lord said, Go out and stand on the mountain before the Lord.
「耶和华将要经过。」 The Lord will pass by.
「在耶和华面前，有烈风大作，崩山碎石。」 There was a strong and violent wind rending the mountains and crushing the rocks before the Lord.
「耶和华却不在风中。」 But the Lord was not in the wind.
「风后地震。」 After the wind, an earthquake.
「耶和华却不在地震中。」 But the Lord was not in the earthquake.
「地震后有火。」 After the earthquake, fire.
「耶和华也不在火中。」 But the Lord was not in the fire.
「火后有微小的声音。」 After the fire, a still quiet voice.
现在，你们生活在风暴中。 Now, you live in the storm.
你们的生活就是一场地震。 Your life is an earthquake.
如果现在还不是，一旦你们进入神学院的学习，它就会变成这样。 And if it isn't already, it will be once you get into your seminary experience.
问题是你们已经花太多时间在网上了。 And the problem is that you are already online too much.
神不在网上。 God is not online.
神不在地震中，神不在火中，神不在风中，神也不在网上。 God is not in the earthquake, God is not in the fire, God is not in the wind, and God is not online.
神在所有这些事物之间的空间里。 God is in the spaces between all that stuff.
对于音乐家来说，神在音符之间的休止符中。 Or for you musicians, God is in the rests between the notes.
我们都需要更多地远离网络。 We all need to be off-grid more.
所以在这个学期，我要鼓励你们把这门课当作一种修道院式的体验。 And so what I'm going to encourage you to do throughout this semester is to try to take this class as a kind of monastic experience.
尽可能少用科技。 To try to go as low-tech as possible.
利用这门课来放慢脚步，走出风暴，倾听那微小的声音。 And use this class to slow down, get out of the storm, and listen for that still, quiet voice.
这意味着我不会要求你们经常上网。 And that means that I am not going to ask you to go online very much.
我知道你们正在线上观看这个视频，可能还会有几 个我要求你们在YouTube上观看的视频。 And I know you're watching this video online, and there may be a few other videos that I'll ask you to watch on YouTube.
但大部分时间，我不会要求你们在网上做太多事情。 But for the most part, I am not asking you to do very much at all online.
我不希望你们在网上做任何研究，因为坦白说，你们无法信任网上的资料来源。 And I don't want you to do any research online because Quite frankly, you can't trust your sources online.
所以我希望你们学会从纸面阅读。 So I want you to learn to read from the page.
如果必要的话，你们可以在屏幕上阅读，但如果可能的话，甚至要离开屏幕，从纸面阅读。 And you may be reading on a screen if you need to, but if at all possible, even get off the screen and read from a page.
所以当你们阅读时，你们需要从一开始就明白一 件事，否则你们会在这门课程中落后，那就是： And so when you read, You need to understand something from the very beginning or you're going to fall behind in this course, and that is this.
出于兴趣的阅读和为了学习而阅读有很大的区别。 There is a great difference between reading for interest and reading for learning.
我并不是说这门课的阅读内容不会有趣，但如果你习惯于在网上 阅读，点击看起来有趣的东西，得到一篇很短的文章，甚至不读 到最后，而且你读的部分也只是浏览，那对这门课是行不通的。 Now, I'm not saying that the reading for this course won't be interesting, but if you're used to reading things online where you click on something because it seems interesting and you get a very short article and you don't even read to the end of that, and what you do read you skim, that will not work for this course.
部分原因是你们还不知道什么是重要的，也不知道什么可以跳过。 Partly because you don't know yet what's important and you don't know what you can skip over.
所以这门课的阅读不是你们可以浏览的那种。 So the reading for this course is not the kind of reading that you can skim.
你们需要深入阅读，为了理解，为了记忆，为了学习。 You need to read for depth, for understanding, for retention, for learning.
你们不能浏览这些内容。 You cannot skim this stuff.
可能有时你们不确定为什么要读某些东西。 Now there may be some times when you're not sure why you're reading something.
你们会希望作者直接说重点。 You'll want the author to get to the point.
但我需要你们试着放慢速度，不仅吸收文字，还要吸收整个文档的氛围。 but I need you to try and slow down and absorb not just the words but the whole vibe of the document.
尽可能像修道士一样。 Try to be as much like a monastic as possible.
尽可能少用科技，远离网络和屏幕。 Be low-tech, off-grid and off-screen as much as possible.
在阅读这些内容时，关掉你们的电子邮件和手机，因为当你们从纸面阅读 时，神会对你们说话，神会在你们阅读的事物之间的寂静中对你们说话。 Turn off your email and your phone while you are reading this stuff because God speaks to you when you read from the page and God speaks to you in the silence between the things that you're reading.
