- start: 1.158
  end: 6.582
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hi folks, welcome back to History 1 and our History 1 Highlights videos.
  zh: 大家好，欢迎回到历史1课程和我们的历史1精华视频。
- start: 6.582
  end: 18.212
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is Highlights from Unit 5, and today we're going to be talking about Arianism, the 4th century ecumenical councils, the councils of Nicaea and Constantinople.
  zh: 这是第5单元的精华内容，今天我们将讨论亚略主义、4世纪的大公会议、尼西亚会议和君士坦丁堡会议。
- start: 18.212
  end: 23.716
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're going to be talking a little bit about the church's pneumatology, or understanding of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 我们将简要讨论教会的圣灵论，即对圣灵的理解。
- start: 23.857
  end: 25.738
  speaker: unknown
  en: and the Nicene Creed.
  zh: 以及尼西亚信经。
- start: 25.739
  end: 34.109
  speaker: unknown
  en: And first we're going to start with a little bit of myth busting because there are a lot of myths out there about the Emperor Constantine.
  zh: 首先，我们要从一些破除迷思开始，因为关于君士坦丁大帝有很多流传的误解。
- start: 34.109
  end: 48.057
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now before we get to that, just a quick reminder  This is the point in the semester when you start to get tired, and tired means sloppy, and you start to read in a way where you're not really absorbing the material.
  zh: 在我们开始之前，先提醒一下。这是学期中你开始感到疲劳的时候，疲劳意味着松懈，你开始以一种无法真正吸收材料的方式阅读。
- start: 48.057
  end: 52.78
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I know that there's a lot of reading for this class, but that is the nature of history.
  zh: 我知道这门课有很多阅读内容，但这就是历史学的本质。
- start: 52.78
  end: 58.174
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so remember that you need to read carefully and read for understanding.
  zh: 所以请记住，你需要仔细阅读，为了理解而阅读。
- start: 58.174
  end: 64.279
  speaker: unknown
  en: You can't just skim it or read like you're reading for entertainment, like you'd read something on the internet.
  zh: 你不能只是浏览或像阅读网上的娱乐内容那样阅读。
- start: 64.279
  end: 69.464
  speaker: unknown
  en: This has to be read for the depth of the content so that you understand it.
  zh: 这必须深入阅读内容，以便你能理解。
- start: 69.464
  end: 76.909
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because remember, when you go to write your essay, your essays are supposed to be written as though you are teaching this material.
  zh: 因为要记住，当你去写论文时，你的论文应该写得像你在教授这些材料一样。
- start: 76.909
  end: 82.193
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you need to not just learn it, but learn it well enough to turn around and teach it.
  zh: 所以你不仅要学习，还要学得足够好，能够反过来教授它。
- start: 82.193
  end: 93.162
  speaker: unknown
  en: So make sure that you are highlighting in the text when you read so that you can reference your highlights later and not have to read it all over again when you go to write your essay.
  zh: 所以确保你在阅读时标记重点，这样你以后可以参考你的标记，而不必在写论文时重新阅读全文。
- start: 93.162
  end: 96.384
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, let's do a little bit of myth busting.
  zh: 好，让我们来破除一些迷思。
- start: 96.405
  end: 98.266
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Emperor Constantine.
  zh: 君士坦丁大帝。
- start: 98.266
  end: 105.992
  speaker: unknown
  en: There are so many myths out there about Constantine, we don't have time to cover them all, but let me just hit you with four quick ones.
  zh: 关于君士坦丁有太多的迷思，我们没有时间一一讲解，但让我快速给你们讲四个。
- start: 106.089
  end: 123.672
  speaker: unknown
  en: The first one is that the Emperor Constantine forced the Doctrine of the Trinity on the Council of Nicaea, that somehow he was the driving force behind what became Orthodoxy, and he forced this thing called the Doctrine of the Trinity on the Church.
  zh: 第一个是君士坦丁大帝强迫尼西亚会议接受三位一体教义，好像他是正统信仰背后的推动力，他强迫教会接受所谓的三位一体教义。
- start: 123.672
  end: 141.46
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, by now you know that is completely untrue because the Doctrine of the Trinity is not new in the 4th century, but also we know from the sources and from Constantine's own letters  that before the Council of Nicaea, he actually leaned toward Arianism.
  zh: 现在你们知道这完全不是真的，因为三位一体教义在4世纪并不是新事物，而且从史料和君士坦丁自己的信件中我们知道，在尼西亚会议之前，他实际上倾向于亚略主义。
- start: 141.46
  end: 156.885
  speaker: unknown
  en: He thought Arius might be right, and at the end of the day, he didn't realize how important the doctrine of the Trinity was, because he actually said, going into the Council, hey, why don't you guys focus on something more important, like settling the date for Easter?
  zh: 他认为亚略可能是对的，而且到最后，他并没有意识到三位一体教义有多重要，因为他在进入会议时实际上说，嘿，你们为什么不专注于更重要的事情，比如确定复活节的日期？
- start: 156.885
  end: 160.606
  speaker: unknown
  en: Why are you so upset about this thing called this doctrine of the Trinity?
  zh: 你们为什么对这个所谓的三位一体教义如此烦恼？
- start: 160.606
  end: 169.101
  speaker: unknown
  en: So he didn't even get how important it was, and if anything,  If he was going to try to force anything on the Council, it would have been Arianism.
  zh: 所以他甚至没有理解它有多重要，如果说他要强加什么给会议的话，那反而会是亚略主义。
- start: 169.101
  end: 177.33
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in fact, we know that later at least one of his sons did try to force Arianism on the Empire unsuccessfully.
  zh: 事实上，我们知道后来他的至少一个儿子确实试图将亚略主义强加于帝国，但没有成功。
- start: 177.33
  end: 180.233
  speaker: unknown
  en: So that's the first myth busted.
  zh: 这就是第一个被破除的迷思。
- start: 180.233
  end: 186.159
  speaker: unknown
  en: Constantine did not try to force the doctrine of the Trinity on the Council of Nicaea.
  zh: 君士坦丁并没有试图将三位一体教义强加于尼西亚会议。
- start: 186.499
  end: 194.387
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Council of Nicaea came to the conclusions that it did because it was interested in maintaining the tradition.
  zh: 尼西亚会议得出其结论是因为它致力于维护传统。
- start: 194.387
  end: 204.238
  speaker: unknown
  en: And as I always say, remember that orthodoxy is that which is most consistent with the orthodoxy of the previous generation.
  zh: 正如我常说的，要记住，正统信仰是与上一代正统信仰最一致的。
- start: 204.238
  end: 219.758
  speaker: unknown
  en: So at every point in the process of the development of doctrine,  The task of the church fathers, and they understood it this way, was to determine the course that was most faithful to the tradition that they had received.
  zh: 所以在教义发展过程的每一个阶段，教父们的任务，他们也是这样理解的，就是确定最忠于他们所接受的传统的路线。
- start: 219.758
  end: 231.508
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so in defining the doctrine of the Trinity at the Council of Nicaea, the bishops there were only clarifying what the church had always believed.
  zh: 因此，在尼西亚会议上定义三位一体教义时，那里的主教们只是在澄清教会一直以来所信仰的内容。
- start: 231.508
  end: 238.453
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, another myth about the Emperor Constantine is that he decided what books would be in the Bible.
  zh: 好的，关于君士坦丁大帝的另一个迷思是他决定了圣经中应该包含哪些书卷。
- start: 238.453
  end: 249.38
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, for those of you taking the class, you've read the chapter on the Bible, the canon, the development of the New Testament in the book, and so you know this is completely untrue.
  zh: 再次强调，对于那些上这门课的人来说，你们已经读过了关于圣经、正典、新约发展的章节，所以你们知道这完全不是真的。
- start: 249.38
  end: 254.043
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Emperor Constantine did not decide what books would be in the Bible.
  zh: 君士坦丁大帝并没有决定圣经中应该包含哪些书卷。
- start: 254.179
  end: 258.443
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's even a book out there that somebody wrote called something like Constantine's Bible.
  zh: 甚至有人写了一本书，名字类似《君士坦丁的圣经》。
- start: 258.443
  end: 259.263
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's a terrible book.
  zh: 这是一本糟糕的书。
- start: 259.263
  end: 259.824
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't buy it.
  zh: 不要购买它。
- start: 259.824
  end: 260.804
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't read it.
  zh: 不要阅读它。
- start: 261.125
  end: 275.173
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it tries to make the case that because the Emperor Constantine had commissioned some copies of the Bible that he therefore decided  what books would be in the Bible, and that somehow influenced the rest of the church.
  zh: 但它试图论证，因为君士坦丁大帝曾委托抄写一些圣经，所以他决定了圣经中应该包含哪些书卷，并且这在某种程度上影响了其他教会。
- start: 275.173
  end: 285.275
  speaker: unknown
  en: Completely untrue, and of course the development of the canon and the Christian Bible has a history all its own, quite apart from the Emperor Constantine.
  zh: 这完全不是真的，当然，正典和基督教圣经的发展有其自身的历史，与君士坦丁大帝无关。
- start: 285.275
  end: 290.197
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you can read about it in Reading the Church Fathers, but that is a myth.
  zh: 你可以在《阅读教父》中了解这方面的内容，但那是一个迷思。
- start: 290.197
  end: 294.358
  speaker: unknown
  en: Constantine did not decide what books would be in the Bible.
  zh: 君士坦丁并没有决定圣经中应该包含哪些书卷。
- start: 294.658
  end: 311.501
  speaker: unknown
  en: Another myth about Constantine is that he is the one who created a sort of marriage of church and state, which is usually presented as a terrible thing and ruins the church, and that once the church got in bed with the state, that it was all downhill from there.
  zh: 关于君士坦丁的另一个迷思是，他创造了一种教会与国家的结合，这通常被认为是一件可怕的事情，毁坏了教会，一旦教会与国家勾结，一切就开始走下坡路。
- start: 311.501
  end: 322.423
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, to be fair, there are some good reasons to question the marriage of church and state, but it's not that Constantine invented that.
  zh: 公平地说，质疑教会与国家结合确实有一些充分的理由，但这并不是君士坦丁发明的。
- start: 322.423
  end: 328.56
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact,  There had never been a time in human history when government and religion were separate.
  zh: 事实上，在人类历史上，从未有过政府和宗教分离的时期。
- start: 328.56
  end: 331.121
  speaker: unknown
  en: Government and religion were all one thing.
