- start: 1.038
  end: 14.389
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hi, folks, and welcome back to History 1. We are in the videos for the highlights from Unit 4, and we're going to be talking about the third century in this video.
  zh: 大家好，欢迎回到历史课程一。我们正在观看第四单元的重点视频，这一集我们将讨论第三世纪。
- start: 14.409
  end: 27.688
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, we've already kind of made the shift from the apologists like Justin Martyr and Athenagoras to the theologians, and we've already seen Irenaeus of Lyon.
  zh: 现在，我们已经从殉道者游斯丁和雅典那哥拉等护教学家转向了神学家，我们已经看过了里昂的爱任纽。
- start: 27.688
  end: 34.633
  speaker: unknown
  en: And remember, the difference between the apologists and the theologians has a lot to do with who their audience is.
  zh: 请记住，护教学家和神学家之间的区别主要在于他们的受众不同。
- start: 34.633
  end: 45.74
  speaker: unknown
  en: The apologists are writing to an audience of non-Christians, and some of them are writing open letters to the emperors to try to get them to stop persecuting the Christians.
  zh: 护教学家是写给非基督徒的，其中一些人还给皇帝写公开信，试图让他们停止迫害基督徒。
- start: 45.74
  end: 49.143
  speaker: unknown
  en: The theologians are writing to a more internal audience.
  zh: 神学家则是写给更内部的受众。
- start: 49.143
  end: 57.61
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're writing to Christians, and they're writing to Christians to warn them about heresy,  And to teach them correct doctrine.
  zh: 他们是写给基督徒的，目的是警告基督徒防范异端，并教导他们正确的教义。
- start: 57.61
  end: 61.471
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so in that spirit, that's what we're doing here.
  zh: 本着这种精神，这就是我们在这里所做的。
- start: 61.571
  end: 64.432
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so you've already read Irenaeus of Lyon.
  zh: 所以你们已经读过里昂的爱任纽了。
- start: 64.432
  end: 67.133
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now you're going to read Tertullian.
  zh: 现在你们要读特土良了。
- start: 67.133
  end: 72.834
  speaker: unknown
  en: But before we get to Tertullian, I do want to mention you're also going to read the Diary of Perpetua.
  zh: 但在我们讲到特土良之前，我想提一下你们还要读「佩尔佩图阿日记」。
- start: 72.834
  end: 78.376
  speaker: unknown
  en: And she is actually one of our first and earliest church mothers.
  zh: 她实际上是我们最早的教会母亲之一。
- start: 78.376
  end: 87.956
  speaker: unknown
  en: So take that seriously because the Diary of Perpetua is really one of those rare cases  where we get a woman from the early church in her own words.
  zh: 所以要认真对待这个，因为「佩尔佩图阿日记」确实是那些罕见的案例之一，我们可以通过一位早期教会女性的自述来了解她。
- start: 87.956
  end: 99.549
  speaker: unknown
  en: And although the diary doesn't contain a lot of theology or Christology per se, it does tell us some important things about how the early Christians lived,  and what the average Christian believed.
  zh: 虽然这本日记本身并不包含太多神学或基督论，但它确实告诉我们一些关于早期基督徒如何生活以及普通基督徒信仰的重要事情。
- start: 99.549
  end: 111.257
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, that's something you don't always get from the other documents too, because most of our documents, let's face it, were written by bishops, highly educated people, mostly men.
  zh: 再说一遍，这是你从其他文献中不常得到的东西，因为让我们面对现实，我们的大多数文献都是由主教、高度教育的人写的，而且大多是男性。
- start: 111.257
  end: 114.479
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so here you get something more from the grassroots.
  zh: 所以在这里你可以得到更多来自基层的东西。
- start: 114.819
  end: 119.001
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's a very precious document, and I don't mean precious in a condescending way.
  zh: 这是一份非常珍贵的文献，我说珍贵并不是居高临下的意思。
- start: 119.001
  end: 122.844
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean precious in the sense of very, very valuable.
  zh: 我的意思是非常非常有价值。
- start: 122.844
  end: 127.206
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so pay attention to the Diary of Perpetua.
  zh: 好的，所以要注意「佩尔佩图阿日记」。
- start: 127.206
  end: 130.267
  speaker: unknown
  en: But now we need to talk about Tertullian.
  zh: 但现在我们需要谈谈特土良。
- start: 131.408
  end: 144.141
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, with the third century, we see something very interesting happening with what was going on in the second century, which is  We saw, you know, in the first century, we saw early Docetism.