如果你们从不给自己任何寂静，你们就不会听到那微小的声音。 If you never give yourself any silence, you're not going to hear that still, quiet voice.
我想强调这一点。 And I want to emphasize this.
我怎么强调都不为过。 I cannot emphasize it enough.
多任务处理是一切美好事物的敌人。 Multitasking is the enemy of all things good.
我保证，如果你们在多任务处理，你们就不会学到东西，这也适用于阅读。 I guarantee that you will not learn if you are multitasking, and that goes for reading.
如果你们需要训练注意力来提高阅读耐心，那就去做吧。 If you need to train your attention span to have more patience to read, then do that.
因为有朝一日，长时间专注于一件事将变得非常重要。 Because someday it's going to be really important that you can focus on one thing for a long time.
例如，如果你需要阅读一份文件，而它比你预期的要长 ，那就把其他所有事情都放在一边，直到你读完为止。 So for example, if you need to read a document and it's longer than you want it to be, put away everything else until you're done.
如果我发给你一封比你预期长的电子邮件，请仔细阅读，并且读完整封邮件。 If I send you an email that's longer than you want it to be, read it carefully and read it all the way through.
如果你觉得无法完成这门课的所有工作，我保证这是因为你在尝试多任务处理。 And if you feel like you can't do all the work for this course, I guarantee you it's because you're trying to multitask.
这是因为你在做其他事情的同时还试图完成这门课的工作。 It's because you're trying to do the work for this course while you're doing other things.
这是行不通的。 And that is not going to work.
这门课程旨在给你们宗教改革前基督教的精髓，也就是早期和中世纪教会。 Now this course is meant to give you the essence of, let's say, pre-reformation Christianity, the early and medieval church.
正如我之前提到的，那是因为那时基督教本身被定义。 And as I mentioned before, that's because that is when Christianity itself was defined.
所以这门课程实际上会更侧重于早期教会，因为那时是教义发展最多的时期。 And so the course is actually going to be heavily weighted toward the early church because that's when most of the development of doctrine took place.
当我们追踪早期和中世纪基督徒的历程轨迹时，你们会看到这一点。 And you will see that as we track through the trajectory of the journey of the early and medieval Christians.
如果你们的整个思维模式都是宗教改革后和启蒙运动后的，你 们需要试着剥离一些这样的思维，以理解你们信仰中的先辈。 Now if your whole mindset is post-reformation and post-enlightenment, you're going to need to try to Strip some of that away to understand your ancestors in the faith.
别误会我的意思，启蒙运动前并不意味着未开化，对吧？ Now don't get me wrong, pre-enlightenment does not mean unenlightened, right?
它只是意味着16、17和18世纪之前存在的一种不同的世界观，对吧？ It just means a different worldview that existed before the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, right?
举个例子，基督教信仰是一种非常个人化的事情，我作为 个人决定成为基督徒，这种理解比原始基督教更现代。 So, as an example, The idea that the Christian faith is a very individualized kind of thing, where I, as an individual, make a personal decision to become a Christian, that is much more of a modern understanding of the faith than what Christianity was originally.
最初，基督教更多是一种群体信仰，整个家庭在宗教改革前、启蒙运 动前、宗教改革后和启蒙运动后，从未认为皈依是一个发生的事件。 Originally, Christianity was much more of a communal faith, and whole families Pre-Reformation, Pre-Enlightenment, Post-Reformation, and Enlightenment Conversion was never thought to be an event that happened.
没有人会说，我在过去的某个日期得救了。 No one ever said, I got saved on a certain date in my past.
皈依一直被理解为一个过程。 Conversion was always understood to be a process.
这是一个引导我们走向救赎的成圣过程。 It's the process of sanctification that leads us towards salvation.
所以，这又是一个非常不同的世界观。 So again, a very different worldview.
最后，你们需要理解的一个非常重要的事情是，在古代世界，在中世 纪，真正重要的和被认为是真实的，是那些经受住时间考验的东西。 And finally, one really important thing that you need to understand is that in the ancient world, in the Middle Ages, What is really important and what is really understood to be truthful is whatever has stood the test of time.
这意味着旧的东西比新的东西更有价值。 Which means older things are more valuable than newer things.
现在我们生活在一个现代世界，新的东西比旧的东西更有价值，而且情况一直在恶化 ，因为当我们想到电脑和软件时，它们会更新，人们总是认为新版本比旧版本更好。 Now we live in a world, in our modern world, newer things are more valuable than older things and it's getting worse all the time because When we think of computers and software, they get updated and people always think the newer version is better than the older version.
所以我们陷入了一种新的总是比旧的好的思维模式。 And so we're caught in a mindset where newer is always better than older.
但这恰恰与我们信仰中的先辈的思维方式相反。 But that is the exact opposite of the way that our ancestors in the faith thought.