  zh: 政府和宗教是一体的。
- start: 331.121
  end: 340.085
  speaker: unknown
  en: Even look at the Old Testament, the way, you know, originally the people of the Hebrews were not even supposed to have kings because God was their king.
  zh: 看看旧约，你知道，最初希伯来人甚至不应该有国王，因为神是他们的王。
- start: 340.085
  end: 346.269
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in other cultures, the royalty, the royal family are considered, you know, quasi divine.
  zh: 在其他文化中，你知道，王室、皇族被认为是准神圣的。
- start: 346.269
  end: 349.79
  speaker: unknown
  en: So religion and government were always intertwined.
  zh: 所以宗教和政府一直是交织在一起的。
- start: 349.79
  end: 363.865
  speaker: unknown
  en: And ironically, it was the Emperor Constantine  who invented the separation of church and state with the Edict of Milan in the year 313, which is a translation of that in the book, so you'll read that.
  zh: 讽刺的是，正是君士坦丁大帝在313年颁布的米兰敕令中发明了政教分离，书中有这个敕令的翻译，所以你们会读到。
- start: 363.865
  end: 370.468
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that the Edict of Milan gave freedom of worship to everyone in the empire.
  zh: 但重点是，米兰敕令给予了帝国中每个人宗教崇拜的自由。
- start: 370.669
  end: 375.111
  speaker: unknown
  en: It, of course, legalized Christianity, but it gave freedom of worship to everyone.
  zh: 当然，它使基督教合法化，但它给予了每个人宗教崇拜的自由。
- start: 375.111
  end: 384.589
  speaker: unknown
  en: And although Constantine would favor Christianity, he even goes so far as to say, look,  You all have the right to be wrong in your worship.
  zh: 虽然君士坦丁会偏爱基督教，但他甚至说，看，你们都有权在崇拜中犯错。
- start: 384.67
  end: 388.132
  speaker: unknown
  en: You all have the right to worship according to your conscience.
  zh: 你们都有权按照自己的良心进行崇拜。
- start: 388.633
  end: 396.559
  speaker: unknown
  en: This myth is so ironic because Constantine did not invent the union of church and state.
  zh: 这个迷思如此讽刺，因为君士坦丁并没有发明政教合一。
- start: 397.28
  end: 401.703
  speaker: unknown
  en: Constantine invented the separation of church and state, quite the opposite.
  zh: 君士坦丁发明了政教分离，恰恰相反。
- start: 402.377
  end: 410.947
  speaker: unknown
  en: Finally, the last myth that we'll go over right now is that the Emperor Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
  zh: 最后，我们现在要讨论的最后一个迷思是君士坦丁大帝使基督教成为罗马帝国的官方宗教。
- start: 410.947
  end: 412.169
  speaker: unknown
  en: He did not do that.
  zh: 他并没有这样做。
- start: 412.169
  end: 436.09
  speaker: unknown
  en: That would eventually happen with a later emperor, Theodosius, in the year 380, but Constantine, in the early fourth century,  Only made Christianity legal and, to a certain extent, favored by giving certain privileges to Christian bishops and doing some other things that would allow Christian practice more freedom in the empire.
  zh: 这最终发生在后来的皇帝狄奥多西时期，在380年，但君士坦丁在4世纪初只是使基督教合法化，并在某种程度上给予优待，通过给予基督教主教某些特权，以及做一些其他事情，使基督教在帝国中有更多的自由实践。
- start: 436.09
  end: 440.933
  speaker: unknown
  en: But he never made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
  zh: 但他从未使基督教成为罗马帝国的官方宗教。
- start: 440.933
  end: 442.754
  speaker: unknown
  en: That would happen later.
  zh: 那是后来的事。
- start: 442.754
  end: 444.615
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, another myth busted.
  zh: 好，又一个迷思被破除了。
- start: 444.615
  end: 450.659
  speaker: unknown
  en: So those are just four myths about the Emperor Constantine that we need to get out of the way right away.
  zh: 这就是我们需要立即澄清的关于君士坦丁大帝的四个迷思。
- start: 450.659
  end: 460.884
  speaker: unknown
  en: And now we can move on to one of our major topics in our highlights from Unit 5. And that is the topic of the heresy of Arianism.
  zh: 现在我们可以进入第5单元精华内容中的一个主要话题。那就是亚略主义异端的话题。
- start: 462.105
  end: 472.276
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so as you know from reading the text,  In about the year 319, we see a priest in the city of Alexandria.
  zh: 好的，正如你们从课文中所知道的，大约在319年，我们看到亚历山大城中有一位神父。
- start: 472.276
  end: 488.531
  speaker: unknown
  en: This priest's name was Arius, and he sort of called attention to himself by preaching something that his bishop, whose name was Alexander, his bishop had to call him out for preaching something that was inconsistent with the tradition.
  zh: 这位神父名叫亚略，他通过宣讲一些与传统不符的内容引起了注意，以至于他的主教，名叫亚历山大的主教，不得不指出他的错误。
- start: 488.536
  end: 508.471
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, Bishop Alexander of Alexandria, and yes, I don't make these things up, but that's his name, Alexander of Alexandria, he confronted Arius and told him he had to stop teaching what he was teaching and bring himself back in line with the tradition.
  zh: 现在，亚历山大的主教亚历山大，是的，我没有编造这些名字，这就是他的名字，亚历山大的亚历山大，他confronted亚略，告诉他必须停止教导他正在教导的内容，并使自己重新与传统保持一致。
- start: 508.551
  end: 510.232
  speaker: unknown
  en: Arius refused.
  zh: 亚略拒绝了。
- start: 510.311
  end: 515.115
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Arius accused his bishop, Alexander, of heresy as well.
  zh: 亚略也指责他的主教亚历山大是异端。
- start: 515.115
  end: 528.447
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so now what we have is a situation where a priest is accusing his bishop of heresy, the bishop is accusing the priest of heresy, and they come to a kind of standoff.
  zh: 所以现在我们面临的情况是，一位神父指责他的主教是异端，主教也指责这位神父是异端，他们陷入了一种僵局。
- start: 528.447
  end: 533.852
  speaker: unknown
  en: So exactly what was it that Arius was preaching that got him in trouble?
  zh: 那么，亚略到底宣讲了什么让他陷入麻烦？
- start: 533.852
  end: 540.977
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, whether he knew it or not,  Arius had borrowed two errors from the Gnostics.
  zh: 无论他是否意识到，亚略从诺斯替主义者那里借用了两个错误。
- start: 540.977
  end: 545.36
  speaker: unknown
  en: And let me just say, Arianism is not Gnosticism.
  zh: 让我说明一下，亚略主义不是诺斯替主义。
- start: 545.36
  end: 547.601
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is not an evolution of Gnosticism.
  zh: 它不是诺斯替主义的演变。
- start: 547.601
  end: 549.762
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not an offshoot of Gnosticism.
  zh: 它也不是诺斯替主义的分支。
- start: 549.762
  end: 558.86
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not even really that related to Gnosticism, except Arius had accidentally borrowed two major mistakes from the Gnostics.
  zh: 它甚至与诺斯替主义没有太大关系，只是亚略无意中从诺斯替主义者那里借用了两个主要错误。
- start: 558.86
  end: 563.401
  speaker: unknown
  en: The first was that there could be degrees of divinity.
  zh: 第一个是认为神性可以有程度之分。
- start: 563.661
  end: 569.863
  speaker: unknown
  en: And for, you know, Judeo-Christian monotheists, there are no degrees of divinity.
  zh: 你知道，对犹太-基督教一神论者来说，神性是没有程度之分的。
- start: 569.863
  end: 576.564
  speaker: unknown
  en: A being is either divine or not, and only one being is divine, and that being is God, right?
  zh: 一个存在要么是神性的，要么不是，只有一个存在是神性的，那就是神，对吧？
- start: 576.564
  end: 582.226
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, but that still begs the question of the doctrine of the Trinity, and we'll get there.
  zh: 好的，但这仍然引出了三位一体教义的问题，我们稍后会讨论到。
- start: 582.226
  end: 605.305
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that Arius' solution to the doctrine of the Trinity was going to be  essentially rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity in favor of a Christology where Jesus Christ is quasi-divine, degrees of divinity, more divine than you or me, but less divine than God the Father.
  zh: 但关键是，亚略对三位一体教义的解决方案本质上是拒绝三位一体教义，转而支持一种基督论，认为耶稣基督是准神性的，有神性程度之分，比你我更神圣，但比圣父神更低级。
- start: 605.305
  end: 615.593
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so this idea that there could be degrees of divinity is something that we already saw in Gnosticism, and it's an error, it's a heresy, but Arius picks up on this.
  zh: 所以这种神性可以有程度之分的想法是我们在诺斯替主义中已经看到的，这是一个错误，是一个异端，但亚略采纳了这个观点。
- start: 615.593
  end: 630.579
  speaker: unknown
  en: The other error that Arius  Accidentally borrowed from the Gnostics was the idea that you could separate the man Jesus  from a spiritual entity called the Christ, that you could separate Jesus from the Christ.
  zh: 亚略无意中从诺斯替主义者那里借用的另一个错误是，你可以将人耶稣与一个被称为基督的灵性实体分开，你可以将耶稣与基督分开。
- start: 630.579
  end: 646.13
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is an error of many of the Gnostics, and incidentally, it's also the error of the so-called quest for the historical Jesus, which we saw in the 20th century, trying to separate the Jesus of history from the Christ of faith.
  zh: 这是许多诺斯替主义者的错误，顺便说一下，这也是所谓的「历史上的耶稣」探索的错误，我们在20世纪看到这种尝试，试图将历史上的耶稣与信仰中的基督分开。
- start: 646.13
  end: 653.775
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Irenaeus of Lyon had said this all the way back in the second century,  You cannot separate Jesus from the Christ.
  zh: 里昂的爱任纽早在二世纪就说过，你不能将耶稣与基督分开。
- start: 653.775
  end: 656.637
  speaker: unknown
  en: They are, he is, one person.
  zh: 他们是，他是，一个位格。
- start: 656.637
  end: 659.179
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so here's the problem though.
  zh: 好的，但问题是这样的。
- start: 660.28
  end: 682.52
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you are an adoptionist in the 3rd century, and somebody says to you, oh well you deny the divinity of Christ, but how do you deal with John chapter 1? In the 3rd century, an adoptionist could probably get away with saying,  Oh, the Gospel of John isn't in my Bible, or I interpret that a different way, or something like that.