  zh: 现在，到了第三世纪，我们看到第二世纪发生的事情出现了一些非常有趣的变化，就是我们看到，你知道，在第一世纪，我们看到了早期的幻影说。
- start: 144.521
  end: 148.822
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some of the Docetism kind of evolves into Gnosticism.
  zh: 一些幻影说演变成了诺斯替主义。
- start: 148.822
  end: 151.523
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in the second century, we saw Gnosticism.
  zh: 在第二世纪，我们看到了诺斯替主义。
- start: 151.523
  end: 161.542
  speaker: unknown
  en: And of course, Irenaeus writes his big document against heresies to describe all the different Gnostic schools of thought and all of that.
  zh: 当然，爱任纽写了他那篇反对异端的大文献，描述了所有不同的诺斯替思想流派和所有那些东西。
- start: 161.542
  end: 167.532
  speaker: unknown
  en: And even to a certain extent Hippolytus in the 3rd century will write against Gnosticism.
  zh: 甚至在某种程度上，希波吕托在第三世纪也会写文章反对诺斯替主义。
- start: 167.532
  end: 177.533
  speaker: unknown
  en: But what's happening in the 3rd century is that the Gnostics are  Moving out of the church and forming their own really separate religion.
  zh: 但在第三世纪发生的是，诺斯替派正在脱离教会，形成他们自己真正独立的宗教。
- start: 177.533
  end: 181.857
  speaker: unknown
  en: And it will have a life of its own, but completely apart from the church.
  zh: 它将有自己的生命，但完全脱离教会。
- start: 181.857
  end: 187.582
  speaker: unknown
  en: So it's not seen as a heresy in that kind of sense.
  zh: 所以从这个意义上说，它不被视为异端。
- start: 187.582
  end: 198.828
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Gnosticism becomes, at least one branch of Gnosticism becomes  Manichaeism, which pops up again in the life of St. Augustine because he will spend some time as a Manichae.
  zh: 诺斯替主义变成了，至少有一个分支变成了摩尼教，这在圣奥古斯丁的生平中再次出现，因为他曾有一段时间是摩尼教徒。
- start: 198.828
  end: 204.049
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, Gnosticism kind of has a life of its own, but separate from the church.
  zh: 再说一遍，诺斯替主义有自己的生命，但与教会分离。
- start: 204.55
  end: 217.013
  speaker: unknown
  en: Taking its place in the church is a completely different heresy that does not evolve from Gnosticism, but in some ways makes the same mistake as Gnosticism, right?
  zh: 取而代之的是教会中一种完全不同的异端，它并非从诺斯替主义演变而来，但在某些方面犯了与诺斯替主义相同的错误，对吧？
- start: 217.013
  end: 224.812
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because Gnosticism made the mistake  of diminishing or denying Jesus's humanity.
  zh: 因为诺斯替主义犯了贬低或否认耶稣人性的错误。
- start: 225.412
  end: 232.515
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now in the third century we have what appears to be a kind of new heresy, and it's called modalism.
  zh: 现在在第三世纪，我们看到了一种似乎是新的异端，它被称为形态论。
- start: 232.515
  end: 242.618
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now it actually goes by several different names, modalistic monarchianism, Sabellianism, but we're just going to refer to it as modalism.
  zh: 实际上它有几个不同的名称，形态论君主制、撒伯流主义，但我们就称之为形态论。
- start: 242.659
  end: 275.843
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the long story short is that what modalism does  It assumes that there is no difference and no distinction between the three persons of the Trinity, that in fact the Father is the Son and the Son is the Spirit, or perhaps the Father becomes the Son, the Son is the Father incarnate, the Father becomes the Son and the Son becomes the Spirit, or in some way that completely erases any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 简而言之，形态论的做法是假设三位一体的三个位格之间没有差异和区别，实际上圣父就是圣子，圣子就是圣灵，或者圣父成为圣子，圣子是圣父的化身，圣父成为圣子，圣子成为圣灵，或以某种方式完全抹去三位一体三个位格之间的任何区别。
- start: 276.474
  end: 288.159
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, the biggest problem with modalism is that by doing that, it essentially puts God the Father on the cross.
  zh: 现在，形态论最大的问题是，这样做实际上是把圣父神放在了十字架上。
- start: 288.159
  end: 290.86
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, this is the charge of the Orthodox.
  zh: 这是正统派的指控。
- start: 290.86
  end: 303.785
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other words, you know, everybody from, you know, Hippolytus, Tertullian, Novatian, they will all say, yes, modalism puts the Father on the cross, therefore we're going to label them patripassionists.