旧的总是比新的好，因为旧的经受住了时间的考验。 Older is always better than newer because older has stood the test of time.
或者至少对于新事物来说，举证责任在于新事物，它需要证明为什么应该取代旧事物。 Or at least the newer thing, the burden of proof is on the newer thing to prove why it should replace the older thing.
因此，为了理解我们信仰中的先辈，为了理解你们将要阅读的文献，要回到启蒙运 动、人文主义、文艺复兴、宗教改革这种思维模式之前，你们必须回到那个时代。 And so in order to understand our ancestors in the faith, and in order to understand the documents that you're going to read, to get behind this mindset of the Enlightenment, humanism, the Renaissance, the Reformation, you got to get back behind that.
你们要把这门课程看作是一种跨文化沉浸，你们将阅读由一些人写的文献 ，这些人一方面和你们很相似，但另一方面又有着非常不同的世界观。 You're going to have to think of this course as a kind of cross-cultural immersion, where you're going to be reading documents written by people who, on the one hand, are very much like you, but on the other hand, have a very different worldview.
我读过的一本小说中有一句很棒的话。 There's a great quote from a novel I read.
这本小说以这些话开始：「过去是一个异国。」 The novel begins with these words, The past is a foreign country.
他们在那里做事的方式不同。 They do things differently there.
你们需要把这门课程当作是在学习另一种文化的思 维方式，就像回到一个你从未去过的母国，对吧？ You're going to need to treat this course like you're learning about how another culture thinks, like going back to a mother country you've never been to, right?
但那些人的思维方式，他们是我们信仰中的先辈。 But the way those folks think, they are our ancestors in the faith.
他们是最初的基督徒。 They are the original Christians.
所以在这门课程中，你们将学习教会的奥秘。 So in this course, you're going to learn about the mysteries of the church.
但奥秘并不意味着无法理解的事物。 But mystery does not mean something that's impossible to understand.
它意味着我们永远无法完全理解的事物，因为这 些是神的奥秘，神是无限的，而我们是有限的。 It means something we will never completely understand because these are God's mysteries and God is infinite and we are finite.
但我们可以在神向我们启示时，相当程度地理解神的奥秘。 But we can significantly understand God's mysteries as they are revealed to us.
所以我们不能简单地举手投降说，好吧，这些奥秘是不可能理解的。 So we don't simply throw up our hands and say, well, it's impossible to understand these mysteries.
不，我们可以在一定程度上理解它们，我们甚至可以学习如何教导他人。 No, we can understand them to a certain extent and we can even learn how to teach them to others.
但因为它们是奥秘，它们只能从内部理解，也就是通 过经验，通过你知道你拥有但很难分享的那种证据。 But because they are mysteries, They can only be understood from the inside, that is, by experience, by the kind of evidence that you know you have, but it's very difficult to share.
例如，我曾与无神论者辩论，他们试图告诉我没有神，而我知道有神 ，因为我在生活中经历过神的同在，但我无法真正给他们那种经历。 So, for example, I've had debates with atheists who try to tell me there is no God, and I know there is a God because I have experience in my life of the presence of God, and yet I can't really give them that experience.
我无法向他们证明。 I can't prove it to them.
我总是说，这有点像你试图向一个因纽特人证明棕榈树的存在，这个人一生 都生活在北极附近，从未见过棕榈树，他们可能坚持认为棕榈树不存在。 And I always say it's a little bit like if you tried to prove the existence of palm trees to an Inuit, someone who has lived close to the North Pole all their lives and has never seen a palm tree, they may insist that palm trees don't exist.
但无神论者试图告诉我神不存在，就像因纽特人试图告诉牙买加人棕榈树不存在一样。 But the atheist trying to tell me that God doesn't exist is like the Inuit trying to tell the Jamaican that palm trees don't exist.
然而，我们就在这里。 And yet, here we are.
你必须先相信它，然后才能理解它。 You have to believe it before you can understand it.
你不能先试图理解它，然后说，好吧，等我理解了再决定是否相信。 You can't try to understand it first and say, well, I'll decide whether to believe it once I understand it.
这种方式行不通。 Doesn't work that way.
首先你要相信它，然后你才能学会理解它。 First you believe it, then you can learn to understand it.
有时信心需要相信你还不理解的事物。 And sometimes faith requires believing what you don't yet understand.
所以在这门课程中，我会假设我们都是信徒，我们都是某种传统或宗派的基督徒。 So for this course, I'm going to be going on the assumption that we are all believers, we are all Christians of one stripe or tradition or another.
如果这对你来说不是真的，我邀请你告诉我，或 者至少随时提出你可能来自不同背景的问题。 If that's not true for you, I would invite you to let me know that, or at least feel free to speak up with your questions that you might have coming from a different place.