  zh: 如果你是3世纪的一个采纳说信徒，有人对你说，哦，你否认基督的神性，但你如何解释约翰福音第1章？在3世纪，一个采纳说信徒可能会说，哦，约翰福音不在我的圣经里，或者我对那段经文有不同的解释，诸如此类。
- start: 682.62
  end: 695.965
  speaker: unknown
  en: But by the fourth century, the New Testament is so much more formalized and established in terms of its table of contents, no one can get away with saying the Gospel of John isn't in my Bible, right?
  zh: 但到了4世纪，新约的目录已经非常正式化和确立，没有人可以说约翰福音不在我的圣经里，对吧？
- start: 695.965
  end: 704.388
  speaker: unknown
  en: So now, if you're an adoptionist, you have to deal with John 1.1. And this is what Arius does.
  zh: 所以现在，如果你是一个采纳说信徒，你必须处理约翰福音1:1。这就是亚略所做的。
- start: 704.468
  end: 718.336
  speaker: unknown
  en: Arius was teaching  An evolution of a form of adoptionism in which he dealt with John chapter 1 by separating Jesus from the Christ.
  zh: 亚略教导的是采纳说的一种演变形式，他通过将耶稣与基督分开来处理约翰福音第1章。
- start: 718.336
  end: 730.659
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, like the earlier adoptionists, he said Jesus was a mere man who achieved perfection through discipline and perfect obedience to God.
  zh: 所以，像早期的采纳说信徒一样，他说耶稣只是一个普通人，通过自律和完全顺服神而达到了完美。
- start: 730.659
  end: 736.66
  speaker: unknown
  en: He achieved perfection and then God rewarded him with an elevated status.
  zh: 他达到了完美，然后神以提升他的地位作为奖励。
- start: 737.133
  end: 765.388
  speaker: unknown
  en: But, to accommodate John chapter 1, Arius then said the Christ was a spiritual being, still a created spiritual being, not the divine logos, not the second person of the Trinity, but a created spiritual being, perhaps an angelic being, who was created  Just before the rest of creation, so that he could then be the agent of creation for the rest of creation.
  zh: 但为了适应约翰福音第1章，亚略然后说基督是一个灵性存在，仍然是一个被造的灵性存在，不是神圣的道，不是三位一体的第二位格，而是一个被造的灵性存在，可能是一个天使般的存在，他被造于其他一切被造物之前，这样他就可以成为其余创造的代理。
- start: 765.388
  end: 772.551
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is how he would interpret the verse in John 1 that says, all things were created through him.
  zh: 这就是他如何解释约翰福音1章中说「万物是借着他造的」这句经文。
- start: 772.571
  end: 784.996
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the Christ is this created being, created a few minutes before the rest of creation, so that the Father could create through this other created being.
  zh: 所以基督是这个被造的存在，在其余创造之前几分钟被造，这样圣父就可以通过这个被造的存在来创造其他一切。
- start: 785.376
  end: 804.042
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then when the man Jesus came along and achieved perfection,  Part of the reward that Jesus gets from God is that at his adoption he is indwelt with this Christ spirit who is preexistent but not eternally so.
  zh: 然后当人耶稣出现并达到完美时，耶稣从神那里得到的部分奖赏是，在他被收养时，这个先存但非永恒的基督灵内住在他里面。
- start: 804.042
  end: 807.583
  speaker: unknown
  en: Preexistent but not eternal because he's created.
  zh: 先存但非永恒，因为他是被造的。
- start: 807.583
  end: 823.089
  speaker: unknown
  en: So whether you want to talk about Jesus and or the Christ as the son of God, for Arius that sonship is an adopted sonship  and not an eternal sonship.
  zh: 所以无论你想谈论耶稣还是基督作为神的儿子，对亚略来说，这种儿子身份是一种被收养的儿子身份，而不是永恒的儿子身份。
- start: 823.089
  end: 830.914
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the Son of God, if you want to call him that, Arius would say, well, he hasn't always existed.
  zh: 所以神的儿子，如果你想这样称呼他的话，亚略会说，嗯，他并不是一直存在的。
- start: 830.914
  end: 832.114
  speaker: unknown
  en: He isn't eternal.
  zh: 他不是永恒的。
- start: 832.114
  end: 853.534
  speaker: unknown
  en: There was a time, Arius would say, when the Father existed, but the Son didn't. The Son hadn't been created yet, and that's where Arius got his famous slogan, there was a time when he was not, meaning there was a time in the time before time  When the Son of God hadn't been created yet.
  zh: 亚略会说，曾有一个时候，圣父存在，但圣子不存在。圣子还没有被造，这就是亚略著名口号的由来，「曾有一个时候他不存在」，意思是在时间之前的时间里，有一个时候神的儿子还没有被造。
- start: 855.095
  end: 864.481
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, for Arius and his followers, Jesus Christ is more divine than you or me, but less divine than God the Father.
  zh: 因此，对亚略和他的追随者来说，耶稣基督比你我更神圣，但比圣父神更低级。
- start: 864.521
  end: 868.883
  speaker: unknown
  en: He is essentially a man who became a God.
  zh: 他本质上是一个成为神的人。
- start: 868.883
  end: 873.206
  speaker: unknown
  en: Still a created God, but a man who became a God.
  zh: 仍然是一个被造的神，但是一个成为神的人。
- start: 873.206
  end: 879.991
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is the point, because this is the exact opposite of Orthodox or mainstream Christology.
  zh: 这就是重点，因为这与正统或主流基督论完全相反。
- start: 879.991
  end: 892.641
  speaker: unknown
  en: For the mainstream , Jesus Christ is God who became a man, not a man who became a God.
  zh: 对主流来说，耶稣基督是成为人的神，而不是成为神的人。
- start: 893.022
  end: 908.554
  speaker: unknown
  en: Orthodox Christology is a Christology of descent, and this is the so-called kenosis in Philippians 2. That word kenosis is just a transliteration of the Greek word for he emptied himself, right?
  zh: 正统基督论是一种降卑的基督论，这就是腓立比书2章所说的所谓的「虚己」。「虚己」这个词只是希腊语「他倒空自己」的音译，对吧？
- start: 908.556
  end: 920.018
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the incarnation is a self-emptying, a self-limiting, in which the divine second person of the Trinity becomes human.
  zh: 所以道成肉身是一种自我倒空，自我限制，在这过程中，三位一体的第二位格成为人。
- start: 920.018
  end: 924.399
  speaker: unknown
  en: He starts out as God and becomes human, not the other way around.
  zh: 他开始是神，然后成为人，而不是相反。
- start: 924.399
  end: 929.04
  speaker: unknown
  en: But for Arius, he starts out as human and becomes a God.
  zh: 但对亚略来说，他开始是人，然后成为神。
- start: 929.18
  end: 941.618
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I often use an analogy when I'm talking about this difference between a Christology of descent, which is Orthodox Christology, and a Christology of  Ascent, which is Aryan Christology.
  zh: 当我谈论正统基督论的降卑基督论和亚略主义的上升基督论之间的区别时，我经常用一个类比。
- start: 941.619
  end: 946.219
  speaker: unknown
  en: A good analogy for this is the difference between Superman and Batman.
  zh: 一个很好的类比是超人和蝙蝠侠之间的区别。
- start: 946.219
  end: 955.541
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I understand that not everyone's culture is as familiar with these superheroes as perhaps mine is, but go with me on this analogy.
  zh: 我理解并非每个人的文化都像我的文化那样熟悉这些超级英雄，但请跟随我的这个类比。
- start: 955.541
  end: 961.502
  speaker: unknown
  en: And by the way, I go into this in much more depth in my book, From Star Wars to Superman.
  zh: 顺便说一下，我在我的书《从星球大战到超人》中更深入地探讨了这个问题。
- start: 961.502
  end: 973.227
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if you're interested in using these analogies of superheroes,  to learn and to teach Orthodox Christology as opposed to heresy.
  zh: 所以如果你对使用这些超级英雄的类比来学习和教导正统基督论而非异端感兴趣的话。
- start: 973.327
  end: 978.208
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is from Star Wars to Superman, Christ figures in science fiction and superhero films.
  zh: 这是《从星球大战到超人》，科幻和超级英雄电影中的基督形象。
- start: 979.308
  end: 981.029
  speaker: unknown
  en: So here's what I'm talking about.
  zh: 所以这就是我要说的。
- start: 981.309
  end: 984.65
  speaker: unknown
  en: Superman came from somewhere else.
  zh: 超人来自别处。
- start: 984.71
  end: 987.03
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's not originally one of us.
  zh: 他本来不是我们中的一员。
- start: 987.03
  end: 989.231
  speaker: unknown
  en: He comes from above us, right?
  zh: 他来自我们之上，对吧？
- start: 989.231
  end: 1004.677
  speaker: unknown
  en: To quote the old Superman TV show, he's that  Strange visitor from another planet who, what, comes down, as we say in the Creed, he came down to be a kind of savior figure for us.
  zh: 引用老版超人电视节目的话，他是那个来自另一个星球的奇怪访客，他做什么？他降临，就像我们在信经中说的，他降临成为我们的一种救主形象。
- start: 1004.677
  end: 1009.798
  speaker: unknown
  en: But he starts out as above us and becomes one of us.
  zh: 但他开始是在我们之上，然后成为我们中的一员。
- start: 1010.459
  end: 1014.12
  speaker: unknown
  en: Batman, on the other hand, is not from another planet.
  zh: 另一方面，蝙蝠侠并不是来自另一个星球。
- start: 1014.12
  end: 1018.661
  speaker: unknown
  en: His only superpower is that he's filthy rich and also kind of crazy.
  zh: 他唯一的超能力就是他非常富有，而且有点疯狂。
- start: 1018.661
  end: 1029.016
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that Batman starts out as a regular guy,  But through discipline and willpower, he achieves hero status.
  zh: 但重点是蝙蝠侠开始只是一个普通人，但通过自律和意志力，他达到了英雄的地位。
- start: 1029.537
  end: 1038.322
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, Superman is someone who is not one of us, but becomes one of us to be a savior figure for us.
  zh: 所以，超人是一个本不是我们中的一员，但成为我们中的一员来作为我们的救主形象的人。
- start: 1038.483
  end: 1041.825
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's like the real Jesus, the Christology of descent.
  zh: 这就像真正的耶稣，降卑的基督论。
- start: 1042.205
  end: 1049.03
  speaker: unknown
  en: Batman is a regular guy who pulls himself up by his own bootstraps and becomes a hero.