你当然欢迎参加这门课程，但这门课程是在假设我们都是基督徒的基础上教授的。 You're certainly welcome in the course, but the course is taught on the assumption that we are all Christians.
现在，说到教会的历史，当我说教会时，我指的是普世教会，一般意义上的基督教。 Now, the history of the church, and when I say the church, I'm talking about the universal church, Christianity in general.
教会的历史就像一个钟摆，从一个极端摆到另一个极端。 The history of the church is like a pendulum swinging from one extreme to another.
当它摆到一边时，重力克服了动量，将它拉回中心。 And as it swings far to one side, gravity overcomes the momentum and pulls it back toward the center.
但随后动量又将它推过中心，到达另一个极端。 But then the momentum drives it past the center to the other extreme.
教会历史之所以如此，是因为教会中总会有人想把某个教义或概念推向极端。 And the reason why the history of the church is like that is that there will always be people in the church who want to push a doctrine or a concept to an extreme.
但最终会到达一个点，教会的大多数人会说，啊 ，现在你走得太远了，重力会把它拉回中心。 But it eventually gets to a point where the majority of the church says, ah, now you've gone too far, and gravity pulls it back toward the center.
但总会有人对一个极端反应如此强烈，以至于他们实际上反应过度，将其推向另一个极端。 But there will always be someone who will react so strongly to one extreme that they actually overreact and drive it to the other extreme.
然后大多数人又会说，好吧，现在你在这个方向上走得太远了，重力会将其拉回中心。 And then once again, the majority will say, well, now you've gone too far in this direction, and gravity pulls it back toward the center.
有一个平衡点，我称之为中道，但不是妥协意义上 的中道，而是重心意义上的中道，这个平衡点。 And there is a place of balance, what I call the middle way, but not middle way in the sense of a compromise, middle way in the sense of this center of gravity, this place of balance.
这就像地球绕太阳运转的方式，对吧？ It's like the way the Earth orbits the Sun, right?
如果轨道再大一些，地球就会飞入太空。 If that orbit were any larger, the Earth would fly off into space.
如果轨道再小一些，地球就会飞入太阳。 If the orbit were any smaller, the Earth would fly into the Sun.
但有一个完美的平衡点，使地球绕太阳运转并保持在其轨道上。 But there's this perfect balance that the Earth orbits the Sun and stays in its orbit.
它既不会飞入太空，也不会飞入太阳。 It doesn't fly out into space and it doesn't fly into the Sun.
教会的历史就是关于弄清楚神是谁，耶稣基督是谁，两者之间的关系是什 么，所有这些教义都在这种钟摆的背景下得到澄清，并找到那个平衡点。 The history of the church is all about figuring out who God is, who Jesus Christ is, what is the relationship between the two, and all of this doctrine becomes clarified within this context of the pendulum and finding that place of balance.
现在，我个人相信圣灵一直在引导这个过程。 Now, I personally believe that the Holy Spirit was guiding that process throughout.
实际上，教会的历史其实就是圣经解释的历史。 Now, in actual practice, The history of the Church is actually the history of the interpretation of Scripture.
当然，教会一开始继承了旧约，当时实际上是七十士 译本，即希腊文的旧约，这是耶稣和使徒们的圣经。 The Church at the beginning, of course, inherited the Old Testament, which at that time was actually the Septuagint, the Old Testament in Greek, and that was the Bible of Jesus and the Apostles.
但是，教会当然不仅要解释旧约，还要解释生活，然后 ，新约当然是基于教会对这些事件的解释而写成的。 But then, of course, the Church also had to interpret not only the Old Testament, but the life, And then, of course, the New Testament was written based on the church's interpretation of those events.
我们在课程中会讨论所有这些内容。 And we'll talk about all of these things as we go through the course.
但关键是，教会的这些解释成为了教会的传统，指导着持续的解释。 But the point is that those interpretations of the church become the church's tradition, which guides ongoing interpretation.
因此，圣经的解释成为我们的传统，而这个传统帮助我们继续解释圣经和后来的传统。 And so the interpretation of Scripture becomes our tradition, And that tradition helps us continue to interpret Scripture and later tradition.
现在，你可能在想，那么，界限在哪里？ Now, you might be thinking, well, where do you draw the line?
因为有大写T的传统和小写t的传统。哪些真正重要，哪些不那么重要？ Because there is tradition with a capital T and traditions with a small t. And which ones are really important and which ones are less important?
你可能熟悉一句话，它被归于不同的人。 And you may be familiar with a quote and It gets attributed to different people.
我不确定是谁最先说的，但这句话大概是这样的。 I'm not exactly sure who said it first, but the quote goes something like this.
在要素上，合一。 In essentials, unity.
在非要素上，自由。 In non-essentials, liberty.
在一切事上，仁爱。 In all things, charity.
换句话说，这句话提倡在基督教信仰的要素上，即大写T的传统上保持合一。 So in other words, the quote advocates unity in those essentials of the Christian faith, the capital T tradition.
然后在非要素上，即小写t的传统上，保持自由和仁爱。但这确实引出了一个问题，你 如何划分要素（大写T的传统）和非要素（小写t的传统）之间的界限？猜猜怎么着？ And then liberty, And charity, in terms of the non-essentials, the traditions with a small t. But that does beg the question, how do you draw the line between the essentials, traditions with a capital T, and the non-essentials, tradition with a small t? Well, guess what?
我们将在这门课上做这件事。 We're going to do that in this class.
这门课就是关于要素的。 And this class is all about the essentials.
它是关于我们基督教信仰的核心要素，这些要素从字面上定义了什么是基督教。 It's about the core of the essentials of our Christian faith that literally define what Christianity is.
比如基督论，耶稣基督是谁；三位一体的教义；教会 论，什么是教会；救赎论和赎罪论，什么是救恩。 Things like Christology, who is Jesus Christ, the doctrine of the Trinity, ecclesiology, what is the church, soteriology and atonement, what is salvation.
我们将在整个课程中讨论所有这些内容。 We're going to talk about all these things throughout this course.
但我想强调的是，这一切都基于传统是好的这一假设。 But I want to emphasize This is all based on the assumption that the tradition is good.
成为一个传统的基督徒是好的。 It is good to be a traditional Christian.
我在这里是要给你们许可，成为一个传统的基督徒。 And I am here to give you permission to be a traditional Christian.
无论是福音派、高教会圣公会、公教会、东正教还是其他表达方式，我不认为我 们必须先拆毁某人的信仰。我们将在早期教会的坚实基础上建立我们的信仰。 Whether that comes out as evangelical, high church Anglican, Catholic, Orthodox, or some other expression, I do not believe that we have to tear someone's faith down first We are going to be building our faith on the solid rock of the foundation of the early church.
在这个过程中，我会打破一些神话。 And along the way, I'm going to be doing some myth-busting.
我不会试图拆解你们的信仰，但如果你们相信一些关于早期 和中世纪基督教或基督教一般的神话，我会打破一些泡沫。 I'm not going to be trying to dismantle your faith, but I am going to be bursting some bubbles if you have believed in some of the myths about early and medieval Christianity or about Christianity in general.
所以你们将在这门课中学习什么是基督教，什么不是基督教。 And so you will learn in this class what Christianity is and what it is not.
现在你们可能在想，根据你们所来自的传统或角度， 你们可能在想，等一下，我们不是应该批评传统吗？ Now you might be thinking, depending on the tradition or the angle that you're coming from, you might be thinking, well, wait a minute, aren't we supposed to critique the tradition?
嗯，其实不是。 Well, not really.
我们应该批判性地分析一切。 We are supposed to critically analyze everything.
所以我们会批判性地分析传统。 And so we will critically analyze the tradition.
现在，在你们将要上的一些课程中，你们可能会批评传统。 Now, In some classes that you will take, you probably will critique the tradition.
但在这门课中，你们将从批评这种批评开始。 But in this class, you're going to start by critiquing the critique.
换句话说，你们必须以开放的心态学习传统，然后才能批评它。 In other words, you have to learn the tradition with an open mind before you can ever critique it.
所以如果最终你们开始批评传统，至少你们会知道从这门课中你们在批评什么。 So if eventually you get around to critiquing the tradition, at least you will know what you're critiquing from this class.
因此，我们既不会为了传统而不加批判地接受传统，也不会不加批 判地接受来自无神论、世俗和怀疑主义来源的所有对传统的批评。 And so we will accept neither an uncritical acceptance of tradition for the sake of tradition, nor an uncritical acceptance of all the critiques of tradition that come from atheist and secular and skeptical sources.
所以这就是我们的立场。 So this is where we are.
我们将学习教会的传统。 We're going to be learning the tradition of the church.
但我想说得非常清楚。 But I want to be very clear.
早期和中世纪的教会是每个人的传统。 The early and medieval church is everyone's tradition.
它属于我们所有人，无论我们属于哪种基督教表 达方式，无论我们属于哪个宗派、传统或团契。 It belongs to all of us, no matter what expression of Christianity we belong to, no matter what denomination or tradition or communion we're in.
早期和中世纪的教会是每个人的传统。 The early and medieval church is everyone's tradition.
它也不是任何人的专属传统。 And it's also no one's tradition.
它属于我们所有人，但没有人拥有它。 It belongs to all of us, but no one owns it.