  zh: 蝙蝠侠是一个靠自己努力成为英雄的普通人。
- start: 1049.03
  end: 1057.702
  speaker: unknown
  en: A man who becomes a hero,  That's more like the Christology of ascent in the Arian Christology.
  zh: 一个成为英雄的人，这更像是亚略主义基督论中的上升基督论。
- start: 1057.702
  end: 1064.466
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, just as an aside, don't confuse Christology of ascent with the ascension of Jesus.
  zh: 现在，顺便说一句，不要将上升的基督论与耶稣的升天混淆。
- start: 1064.466
  end: 1072.992
  speaker: unknown
  en: The ascension of Jesus is a completely different concept when he returns to the heavenly realm at the end of his earthly ministry.
  zh: 耶稣的升天是一个完全不同的概念，指的是他在地上事工结束时返回天国。
- start: 1072.992
  end: 1073.872
  speaker: unknown
  en: Set that aside.
  zh: 把那个放在一边。
- start: 1073.872
  end: 1075.493
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's not what we're talking about.
  zh: 那不是我们在讨论的内容。
- start: 1075.493
  end: 1082.908
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're talking about a Christology of ascent, ascent meaning he  He is elevated in status.
  zh: 我们在讨论上升的基督论，上升意味着他的地位被提升。
- start: 1082.908
  end: 1086.452
  speaker: unknown
  en: Starts out as a regular guy and becomes a God.
  zh: 开始是一个普通人，然后成为神。
- start: 1086.452
  end: 1095.12
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's Arianism and it's wrong because Orthodox Christology is that Jesus Christ starts out as God.
  zh: 这就是亚略主义，它是错误的，因为正统基督论认为耶稣基督一开始就是神。
- start: 1095.12
  end: 1099.484
  speaker: unknown
  en: Philippians 2. He was in the form of God and then he became human.
  zh: 腓立比书2章。他本有神的形象，然后成为人。
- start: 1099.484
  end: 1106.485
  speaker: unknown
  en: He is  God who became a human, not a human who became a God.
  zh: 他是成为人的神，而不是成为神的人。
- start: 1106.485
  end: 1114.048
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so that is the difference between Orthodox Christology and Arianism.
  zh: 这就是正统基督论和亚略主义之间的区别。
- start: 1114.048
  end: 1117.909
  speaker: unknown
  en: And by the way, always remember that I've got the helpful charts in this book.
  zh: 顺便说一下，请记住我在这本书中提供了有用的图表。
- start: 1117.909
  end: 1124.251
  speaker: unknown
  en: In reading the Church Fathers, check out the chart on page 339, especially when it comes time to write your essay.
  zh: 在阅读教父著作时，请查看第339页的图表，特别是在写论文时。
- start: 1124.251
  end: 1127.832
  speaker: unknown
  en: You're going to want to look at that chart because it lays it out very clearly.
  zh: 你会想看那个图表，因为它非常清楚地展示了这些内容。
- start: 1129.093
  end: 1136.694
  speaker: unknown
  en: So remember,  As you look at that chart, that Arianism is an evolution of adoptionism.
  zh: 所以请记住，当你看那个图表时，亚略主义是采纳说的一种演变。
- start: 1136.694
  end: 1142.877
  speaker: unknown
  en: Adoptionism is that heresy that diminishes or denies the divinity of Jesus, right?
  zh: 采纳说是那种削弱或否认耶稣神性的异端，对吧？
- start: 1142.877
  end: 1146.078
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Arianism follows in that track.
  zh: 亚略主义沿着这条路线发展。
- start: 1146.078
  end: 1165.563
  speaker: unknown
  en: And even though Arianism will now, because it has to, because of scripture, even though Arianism will now ascribe a quasi divinity to Jesus, like almost like the Arians are saying,  Alright, we'll give you that he's sort of divine, but not fully divine, as divine as the Father, right?
  zh: 尽管亚略主义现在会，因为它必须这样做，因为圣经的缘故，尽管亚略主义现在会将一种准神性归于耶稣，就好像亚略派在说，好吧，我们承认他有某种神性，但不是完全的神性，不像圣父那样神圣，对吧？
- start: 1165.824
  end: 1170.026
  speaker: unknown
  en: That is the 4th century evolution of adoptionism.
  zh: 这就是4世纪采纳说的演变。
- start: 1170.026
  end: 1184.859
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, to be fair, they are trying to protect monotheism, because in the mind of Arius, if the Son is as divine and as eternal as the Father,  You know, doesn't that make them brothers as opposed to father and son?
  zh: 公平地说，他们是在试图保护一神论，因为在亚略的思想中，如果圣子和圣父一样神圣和永恒，你知道，这不是使他们成为兄弟而不是父子关系吗？
- start: 1184.859
  end: 1187.08
  speaker: unknown
  en: Doesn't that make it two gods?
  zh: 这不是变成两个神了吗？
- start: 1187.08
  end: 1197.443
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, it doesn't. And the reason it doesn't is the doctrine of the Trinity, which, you know, we are understanding now how the mainstream church is clarifying that.
  zh: 嗯，其实不是。之所以不是，是因为三位一体的教义，你知道，我们现在正在理解主流教会是如何澄清这一点的。
- start: 1197.443
  end: 1217.533
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that Arius got it wrong because, like earlier adoptionists, he assumed  that for the Son to be begotten meant that he was created, and he could not get out of that mode of thinking of Jesus Christ as a created being.
  zh: 但关键是亚略错了，因为像早期的采纳说信徒一样，他假设圣子被生就意味着他被造，他无法摆脱将耶稣基督视为被造物的思维模式。
- start: 1217.578
  end: 1226.463
  speaker: unknown
  en: Even if for him there's a spiritual indwelling, still that is a created entity that indwells the man Jesus.
  zh: 即使对他来说存在灵性的内住，那仍然是一个被造的实体内住在人耶稣里面。
- start: 1226.463
  end: 1233.567
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so that means that for him, even that spiritual entity, the Christ, is not eternal.
  zh: 所以这意味着对他来说，即使是那个灵性实体，基督，也不是永恒的。
- start: 1233.567
  end: 1236.969
  speaker: unknown
  en: There was a time before he existed.
  zh: 在他存在之前曾有一段时间。
- start: 1236.969
  end: 1242.853
  speaker: unknown
  en: It also means that for the Arians, Jesus Christ could sin, and probably did at one time.
  zh: 这也意味着对亚略派来说，耶稣基督可能犯罪，而且可能曾经犯过罪。
- start: 1242.853
  end: 1257.183
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some of the followers of Arius believed  that Jesus Christ had actually been a terrible guy at one time, and they concocted a whole conversion story for him, that he became a kind of a saint after having been a terrible sinner.
  zh: 亚略的一些追随者相信耶稣基督曾经是一个可怕的人，他们为他编造了一个完整的悔改故事，说他在曾经是一个可怕的罪人之后成为了一种圣人。
- start: 1258.425
  end: 1265.53
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the problem with all of this is its implications for our salvation, for soteriology, right?
  zh: 但所有这些的问题在于它对我们救恩的影响，对救恩论的影响，对吧？
- start: 1265.53
  end: 1271.115
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because as I always say, rule number three, Christology informs soteriology.
  zh: 因为正如我常说的，第三条规则，基督论影响救恩论。
- start: 1271.115
  end: 1290.04
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so if you start with an Arian Christology,  You must end with a soteriology, a salvation by works, because it reduces Jesus Christ to not a savior, really, but a kind of pioneer, an example to follow, who shows us how to become perfect.
  zh: 所以如果你从亚略主义的基督论开始，你必然会得出一个行为救恩的救恩论，因为它将耶稣基督降低为不是一个真正的救主，而是一种先驱，一个需要效法的榜样，向我们展示如何变得完美。
- start: 1290.04
  end: 1298.182
  speaker: unknown
  en: But if we are going to be saved, if we're going to receive salvation, we have to follow his example and become perfect too.
  zh: 但如果我们要得救，如果我们要获得救恩，我们就必须效法他的榜样，也变得完美。
- start: 1298.182
  end: 1305.611
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the message of Jesus in the Arian conception is,  Jesus became a God, and so can you.
  zh: 所以在亚略主义的概念中，耶稣的信息是，耶稣成为了神，你也可以。
- start: 1305.611
  end: 1308.194
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if you do, you will be saved.
  zh: 如果你做到了，你就会得救。
- start: 1308.194
  end: 1317.403
  speaker: unknown
  en: But if you don't, well, that's on you, but you won't be saved, because salvation is by achieving perfection.
  zh: 但如果你做不到，那是你的问题，你就不会得救，因为救恩是通过达到完美来实现的。
- start: 1317.403
  end: 1320.505
  speaker: unknown
  en: In a sense, it's a self-salvation.
  zh: 从某种意义上说，这是一种自我救赎。
- start: 1322.548
  end: 1333.957
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, Orthodoxy then, in the 4th century,  is now a kind of middle way between the two extremes of Arianism on the one side and modalism on the other.
  zh: 因此，在4世纪，正统信仰成为了亚略主义和形态论这两个极端之间的一种中间道路。
- start: 1333.957
  end: 1335.417
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we still have modalism.
  zh: 所以我们仍然有形态论。
- start: 1335.417
  end: 1338.499
  speaker: unknown
  en: Modalism is still around from the third century.
  zh: 形态论从3世纪就存在了。
- start: 1338.579
  end: 1346.223
  speaker: unknown
  en: And as you can see in the chart, orthodoxy is this place of balance in between the extremes.
  zh: 正如你在图表中看到的，正统信仰是这两个极端之间的平衡点。
- start: 1346.264
  end: 1353.768
  speaker: unknown
  en: Modalism is basically saying Jesus is really nothing like you because he's just the father in disguise.
  zh: 形态论基本上是说耶稣与你完全不同，因为他只是伪装的圣父。
- start: 1354.388
  end: 1363.281
  speaker: unknown
  en: Arianism is saying  Jesus is exactly like you in every way, or you need to be exactly like him if you hope for salvation.
  zh: 亚略主义说耶稣在各方面都与你完全相同，或者如果你希望得救，你需要完全像他一样。
- start: 1363.701
  end: 1375.804
  speaker: unknown
  en: Whereas Orthodoxy says that Jesus is fully human like you, yet he is still unique among humanity because he is still the incarnation of the divine Logos.
  zh: 而正统信仰说耶稣完全是人，像你一样，但他在人类中仍然是独特的，因为他仍然是神圣道的化身。
- start: 1375.936
  end: 1414.488
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is going to be the whole point for soteriology for salvation, because what we're going to see when we finally come full circle to the theories of atonement is that in all of them, the point is that both of Christ's natures are required for our salvation, both a full humanity in which he is like us in every way except sin, and a full divinity in which he is as divine  So, he is fully human like us, yet he is still unique among humanity.