它是我们共同的传统。 It is our common tradition.
我希望当你们阅读原始资料时，你们会在早期和中世纪基督徒的面容中看到你们的信仰。 And I hope that when you read the primary sources that you will see your faith In the face of the early and medieval Christians.
但不要太快在早期基督徒的面容中看到你们自己的面容。 But don't be too quick to see your face in the faces of the early Christians.
因为就我们现在所说的种族、民族或文化而言，他们与我们任何人都不一样。 Because in terms of what we now call race or ethnicity or culture, they were not like any of us.
所以当我们看早期和中世纪的教会时，我们看的是我们可能称之为家族树的树干。 And so when we look at the early and medieval church, we are looking at what we might call the trunk of the family tree.
让我们说树的根是犹太教，然后我们有家族树的树 干，即早期教会、中世纪教会，然后才分出枝杈。 Let's say the roots of the tree are Judaism, and then we've got the trunk of the family tree, the early church, the medieval church, before it branches out.
这个家族树的树干属于我们所有人，无论我们现在生活在哪个分支上。 The trunk of the family tree belongs to all of us, no matter what branch we live on now.
但同时，他们存在于不同的文化和不同的世界观中，我们必须学会以他们的方式看待他们， 摒弃我们自己的现代假设，以一种仁慈和开放的态度阅读他们的文献，理解他们的世界观。 But at the same time, they exist in a different culture and a different worldview, and we have to learn to see them on their own terms and to get behind our own modern assumptions and read their documents in a way that is charitable and in a way that is open-minded to their worldview.
说到这里，如果你曾经做过任何阅读，特别是关于早期教会的 ，你可能已经看到东方和西方基督教之间存在一种二分法。 On that note, if you've ever done any reading, especially in the early church, you may have seen a kind of dichotomy between Eastern and Western Christianity.
我在你们的课程资料中提供了一张地图，显示了东方和西方基督教之间 的分界线，这样当我们谈论东方与西方时，你们就会知道我们的意思。 And I've given you a map in your course pack to show you where the dividing line is between Eastern and Western Christianity, so that when we talk about the East versus the West, you'll know what we mean.
但我想先说明，这种二分法被过分强调了。 But I want to say up front that that dichotomy is way overplayed.
在教会历史的早期，这种区分越不重要，部分原因是 许多最优秀的西方神学家来自东方或曾到东方旅行。 And the earlier you are in the history of the church, the less it matters, partly because a lot of the best Western theologians were from the East or traveled to the East.
东西方之间是有交流的。 And there is communication between the East and West.
因此，从很真实的意义上说，早期教会是全球性 的基督教，至少对当时已知的世界而言是如此。 And so in a very real sense, the early church is global Christianity, at least for the known world at that time.
这是历史上独一无二的时期，你知道，直到大约五 世纪左右，许多最优秀的西方神学家都来自东方。 Like no other time in history and, you know, again until about the fifth century or so, many of the best theologians of the West were from the East.
许多最优秀的西方神学家都曾在东方学习。 Many of the best Western theologians had studied in the East.
所以我想在这里强调的是，基督教不是一个西方宗教。 And so the point I want to make here is Christianity is not a Western religion.
基督教是一个东方或中东宗教，后来向西迁移。 Christianity is An Eastern or Middle Eastern religion that migrated West.
现在，当你到了中世纪，那时确实有更多特定的西方基督教表达方式。 Now, when you get to the Middle Ages, there are, at that time, more specifically Western expressions of Christianity.
因为我们现在生活在西方，我们的背景在很大程度上受西方影 响，所以一旦我们讲到中世纪，我们可能会更多地关注西方。 And because we currently live in the West and our context is in a large part informed by the West, we're probably going to focus more on the West once we get to the Middle Ages.
但那真的只是课程的最后几周。 But that's really only the last couple of weeks of the course.
在大部分时间里，我们处在一个非常有趣的世界，因为你有全球性的 希腊语，然后是正在发展的全球性拉丁语，这要归功于罗马帝国。 For the most part, We are in a world that is really interesting because you've got the global language of Greek and then the developing global language of Latin, thanks to the Roman Empire.
因此，像历史上任何其他时期一样，基督教是一个全球性的宗教。 And so, like no other time in history, Christianity is a global religion.
所以，请记住这一点。 So, keep that in mind.
最后，在结束之前，我想定义一些我们将在整个课程中使用的术语。 Finally, before I close, I want to define a few terms that we're going to be using throughout this course.
第一个是「主流」这个词。 The first one is the word mainstream.
首先，不要把这个和「主线」混淆。 Now first of all, don't confuse this with mainline.
「主线」这个词指的是现代的，通常是较大的新教宗派。 The word mainline refers to modern, usually the larger Protestant denominations.