  zh: 这将是救恩论的全部要点，因为当我们最终回到赎罪理论时，我们会看到，在所有这些理论中，关键是基督的两种本性都是我们救恩所必需的，既有完全的人性，使他在除罪以外的各方面都像我们，又有完全的神性，使他是神圣的。所以，他完全是人，像我们一样，但他在人类中仍然是独特的。
- start: 1414.488
  end: 1436.583
  speaker: unknown
  en: And as we've seen so far, Tertullian and especially Novation in the third century have paved the way  For the bishops of Alexandria, Alexander and then his successor Athanasius, paved the way for their rebuttal of Arianism with several really important points.
  zh: 正如我们到目前为止所看到的，特土良，尤其是3世纪的诺瓦提安为亚历山大的主教们，亚历山大和他的继任者亚他那修铺平了道路，为他们反驳亚略主义提供了几个非常重要的观点。
- start: 1436.644
  end: 1441.425
  speaker: unknown
  en: And we're not going to go into them in detail now, but I just want to name them and point them out.
  zh: 我们现在不会详细讨论它们，但我只想提一下并指出它们。
- start: 1441.945
  end: 1444.906
  speaker: unknown
  en: The doctrine of eternal generation, right?
  zh: 永恒生成的教义，对吧？
- start: 1444.906
  end: 1464.117
  speaker: unknown
  en: That becomes really the explanation for why the doctrine of the Trinity works  And it's not polytheism, and it's not modalism, and also why Arianism is not an adequate solution to the problem.
  zh: 这真正成为了解释三位一体教义为什么有效的原因，它不是多神论，也不是形态论，同时也解释了为什么亚略主义不是这个问题的充分解决方案。
- start: 1464.598
  end: 1466.258
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, eternal generation.
  zh: 所以，永恒生成。
- start: 1466.478
  end: 1488.376
  speaker: unknown
  en: The other one is that the doctrine of consubstantiality means that the Son, the Son of God, the second person of the Trinity, must be equally divine  So that what is begotten of divinity is divinity.
  zh: 另一个是同质性的教义，意味着圣子，神的儿子，三位一体的第二位格，必须同样是神圣的，所以从神性所生的就是神性。
- start: 1488.376
  end: 1491.797
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so you cannot say that begotten means created.
  zh: 所以你不能说「受生」意味着「被造」。
- start: 1491.797
  end: 1493.598
  speaker: unknown
  en: Arius was wrong about that.
  zh: 亚略在这一点上是错的。
- start: 1494.138
  end: 1497.359
  speaker: unknown
  en: What is begotten of divinity is divinity.
  zh: 从神性所生的就是神性。
- start: 1497.359
  end: 1500.5
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the Son is consubstantial with the Father.
  zh: 所以圣子与圣父同质。
- start: 1500.5
  end: 1502.32
  speaker: unknown
  en: Of course, the Holy Spirit is too.
  zh: 当然，圣灵也是如此。
- start: 1502.32
  end: 1519.079
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point of this is that this allows the mainstream church to  To propose a rebuttal for Arius' slogan, there was a time when he was not, the rebuttal for that is always a father, always a son.
  zh: 但这一点的意义在于，它使主流教会能够对亚略的口号「曾有一个时候他不存在」提出反驳，反驳的内容是「永远是父，永远是子」。
- start: 1519.38
  end: 1542.766
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because if there was a time when the son didn't exist, if there was a time before the son was created, that would mean that there was a time when the father wasn't yet a father, which would mean that the father had gone from not being a father  It would mean that the first person of the Trinity had become a father, which would be a change.
  zh: 因为如果有一个时候圣子不存在，如果有一个时候在圣子被造之前，那就意味着有一个时候圣父还不是父，这就意味着圣父从不是父变成了父。这将意味着三位一体的第一位格成为了父，这将是一种变化。
- start: 1542.766
  end: 1547.289
  speaker: unknown
  en: And as we know, divinity must be immutable and cannot change.
  zh: 而我们知道，神性必须是不变的，不能改变。
- start: 1547.289
  end: 1558.45
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the mainstream rebuttal to Arius' slogan, you know, there was a time when he was not, the mainstream rebuttal to that is always a father,  Always a son.
  zh: 所以主流对亚略口号的反驳，你知道，「曾有一个时候他不存在」，主流的反驳是「永远是父，永远是子」。
- start: 1558.45
  end: 1567.196
  speaker: unknown
  en: There has always been a father and he has always been the father because he has always had a son and there has always been a son.
  zh: 一直都有父，他一直是父，因为他一直有子，一直都有子。
- start: 1567.196
  end: 1571.9
  speaker: unknown
  en: The son is the same divinity and same eternity as the father.
  zh: 子与父有同样的神性和同样的永恒性。
- start: 1571.9
  end: 1581.387
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, we have Novation especially to thank for setting the stage for Alexander and Athanasius to be able to say these things.
  zh: 再次，我们要特别感谢诺瓦提安为亚历山大和亚他那修能够说这些话铺平了道路。
- start: 1581.567
  end: 1588.49
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then finally, just this idea that orthodoxy is this middle way in between the extremes.
  zh: 最后，正统信仰是介于极端之间的中间道路这一观念。
- start: 1588.49
  end: 1594.193
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's the both-and answer to the question, rejecting the either-or answers.
  zh: 它是对问题的「既...又...」的回答，拒绝「非此即彼」的回答。
- start: 1594.873
  end: 1601.777
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not the case that Jesus is nothing like you, as the modalists would imply.
  zh: 耶稣与你完全不同这种说法是不对的，正如形态论者所暗示的那样。
- start: 1601.777
  end: 1611.802
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is not the case that Jesus is  It is exactly like you in the sense that you have to become exactly like him in order to be saved, as the Arians would imply.
  zh: 耶稣完全像你，你必须完全像他才能得救，这种说法也是不对的，正如亚略派所暗示的那样。
- start: 1611.802
  end: 1635.07
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is the case that there's a kind of both-and answer to the question, which is that Jesus Christ is fully human, as we are, and yet still unique among humanity because he has this divine nature which is necessary for our salvation  Otherwise, salvation itself would be reduced to a kind of works righteousness.
  zh: 事实上，这个问题有一种「既...又...」的答案，即耶稣基督完全是人，像我们一样，但在人类中仍然是独特的，因为他有这种对我们的救恩必要的神性。否则，救恩本身就会被降低为一种行为称义。
- start: 1637.731
  end: 1646.913
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, well I'm not going to go into detail about the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea or even the outcome of the Council of Nicaea.
  zh: 好的，我不会详细讨论尼西亚会议的过程，甚至不会讨论尼西亚会议的结果。
- start: 1646.913
  end: 1651.714
  speaker: unknown
  en: The essentials of that are in the book and you'll be reading about that.
  zh: 这些要点在书中都有，你们会读到的。
- start: 1651.714
  end: 1683.499
  speaker: unknown
  en: But what we do want to point out is  that in the time between the Council of Nicaea, our first ecumenical council in the year 325, between that time and the Council of Constantinople, our second ecumenical council in the year 381, what happened in that in-between time is that  All of the questions that had been asked about the second person of the Trinity were now being asked about the third person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 但我们想指出的是，在尼西亚会议（我们的第一次大公会议，325年）和君士坦丁堡会议（我们的第二次大公会议，381年）之间的这段时间里，发生的事情是，所有曾经问过关于三位一体第二位格的问题现在都在问关于三位一体第三位格，圣灵的问题。
- start: 1684.321
  end: 1732.915
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you look at the chart in the book on page 366, there's a chart comparing the creeds  the template creed that they started with, then the creed that they wrote at Nicaea in 325, and then finally the creed as it was finished in 381. And you'll notice that there's a huge difference because that third paragraph, all that stuff about the Holy Spirit, really gets added at the Council of Constantinople in 381. All they were willing to say in 325 in the creed is,  We believe in the Holy Spirit, we know there is one, but the church's pneumatology, the church's theology of the Holy Spirit had not yet been really clarified.
  zh: 如果你看书中第366页的图表，有一个比较信经的图表：他们开始使用的模板信经，然后是325年在尼西亚写的信经，最后是381年完成的信经。你会注意到有一个巨大的差异，因为第三段，所有关于圣灵的内容，实际上是在381年的君士坦丁堡会议上添加的。在325年的信经中，他们只愿意说，「我们相信圣灵，我们知道有一位」，但教会的圣灵论，教会关于圣灵的神学还没有真正澄清。
- start: 1732.995
  end: 1739.756
  speaker: unknown
  en: Of course, we know that the church believed in the Holy Spirit, the mainstream church believed in the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 当然，我们知道教会相信圣灵，主流教会相信圣灵的神性。
- start: 1739.756
  end: 1763.824
  speaker: unknown
  en: That was not really a question, except that after the Council of Nicaea,  Some of those folks who had leaned toward the Arian side and who were reluctant to get on board with the divinity, the full divinity of the Son, some of them after the Council said, okay, we'll give you the divinity of the Son, but we just can't get on board with the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 这本来不是一个问题，但在尼西亚会议之后，一些倾向于亚略派的人，那些不愿意接受圣子完全神性的人，他们中的一些人在会议后说，好吧，我们承认圣子的神性，但我们就是不能接受圣灵的神性。
- start: 1763.824
  end: 1773.366
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so now there were people questioning the divinity of the Holy Spirit in that time between the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople.
  zh: 所以在尼西亚会议和君士坦丁堡会议之间的这段时间里，有人质疑圣灵的神性。
- start: 1773.366
  end: 1782.594
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so it came down to  the theologians of that in-between era to clarify the church's understanding of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 因此，澄清教会对圣灵的理解就落在了那个中间时期的神学家们身上。
- start: 1783.195
  end: 1791.358
  speaker: unknown
  en: This would be the Cappadocian fathers in the East, Basil and the two Gregories, and then Ambrose of Milan in the West, right?
  zh: 这就是东方的加帕多家教父，巴西尔和两位格列高利，以及西方的米兰的安布罗修，对吧？
- start: 1791.358
  end: 1801.381
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so here we have all of those questions that were asked about the Son previously are now being asked about the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 所以在这里，所有之前问过关于圣子的问题现在都在问关于圣灵。
- start: 1801.502
  end: 1805.617
  speaker: unknown
  en: Is the Holy Spirit  Created or uncreated?