所以主线宗派就像循道宗、路德宗或长老会。 So a mainline denomination would be like the Methodists or the Lutherans or the Presbyterians.
这不是我们要讨论的，因为当然，这门课程中的一切都发生在新教改革之前。 That is not what we're talking about because of course everything in this course takes place before the Protestant Reformation.
所以那时还没有新教徒。 So there are no Protestants yet.
我使用的是「主流」这个词，主流教会是教会的大多数。 I'm using the word mainstream, and the mainstream church is the majority of the church.
它是早期神学家和主教在阐述教义问题和解释的共识时所代表的教会。 It is the church for whom the early theologians and bishops are speaking when they articulate the consensus on doctrinal matters and interpretations.
主流在大多数情况下就是多数派。 The mainstream is, for the most part, the majority.
所以有时我们会谈到教会边缘的派系或其他群体， 但在教会存在的每个时代都有一个主流基督教。 And so there will be times when we will talk about factions or other groups on the fringes of the church, but there is a mainstream Christianity in every era of the church's existence.
有些人会说这不是真的，说有许多基督教。 There are some who will say that this is not true, that there were many Christianities.
这是我们在这门课程中将要打破的一个神话。 That's one of the myths we'll be busting in this course.
在教会存在的每个时代，确实存在一个主流教会，大写C的教会，一个普世教会。 There really is a mainstream church, capital C, a universal church, In every era of the church's existence.
我们将看看在每个时代这是什么样子。 We're going to see what that looks like in each of these eras.
所以主流教会指的是我们所讨论的任何世纪的普世教会。 So the mainstream church means the universal church in whatever century we're talking about.
现在说说「正统」这个词。 Now the word orthodoxy.
正统，通常大写O，指的是东方基督教的传统或表达方式。 Orthodoxy, usually with a capital O, refers to the traditions or expressions of Christianity in the East.
比如你有希腊东正教、俄罗斯东正教、塞尔维亚东正教。 So you've got the Greek Orthodox, the Russian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox.
再次强调，这些是更现代的区分，通常不是我们在课堂上讨论的内容。 Again, these are more modern distinctions, and it's usually not what we're talking about in our class.
当我使用「正统」这个词时，通常用小写o，除非它在句首，正统意味着正确的教义。 When I use the word orthodox or orthodoxy, usually with a small o unless it's at the beginning of a sentence, orthodoxy means correct doctrine.
这是一个希腊复合词，实际上意味着正确的赞美，但 我们用它来表示正确的教义，与不正确的教义相对。 It is a compound Greek word that actually means correct praise, but we use it to mean correct doctrine as opposed to incorrect doctrine.
是的，确实存在正确的教义和不正确的教义，对吧？ And yes, There is such a thing as correct doctrine and incorrect doctrine, right?
所以正统意味着正确的教义。 And so orthodoxy means correct doctrine.
正统是名词。 Orthodoxy is the noun.
正统的，没有末尾的Y，通常是形容词。 Orthodox is, without the Y on the end, is usually an adjective.
所以我们会说正统神学意味着正确的教义，或者我们会说正统是一件好事，对吧？ So we would say orthodox theology means correct doctrine, or we would say orthodoxy is a good thing, right?
与正统相对的，是「异端」这个词。 As opposed to orthodoxy, there is this word heresy.
这是另一个希腊词，基本上意味着偏离主题，偏离正道，这正是重点，对吧？ Now, This is another Greek word, and it basically means to sort of go off on a tangent, to stray away from the straight and narrow, which is precisely the point, right?
因为如果在教会存在的每个时代都有一个主流教会 ，而确实如此，那么异端就是偏离主流的东西。 Because if there is a mainstream church in every era of the church's existence, and there is, heresy is that which deviates from the mainstream.
所以我们不是在对那些接受或教导异端的人做价值判断，但我 们是在说，相对于或比较于主流，他们的教义是不正确的。 So we're not making a value judgment on those who accept or teach heresy, but we are saying that their doctrine is incorrect in relationship to or in comparison to the mainstream.
所以主流就是正统所在。 So the mainstream is where orthodoxy is.
异端是非正统的所在。 Heresy is where something that isn't orthodoxy is.
所以异端是名词。 So heresy is the noun.
形容词是异端的。 The adjective would be heretical.
异端神学是不正确的教义。 Heretical theology is incorrect doctrine.
「异端者」这个词用来描述教导异端的人。 And the word heretic is used to describe someone who teaches a heresy.
现在要明确的是，仅仅在某事上犯错或甚至相信错误的事并不能真正使你成为异端者。 Now, to be clear, just being wrong about something or even believing the wrong thing doesn't really make you a heretic.