  zh: 圣灵是被造的还是非被造的？
- start: 1805.617
  end: 1807.598
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Holy Spirit is uncreated.
  zh: 圣灵是非被造的。
- start: 1807.598
  end: 1809.639
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Holy Spirit is not a created being.
  zh: 圣灵不是被造的存在。
- start: 1809.639
  end: 1817.842
  speaker: unknown
  en: But on the other hand, we're not going to use the word begotten to speak about the Spirit, because that's for the Son only.
  zh: 但另一方面，我们不会用「受生」这个词来说圣灵，因为那只用于圣子。
- start: 1817.842
  end: 1821.723
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we're going to settle on this new word.
  zh: 所以我们要确定这个新词。
- start: 1821.723
  end: 1824.684
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not really new, but it's new in this usage.
  zh: 它并不是真的新词，但在这种用法中是新的。
- start: 1824.684
  end: 1827.445
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Holy Spirit proceeds.
  zh: 圣灵是发出的。
- start: 1829.498
  end: 1833.999
  speaker: unknown
  en: What about, is it acceptable to worship the Holy Spirit?
  zh: 那么，敬拜圣灵可以接受吗？
- start: 1833.999
  end: 1835.059
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yes, it is.
  zh: 是的，可以。
- start: 1835.059
  end: 1843.201
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is acceptable to worship the Holy Spirit because the Holy Spirit is divine as the Father and the Son are.
  zh: 敬拜圣灵是可以接受的，因为圣灵与圣父和圣子一样是神圣的。
- start: 1843.321
  end: 1877.741
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, as an aside, it's important to notice, even though the Creed affirms the divinity of the Holy Spirit by calling the Holy Spirit Lord and giver of life, still, that word  Some people wanted to at the time, but it was perceived that if they did that, that too many people might have a hard time getting on board and accepting the creed.
  zh: 现在，顺便说一句，重要的是要注意，尽管信经通过称圣灵为主和赐生命者来肯定圣灵的神性，但那个词...当时有些人想这样做，但人们认为如果这样做，太多人可能会难以接受和认同这个信经。
- start: 1878.741
  end: 1885.902
  speaker: unknown
  en: You may think that these creeds were written to exclude people, and in some ways the creeds are written to exclude heresy.
  zh: 你可能认为这些信经是为了排斥人而写的，在某些方面，信经确实是为了排除异端而写的。
- start: 1885.902
  end: 1892.785
  speaker: unknown
  en: But here's an example of how the creeds were written actually to try and include as many people as possible.
  zh: 但这里有一个例子，说明信经实际上是如何试图包容尽可能多的人的。
- start: 1892.986
  end: 1909.294
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so in an effort, you know, not to alienate or to alienate as few people as possible,  They did not put the word consubstantial in that third paragraph of the Creed, but it is clear that it does apply to the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 所以为了不疏远或尽可能少地疏远人，你知道，他们没有在信经的第三段中使用「同质」这个词，但很明显它确实适用于圣灵。
- start: 1909.294
  end: 1916.901
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so we see that the Spirit is the source of life, along with the Father and the Son.
  zh: 所以我们看到，圣灵与圣父和圣子一起是生命的源泉。
- start: 1917.821
  end: 1923.023
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, you know, the Holy Spirit is divine and worthy of worship.
  zh: 所以，你知道，圣灵是神圣的，值得敬拜。
- start: 1923.104
  end: 1930.547
  speaker: unknown
  en: And we can say consubstantial with the Father and the Son, co-eternal with the Father and the Son.
  zh: 我们可以说圣灵与圣父和圣子同质，与圣父和圣子同样永恒。
- start: 1930.547
  end: 1932.848
  speaker: unknown
  en: Same divinity, same eternity.
  zh: 同样的神性，同样的永恒。
- start: 1932.848
  end: 1940.891
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the church clarifies, at least to a certain extent, its belief in the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 因此，教会至少在某种程度上澄清了它对圣灵的信仰。
- start: 1940.891
  end: 1945.498
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, again, I'm not going to go through the creed here line by line.
  zh: 现在，再次说明，我不会在这里逐行讲解信经。
- start: 1945.498
  end: 1962.885
  speaker: unknown
  en: But I do that in Trinity 101. So if you follow that section in Trinity 101, I go through the Creed line by line and talk about each line, what it means,  what it's there to refute, because every line in the Nicene Creed is there for a reason.
  zh: 但我在「三位一体101」中这样做了。所以如果你跟随「三位一体101」中的那个部分，我会逐行讲解信经，讨论每一行的含义，它要反驳什么，因为尼西亚信经中的每一行都有其存在的理由。
- start: 1962.885
  end: 1964.226
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's no fluff.
  zh: 没有多余的内容。
- start: 1964.407
  end: 1977.218
  speaker: unknown
  en: So I talk about what it's there to refute or affirm, and then I go a little bit into the controversy of the filioque here, and then much more in depth in reading the Church Fathers.
  zh: 所以我讨论它要反驳或肯定什么，然后我在这里稍微涉及了一下「和子」条款的争议，在阅读教父著作时会更深入地讨论。
- start: 1977.218
  end: 1988.505
  speaker: unknown
  en: I have a section on the controversy over  the filioque, which is the Western edition of those words, and the Son, that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.
  zh: 我有一个关于「和子」条款争议的部分，这是西方版本的那些词，「和子」，即圣灵从圣父和圣子发出。
- start: 1988.505
  end: 1997.649
  speaker: unknown
  en: Those three words in English are one word in Latin, filioque, and they're not in the original version of the Creed.
  zh: 这三个英文词在拉丁文中是一个词，filioque，它们不在信经的原始版本中。
- start: 1997.649
  end: 2003.132
  speaker: unknown
  en: And to this day, they're not in the version of the Creed that our Eastern brothers and sisters say.
  zh: 直到今天，它们也不在我们东方弟兄姐妹所说的信经版本中。
- start: 2003.317
  end: 2007.439
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so it is a bit of a controversy, but I'm not going to get into that here.
  zh: 所以这是一个有争议的问题，但我不会在这里深入讨论。
- start: 2007.44
  end: 2010.602
  speaker: unknown
  en: And you don't need to get into that in your essays either.
  zh: 你在你的论文中也不需要涉及这个问题。
- start: 2010.922
  end: 2016.606
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't really worry about pneumatology at all or the filioque in your essays.
  zh: 在你的论文中不要担心圣灵论或「和子」条款。
- start: 2017.306
  end: 2020.929
  speaker: unknown
  en: I'm going to wrap this up now with a few comments about the big picture.
  zh: 我现在要用几句话总结一下大局。
- start: 2020.929
  end: 2022.95
  speaker: unknown
  en: So here's the big picture.
  zh: 所以这就是大局。
- start: 2023.25
  end: 2031.981
  speaker: unknown
  en: In each stage along the way of the development of doctrine,  The both-and answer to the question is the right answer.
  zh: 在教义发展的每个阶段，对问题的「既...又...」的回答是正确的答案。
- start: 2031.981
  end: 2045.028
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is the orthodoxy of the mainstream over against the extremes on the fringes of the church who seem to prefer an either-or answer or a more simplistic answer.
  zh: 这是主流正统信仰对抗教会边缘的极端，那些似乎更喜欢「非此即彼」或更简单化答案的人。
- start: 2045.028
  end: 2056.688
  speaker: unknown
  en: So orthodoxy is that mainstream sort of middle way that holds intention  a balance of the both and and rejects the either or.
  zh: 所以正统信仰是那种主流的中间道路，它保持着「既...又...」的平衡，拒绝「非此即彼」。
- start: 2056.688
  end: 2058.829
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so specifically, here's what I mean.
  zh: 具体来说，这就是我的意思。
- start: 2059.07
  end: 2065.896
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the early stage, perhaps, you know, we're thinking of the first couple of centuries, right?
  zh: 在早期阶段，也许，你知道，我们在想前几个世纪，对吧？
- start: 2065.896
  end: 2072.981
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's really all about Christology in terms of the two natures of Jesus Christ.
  zh: 就耶稣基督的两性而言，这真的全是关于基督论的。
- start: 2072.981
  end: 2078.966
  speaker: unknown
  en: He has a human nature where he is fully human as we are in all ways except sin.
  zh: 他有人性，除了罪以外，他在所有方面都和我们一样完全是人。
- start: 2079.29
  end: 2087.213
  speaker: unknown
  en: And he has a divine nature in which he is fully divine with the same divinity as the Father and the Spirit, right?
  zh: 他也有神性，在这方面他完全是神，与圣父和圣灵有同样的神性，对吧？
- start: 2087.213
  end: 2089.534
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so it's all about these two natures.
  zh: 所以这一切都是关于这两种本性。
- start: 2089.534
  end: 2100.519
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the heresies on the fringes will pick one or the other and emphasize that so much that, you know, they de-emphasize the other one.
  zh: 边缘的异端会选择其中之一并过分强调，你知道，他们会忽视另一个。
- start: 2100.519
  end: 2119.059
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, you know, we have adoptionism that emphasizes the humanity and diminishes or denies  The divinity of Christ, and we have the docetism and gnosticism, which emphasizes the divinity such as it is, and diminishes or denies the humanity of Christ.
  zh: 所以，你知道，我们有强调人性并削弱或否认基督神性的采纳说，我们也有强调神性并削弱或否认基督人性的幻影说和诺斯替主义。
- start: 2119.501
  end: 2133.176
  speaker: unknown
  en: Then as we move into the third century,  And we start to get deeper into the doctrine of the Trinity and clarifying that, it becomes a question of the unity and distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 然后当我们进入3世纪，我们开始更深入地研究三位一体的教义并澄清它，这就变成了三位一体三个位格之间的合一性和区别性的问题。
- start: 2133.176
  end: 2139.678
  speaker: unknown
  en: And we have heresies that emphasize the unity so much, modalism, that they diminish the distinction of persons.
  zh: 我们有过分强调合一性的异端，形态论，以至于他们削弱了位格的区别。
- start: 2139.765
  end: 2148.83
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the son is reduced to simply the father in disguise, which again falls into the error of diminishing his humanity.
  zh: 圣子被简化为伪装的圣父，这又陷入了削弱他人性的错误。
- start: 2148.85
  end: 2161.276
  speaker: unknown
  en: But then on the other extreme, we have adoptionism and we will have the beginning of Arianism that will emphasize the distinction of persons.