异端者是教导不正确教义的人，他被主流教会，被主流教会中的某些权威confront ed，然后他拒绝这个权威并继续教导不正确的教义，因为他们正在引导人们偏离主流。 A heretic is someone who is teaching an incorrect doctrine and who is confronted by the mainstream church, by some authority in the mainstream church, and who then rejects that authority and continues teaching the incorrect doctrine because they're then leading people astray and away from the mainstream.
这就是异端者。 That's who a heretic is.
顺便说一下，在我们课程涉及的时期，早期或中世纪教会没有人因异端而被处决。 And by the way, no one is getting executed for heresy in the early or medieval church during the time period of our course.
如果你听说过有人因异端而被烧死在火刑柱上， 嗯，不幸的是这确实发生过，但那是后来的事。 If you've heard about people being burned at the stake for heresy, well, unfortunately that happened, but it happens later.
这超出了我们课程的范围。 It's outside the scope of our course.
所以没有人会因异端而被杀。 So no one's getting killed for heresy.
异端的惩罚是逐出教会，你们在学习过程中会看到这一点。 The penalty for heresy is excommunication, and you'll see that as we go.
最后，我想定义一个术语，就是「公教会」这个词。 Finally, one more term that I want to define, the term Catholic.
你们可能知道，「公教会」这个词意味着普世的，就是说公教会是普世教会，这是正确的。 Now, you may know that the word Catholic means universal, in the sense of the Catholic Church is the universal church, and that is correct.
所以如果你看循道宗的赞美诗集，例如，你看到尼西亚信经，它说我们相信公教会，你 会看到小写的c，公教会，旁边有个星号，说明这意味着普世教会，这就是它的意思。 So if you look in your Methodist hymnal, for example, and you see the Nicene Creed, and it says we believe in the Catholic Church, you'll see a small c, Catholic, and an asterisk, and it will say this means the universal church, and that is what it means.
然而，从一开始，当基督徒用「公教会」这个词来 描述教会时，它同时具有包容性和排他性的含义。 However, from the very beginning, when Christians use the word Catholic to describe the Church, it has both an inclusive and an exclusive meaning at the same time.
包容性的含义是这是普世教会。 The inclusive meaning is that this is the universal Church.
公教会就是普世教会。 The Catholic Church is the universal Church.
但它也用在一个具有排他性含义的意义上，因为它 是用来对异端说的，我们是公教会，而你们不是。 But it's used in a sense that has an exclusive meaning as well, because it's used in order to say to the heretics, We are the Catholic Church and you are not.
换句话说，教导正统就是属于公教会，属于普世教会。 So, in other words, to teach Orthodoxy is to be Catholic, to be in the Universal Church.
教导异端就是在普世教会的界限之外，成为其他东西，不是教会的东西。 To teach heresy is to be outside of the boundaries of the Universal Church and to be something else, something that is not the Church.
如果这一切让你思考，为什么我们需要这些界限？ And if all of that makes you think, well, why do we need those boundaries?
即使我们确实需要这些界限，谁来决定这些界限在哪里？ And even if we do need those boundaries, Who gets to decide where those boundaries are?
如果这就是你在想的，那么这门课就是为你准备的，欢迎你， 因为这正是我们将在历史1中讨论的内容。最后一点说明。 If that's what you're thinking, then this class is for you and welcome to it because that's exactly the kind of thing we're going to be talking about in History 1. One final note.
这是这门课的教科书。 This is the textbook for the course.
它叫《阅读教父》，由我编写，2022年由索菲亚学院出版社出版。 It's called Reading the Church Fathers by me, published in 2022 by Sophia Institute Press.
这就是你们需要的那本。 This is the one you need.
所以这是这门课的教科书。 So this is the textbook for the course.
说完这些，我想我们可以开始了。 And with that, I think we're ready to begin.
欢迎来到历史1，我期待在我们的第一次问答中见到你们。嘿，感谢你看完这个视频。 Welcome to History One, and I look forward to seeing you at our first Q&A. Hey, thanks for watching this video all the way to the end.
我真的很感谢。 I really appreciate that.
请与你的朋友分享这个视频。 Please share this video with your friends.
请在Locals.com上加入我的原始教会社区。 And please join me in the original church community on Locals.com.
别忘了，如果你加入Locals.com上的原始教会社区， Don't forget that if you join the original church community on Locals.com,
你可以每周参加我的实时、深入、按时间顺序的圣经研究。 you can join me each week for a live, in-depth, chronological Bible study.
每周六都有直播，但如果你没空，可以之后观看。 It's livestreamed every Saturday, but you can watch it later if you're not available.
所以加入我吧，我会在那里见到你。 So join me for that, and I'll see you there.
我希望在那里见到你。 I hope to see you there.
我会在那里见到你。 And I'll see you there.