  zh: 但在另一个极端，我们有采纳说，我们将有亚略主义的开始，它们强调位格的区别。
- start: 2161.276
  end: 2173.787
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other words, separate the father and son so much  that it's really no longer a trinity at all, and usually what ends up happening is the divinity of Jesus Christ is diminished or denied.
  zh: 换句话说，将圣父和圣子分得如此之远，以至于它实际上不再是三位一体，通常最终发生的是耶稣基督的神性被削弱或否认。
- start: 2173.787
  end: 2181.864
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so even though Arius has a kind of quasi-divinity,  that he will allow for the Son, for the second person.
  zh: 所以即使亚略有一种准神性的概念，他会允许圣子，第二位格有这种准神性。
- start: 2182.204
  end: 2184.304
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is a lesser divinity.
  zh: 这是一种较低级的神性。
- start: 2184.304
  end: 2186.625
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is an acquired divinity.
  zh: 这是一种获得的神性。
- start: 2187.445
  end: 2192.006
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so it is clearly not the same divinity as the Father.
  zh: 所以它显然不是与圣父同样的神性。
- start: 2192.006
  end: 2193.746
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so that becomes the problem.
  zh: 这就成了问题所在。
- start: 2193.746
  end: 2208.642
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then the mainstream orthodoxy is this balance of unity and distinction of the persons in which the three persons of the Trinity are one,  But they're not all the same.
  zh: 然后主流正统信仰是在位格的合一性和区别性之间保持平衡，三位一体的三个位格是合一的，但他们不都是相同的。
- start: 2208.642
  end: 2210.663
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're one, but not one and the same.
  zh: 他们是合一的，但不是完全相同的。
- start: 2210.763
  end: 2213.143
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're distinct, but they're not separate.
  zh: 他们是有区别的，但不是分离的。
- start: 2213.143
  end: 2214.504
  speaker: unknown
  en: And that's the balance.
  zh: 这就是平衡。
- start: 2214.564
  end: 2226.527
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, where we are going with this is that later Christology will sort of take it to the next level and ask the same questions that were just being asked of the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 现在，我们要讨论的是，后来的基督论会将其提升到下一个层次，问同样的问题，就像刚才问三位一体的三个位格那样。
- start: 2226.847
  end: 2228.487
  speaker: unknown
  en: To what extent are they one?
  zh: 他们在多大程度上是合一的？
- start: 2228.487
  end: 2230.328
  speaker: unknown
  en: To what extent are they distinct?
  zh: 他们在多大程度上是有区别的？
- start: 2230.328
  end: 2233.869
  speaker: unknown
  en: They will ask those questions of the two natures of Christ.
  zh: 他们会问这些问题，关于基督的两种本性。
- start: 2233.869
  end: 2241.796
  speaker: unknown
  en: So in other words, saying, okay,  Starting with the assumption that Christ has these two natures, what is the relationship between them?
  zh: 换句话说，好的，从基督有这两种本性的假设开始，它们之间的关系是什么？
- start: 2241.796
  end: 2243.557
  speaker: unknown
  en: How unified are they?
  zh: 它们有多统一？
- start: 2243.557
  end: 2244.917
  speaker: unknown
  en: How distinct are they?
  zh: 它们有多大的区别？
- start: 2244.917
  end: 2249.799
  speaker: unknown
  en: Can we blur the line between them?
  zh: 我们能模糊它们之间的界限吗？
- start: 2249.799
  end: 2251.299
  speaker: unknown
  en: Can we separate them?
  zh: 我们能把它们分开吗？
- start: 2251.339
  end: 2255.44
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's going to be where we're going into the 5th century.
  zh: 这就是我们进入5世纪要讨论的内容。
- start: 2255.9
  end: 2261.762
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's where we are in the process of everything.
  zh: 这就是我们在整个过程中所处的位置。
- start: 2261.762
  end: 2263.686
  speaker: unknown
  en: One last comment that I want to make here.
  zh: 我想在这里做最后一个评论。
- start: 2263.686
  end: 2286.263
  speaker: unknown
  en: Circling back to the doctrine of appropriation, remember that the doctrine of appropriation says that anything you can say about one person of the Trinity, you can say about the other two persons of the Trinity, or anything you can say about one person of the Trinity, you can say about the Trinity as a whole, or vice versa, with a few exceptions.
  zh: 回到归属论，记住归属论说的是，你能说的关于三位一体中一个位格的任何事，你也可以说到其他两个位格，或者你能说的关于三位一体中一个位格的任何事，你也可以说到整个三位一体，反之亦然，只有少数例外。
- start: 2286.263
  end: 2293.085
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, this doctrine of appropriation is really kind of a corollary to the doctrine of consubstantiality, right?
  zh: 现在，这个归属论实际上是同质论的一个推论，对吧？
- start: 2293.085
  end: 2299.227
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because all three persons of the Trinity are the same divinity and same eternity.
  zh: 因为三位一体的三个位格都有同样的神性和同样的永恒性。
- start: 2299.407
  end: 2303.548
  speaker: unknown
  en: And it's also a corollary to the doctrine of inseparable operation, right?
  zh: 它也是不可分割的运作论的一个推论，对吧？
- start: 2303.548
  end: 2308.843
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because all divine activity is the product of all three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 因为所有的神圣活动都是三位一体的三个位格共同的产物。
- start: 2308.843
  end: 2317.692
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, you know, therefore, anything you can say about one person of the Trinity, you have to also be able to say about the other two persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 嗯，你知道，因此，你能说的关于三位一体中一个位格的任何事，你也必须能说到其他两个位格。
- start: 2317.692
  end: 2320.695
  speaker: unknown
  en: If the Father is Creator, the Son is Creator.
  zh: 如果圣父是创造者，圣子也是创造者。
- start: 2320.695
  end: 2322.617
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Holy Spirit is Creator.
  zh: 圣灵是创造者。
- start: 2322.617
  end: 2325.42
  speaker: unknown
  en: If the Son is Savior, the Father is Savior.
  zh: 如果圣子是救主，圣父也是救主。
- start: 2325.42
  end: 2339.34
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Holy Spirit is  Anything you can say about one person of the Trinity or about the Trinity in general, you can say about any of the other persons of the Trinity with a few exceptions.
  zh: 圣灵是...你能说的关于三位一体中一个位格或整个三位一体的任何事，你都可以说到三位一体的任何其他位格，只有少数例外。
- start: 2339.34
  end: 2348.443
  speaker: unknown
  en: And these exceptions are precisely those personal properties that are unique to one person of the Trinity only.
  zh: 这些例外恰恰是那些只属于三位一体中一个位格的独特个人属性。
- start: 2348.723
  end: 2356.733
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the exceptions to the doctrine of appropriation are the personal properties of the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 所以归属论的例外是三位一体三个位格的个人属性。
- start: 2356.733
  end: 2361.536
  speaker: unknown
  en: And technically speaking, there are really only four concepts that work here.
  zh: 从技术上讲，这里真正起作用的只有四个概念。
- start: 2361.536
  end: 2368.702
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, there are some other names you could throw in, which we talk about in class, and so I won't get into all of that now.
  zh: 现在，还有一些其他的名称你可以加进来，我们在课堂上讨论过，所以我现在不会深入讨论所有这些。
- start: 2368.702
  end: 2378.168
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the four really important concepts that each are unique to only one person of the Trinity are as follows, right?
  zh: 但四个真正重要的概念，每个都只属于三位一体中的一个位格，如下所示，对吧？
- start: 2378.388
  end: 2381.69
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2382.371
  end: 2385.133
  speaker: unknown
  en: All three persons of the Trinity are uncreated.
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格都是非被造的。
- start: 2385.43
  end: 2390.174
  speaker: unknown
  en: All three persons of the Trinity are creator and not created beings.
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格都是创造者，而不是被造物。
- start: 2390.394
  end: 2393.937
  speaker: unknown
  en: But only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 但只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2394.218
  end: 2403.486
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is that one person of the Trinity who is not dependent on another person of the Trinity for his very existence.
  zh: 只有圣父是三位一体中那个不依赖于三位一体中另一个位格而存在的位格。
- start: 2403.546
  end: 2405.447
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2405.548
  end: 2408.19
  speaker: unknown
  en: The second word is begotten.
  zh: 第二个词是受生。
- start: 2408.31
  end: 2410.853
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is begotten.
  zh: 只有圣子是受生的。
- start: 2410.853
  end: 2428.165
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Son is  And even though it's the case that the Holy Spirit is also caused by and dependent on, we don't use the word begotten of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 圣子是...尽管圣灵也是由...引起的并依赖于...，我们不用「受生」这个词来描述圣灵。
- start: 2428.165
  end: 2431.865
  speaker: unknown
  en: We only use the word begotten to speak of the Son.
  zh: 我们只用「受生」这个词来说圣子。
- start: 2431.905
  end: 2434.506
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is begotten.
  zh: 只有圣子是受生的。
- start: 2434.626
  end: 2436.926
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2436.986
  end: 2440.607
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is begotten or generated.
  zh: 只有圣子是受生或被生的。
- start: 2441.297
  end: 2446.521
  speaker: unknown
  en: We also have another word for the Son, which is, only the Son is incarnate.
  zh: 我们还有另一个词来描述圣子，那就是，只有圣子道成肉身。
- start: 2446.802
  end: 2465.879
  speaker: unknown
  en: Even though, inseparable operation, even though all three persons of the Trinity are active in the incarnation, yet only one person of the Trinity actually became incarnate, only one person of the Trinity actually became human, and that's the second person of the Trinity, the Son, Jesus Christ.
  zh: 尽管有不可分割的运作，尽管三位一体的三个位格都在道成肉身中发挥作用，但实际上只有三位一体中的一个位格真正成为肉身，只有三位一体中的一个位格真正成为人，那就是三位一体的第二位格，圣子，耶稣基督。
- start: 2466.835
  end: 2469.657
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is begotten or generated.
  zh: 只有圣子是受生或被生的。
- start: 2469.657
  end: 2471.737
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is incarnate.
  zh: 只有圣子道成肉身。
- start: 2472.018
  end: 2480.682
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then the word that we have for the Holy Spirit is, as I said, you know, kind of late comer to the process in the fourth century.
  zh: 然后我们用来描述圣灵的词，正如我所说的，你知道，在4世纪的过程中是一个后来者。
- start: 2480.702
  end: 2484.864
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's the word that was left and got attached to the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 这是剩下的词，被附加到圣灵身上。
- start: 2484.864
  end: 2492.888
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's a word we're stuck with, and it really requires a lot of unpacking, which is why I have a whole section on that here in the section on the filioque.
  zh: 这是我们不得不使用的词，它确实需要大量解释，这就是为什么我在「和子」条款的部分有一整节来讨论它。
- start: 2492.888
  end: 2494.169
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is this.
  zh: 但重点是这个。
- start: 2494.529
  end: 2496.33
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Spirit proceeds.
  zh: 只有圣灵是发出的。
- start: 2496.526
  end: 2505.332
  speaker: unknown
  en: Whatever we determine proceeding means, and check the book for that, but only the Holy Spirit proceeds.
  zh: 无论我们如何确定「发出」的含义，请查阅书籍了解，但只有圣灵是发出的。
- start: 2505.993
  end: 2517.12
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so these are the exceptions to the doctrine of appropriation, and these are really the only concepts that apply to one person of the Trinity only.
  zh: 所以这些是归属论的例外，这些真的是唯一只适用于三位一体中一个位格的概念。
- start: 2517.321
  end: 2519.822
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2520.164
  end: 2544.241
  speaker: unknown
  en: We might also say that only the Father is the first cause or the ultimate source of all creation, but we have to be careful with that because the Son and the Spirit are also source of creation because, as we know, John tells us, all things were created through the Son and all three persons of the Trinity are Creator and were involved in creation.
  zh: 我们也可以说只有圣父是第一因或所有创造的最终源头，但我们必须小心，因为圣子和圣灵也是创造的源头，因为正如我们所知，约翰告诉我们，万物是借着圣子造的，三位一体的三个位格都是创造者，都参与了创造。
- start: 2544.241
  end: 2545.802
  speaker: unknown
  en: So that's a tricky one.
  zh: 所以这是一个棘手的问题。
- start: 2545.802
  end: 2547.964
  speaker: unknown
  en: But only the Father is unbegotten.
  zh: 但只有圣父是非受生的。
- start: 2548.144
  end: 2549.905
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Son is begotten.
  zh: 只有圣子是受生的。
- start: 2552.415
  end: 2561.962
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, of course, in the context of the Incarnation, you know, only the Son is Jesus, only the Son is Christ, only the Son is Logos.
  zh: 现在，当然，在道成肉身的背景下，你知道，只有圣子是耶稣，只有圣子是基督，只有圣子是道。
- start: 2561.962
  end: 2566.585
  speaker: unknown
  en: So there are other sort of names that we can put on the second person of the Trinity as well.
  zh: 所以我们还可以给三位一体的第二位格其他的称呼。
- start: 2566.905
  end: 2571.208
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then for the third person of the Trinity, only the Holy Spirit proceeds.
  zh: 然后对于三位一体的第三位格，只有圣灵是发出的。
- start: 2571.229
  end: 2588.043
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, we may also say that as a corollary to the proceeding, or as a manifestation of the proceeding, or something like that, we could also say that only the Holy Spirit indwells believers.
  zh: 现在，我们也可以说，作为发出的推论，或作为发出的表现，或类似的东西，我们也可以说只有圣灵内住在信徒里面。
- start: 2589.205
  end: 2596.951
  speaker: unknown
  en: But that one's tricky too, and there are scripture passages that we would have to nuance that.
  zh: 但这一点也很棘手，有一些经文段落我们必须仔细区分。
- start: 2598.123
  end: 2603.386
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hold that one as kind of tentative, but for sure, only the Holy Spirit proceeds.
  zh: 把这一点看作是暂定的，但可以肯定的是，只有圣灵是发出的。
- start: 2603.386
  end: 2606.667
  speaker: unknown
  en: So those are the exceptions to the doctrine of appropriation.
  zh: 所以这些是归属论的例外。
- start: 2606.667
  end: 2613.07
  speaker: unknown
  en: Those are the personal properties that apply each to only one person of the Trinity.
  zh: 这些是只适用于三位一体中一个位格的个人属性。
- start: 2613.09
  end: 2623.215
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, finally, for students, as you think to write your essay on the doctrine of the Trinity, remember a couple of things.
  zh: 现在，最后，对于学生们，当你们考虑写关于三位一体教义的论文时，请记住几件事。
- start: 2623.276
  end: 2626.617
  speaker: unknown
  en: You are writing this as though you're teaching it to beginners.
  zh: 你写这篇文章就像你在教初学者一样。
- start: 2627.11
  end: 2633.332
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you need to define your terms and you need to be clear and connect all the dots for them.
  zh: 所以你需要定义你的术语，你需要清晰，并为他们连接所有的点。
- start: 2633.392
  end: 2635.753
  speaker: unknown
  en: You may use analogies.
  zh: 你可以使用类比。
- start: 2635.753
  end: 2645.657
  speaker: unknown
  en: I encourage you to use analogies and check out the last section of Trinity 101 about analogies for the Trinity.
  zh: 我鼓励你使用类比，并查看「三位一体101」的最后一节，关于三位一体的类比。
- start: 2645.657
  end: 2647.617
  speaker: unknown
  en: There are different kinds of analogies.
  zh: 有不同种类的类比。
- start: 2647.617
  end: 2653.041
  speaker: unknown
  en: For example, if you read that book, The Shack, that is a social analogy for the Trinity.
  zh: 例如，如果你读过那本书《小屋》，那是一个关于三位一体的社会类比。
- start: 2653.041
  end: 2654.842
  speaker: unknown
  en: not a very good one in my opinion.
  zh: 在我看来不是一个很好的类比。
- start: 2654.842
  end: 2663.847
  speaker: unknown
  en: I don't really recommend the book at all as an analogy for the Trinity, but you can use analogies to teach the Trinity.
  zh: 我完全不推荐这本书作为三位一体的类比，但你可以使用类比来教授三位一体。
- start: 2663.847
  end: 2678.476
  speaker: unknown
  en: Just remember that when you say that the Trinity is like XYZ, you also have to say the Trinity is not like this analogy for these reasons, because teaching the Trinity is not in the analogy per se.
  zh: 只要记住，当你说三位一体像XYZ时，你还必须说明三位一体不像这个类比的原因，因为教授三位一体不在于类比本身。
- start: 2678.476
  end: 2685.628
  speaker: unknown
  en: Teaching the Trinity is in  your explanation of the analogy and why it works and why it doesn't work.
  zh: 教授三位一体在于你对类比的解释，为什么它有效，为什么它无效。
- start: 2685.628
  end: 2692.052
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because you're actually going to teach more about the Trinity through the via negativa, the apophatic way.
  zh: 因为你实际上将通过否定之路，即遮蔽法，教授更多关于三位一体的内容。
- start: 2692.052
  end: 2704.258
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other words, to say you're going to teach more about the Trinity when you tell them why the analogy doesn't work as an analogy for the Trinity, why the analogy is a bad analogy for the Trinity.
  zh: 换句话说，当你告诉他们为什么这个类比作为三位一体的类比不成立，为什么这个类比是一个糟糕的三位一体类比时，你将教授更多关于三位一体的内容。
- start: 2704.258
  end: 2708.24
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's when you're really going to start to teach them something about the Trinity.
  zh: 那时你才真正开始教他们一些关于三位一体的东西。
- start: 2709.656
  end: 2719.683
  speaker: unknown
  en: Pay attention to the outline that I gave you in the course pack and remember that you are teaching this material to beginners, not children though.
  zh: 注意我在课程资料中给你的大纲，记住你是在教初学者这些材料，不过不是教儿童。
- start: 2719.683
  end: 2722.045
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't try to teach the Trinity to children.
  zh: 不要试图向儿童教授三位一体。
- start: 2722.265
  end: 2728.31
  speaker: unknown
  en: Anyone under about age 12 or 13 cannot do the kind of abstract reasoning that it takes.
  zh: 大约12或13岁以下的人无法进行这种需要的抽象推理。
- start: 2728.31
  end: 2733.714
  speaker: unknown
  en: And especially if you use an analogy, they're only going to take it literally and you're only going to confuse them.
  zh: 特别是如果你使用类比，他们只会字面理解，你只会让他们感到困惑。
- start: 2733.714
  end: 2736.946
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you are not teaching the Trinity to children.
  zh: 所以你不是在向儿童教授三位一体。
- start: 2736.946
  end: 2750.697
  speaker: unknown
  en: But to adult learners who are beginners and who haven't read the textbook and find your voice, claim your authority as the teacher and approach the essay from that standpoint.
  zh: 而是对那些初学的成年学习者，他们没有读过教科书，找到你的声音，以教师的身份宣称你的权威，从这个立场来写论文。
- start: 2750.697
  end: 2750.957
  speaker: unknown
  en: All right.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 2750.957
  end: 2752.458
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's all I have for now.
  zh: 我现在就说这么多。
- start: 2752.618
  end: 2755.86
  speaker: unknown
  en: Thanks for watching to the end and I will see you in class.
  zh: 感谢你看到最后，我们课堂上见。
- start: 2756.621
  end: 2759.203
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hey, thanks for watching this video all the way to the end.
  zh: 嘿，感谢你看完这整个视频。
- start: 2759.203
  end: 2760.705
  speaker: unknown
  en: I really appreciate that.
  zh: 我真的很感激。
- start: 2760.705
  end: 2762.799
  speaker: unknown
  en: Please share this video with your friends.
  zh: 请与你的朋友分享这个视频。
- start: 2762.799
  end: 2767.301
  speaker: unknown
  en: And please join me in the original church community on Locals.com.
  zh: 请加入我在Locals.com上的原始教会社区。
- start: 2767.301
  end: 2771.782
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't forget that if you join the original church community on Locals.com,
  zh: 别忘了，如果你加入Locals.com上的原始教会社区，
- start: 2771.782
  end: 2776.784
  speaker: unknown
  en: you can join me each week for a live, in-depth, chronological Bible study.
  zh: 你可以每周加入我的实时、深入、按时间顺序的圣经研究。
- start: 2776.784
  end: 2780.465
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's livestreamed every Saturday, but you can watch it later if you're not available.
  zh: 每周六都有直播，但如果你没空，也可以之后观看。
- start: 2780.465
  end: 2782.426
  speaker: unknown
  en: So join me for that, and I'll see you there.
  zh: 所以加入我吧，我们那里见。
- start: 2782.426
  end: 2784.186
  speaker: unknown
  en: I hope to see you there.
  zh: 我希望在那里见到你。
- start: 2784.246
  end: 2785.567
  speaker: unknown
  en: I hope to see you there.
  zh: 我希望在那里见到你。
- start: 2785.587
  end: 2786.347
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I'll see you there.
  zh: 我们那里见。