  zh: 换句话说，你知道，从希波吕托、特土良、诺瓦提安等人，他们都会说，是的，形态论把圣父放在十字架上，因此我们要给他们贴上圣父受难论者的标签。
- start: 303.8
  end: 308.482
  speaker: unknown
  en: So it's also called patrapassionism, which means the passion of the Father, right?
  zh: 所以它也被称为圣父受难论，意思是圣父的受难，对吧？
- start: 308.482
  end: 311.244
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the modalists themselves denied that charge.
  zh: 但形态论者自己否认这个指控。
- start: 311.244
  end: 312.424
  speaker: unknown
  en: And here's the point.
  zh: 这就是重点。
- start: 312.424
  end: 316.826
  speaker: unknown
  en: The modalists said, no, we're not putting the Father on the cross.
  zh: 形态论者说，不，我们没有把圣父放在十字架上。
- start: 316.826
  end: 320.848
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, the whole cross thing is an illusion.
  zh: 事实上，整个十字架的事情都是幻觉。
- start: 320.868
  end: 323.009
  speaker: unknown
  en: Never really happened, right?
  zh: 从未真正发生过，对吧？
- start: 323.009
  end: 338.366
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, however they answer the charge, what they're essentially doing is they're saying that Jesus is the Father in disguise,  And therefore, because we don't want to put God the Father on the cross, the cross never really happened.
  zh: 所以，无论他们如何回应这个指控，他们本质上是在说耶稣是伪装的圣父，因此，因为我们不想把圣父神放在十字架上，所以十字架从未真正发生过。
- start: 338.366
  end: 340.286
  speaker: unknown
  en: The cross is an illusion.
  zh: 十字架是一个幻觉。
- start: 340.427
  end: 349.208
  speaker: unknown
  en: And all of this diminishes the humanity of Jesus Christ because the incarnation is not real.
  zh: 所有这些都削弱了耶稣基督的人性，因为道成肉身不是真实的。
- start: 349.508
  end: 351.008
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's an illusion.
  zh: 这是一个幻觉。
- start: 351.008
  end: 353.689
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's a disguise.
  zh: 这是一个伪装。
- start: 353.689
  end: 358.77
  speaker: unknown
  en: The whole incarnation is reduced to a disguise worn by the Father, right?
  zh: 整个道成肉身被简化为圣父所穿的一个伪装，对吧？
- start: 358.77
  end: 371.345
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so again,  The problem with modalism, and a lot of people don't get this, but the bottom line problem with modalism is that it diminishes the humanity of Jesus.
  zh: 所以再说一遍，形态论的问题是，很多人不明白这一点，但形态论的根本问题是它削弱了耶稣的人性。
- start: 371.446
  end: 375.809
  speaker: unknown
  en: The modalistic Christ is no longer one of us.
  zh: 形态论的基督不再是我们中的一员。
- start: 375.829
  end: 384.115
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in doing that, they make the same mistake as the Docetics and the Gnostics, even though they get there by a different path.
  zh: 这样做，他们犯了与幻影说和诺斯替主义相同的错误，尽管他们是通过不同的路径达到这一点的。
- start: 384.738
  end: 399.425
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Docetics and the Gnostics get there by the path of dualism, which is to say that everything spiritual is good, everything material is bad, therefore the Word could not become flesh, so Jesus can't be human.
  zh: 幻影说和诺斯替主义通过二元论的路径达到这一点，也就是说一切属灵的都是好的，一切物质的都是坏的，因此道不能成为肉身，所以耶稣不可能是人。
- start: 400.006
  end: 403.928
  speaker: unknown
  en: Their dualism leads them to deny the humanity of Jesus.
  zh: 他们的二元论导致他们否认耶稣的人性。
- start: 404.408
  end: 409.25
  speaker: unknown
  en: Modalism gets there by a completely different path, which is monism.
  zh: 形态论通过一条完全不同的路径达到这一点，那就是一元论。
- start: 409.511
  end: 414.338
  speaker: unknown
  en: Monism is a philosophy that says,  Everything is one thing.
  zh: 一元论是一种哲学，它说一切都是一个东西。
- start: 414.338
  end: 415.439
  speaker: unknown
  en: All things are connected.
  zh: 万物都是相连的。
- start: 415.439
  end: 417.899
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean, it's almost the Force from Star Wars.
  zh: 我的意思是，这几乎就像星球大战中的原力。
- start: 417.899
  end: 422.76
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's that everything is so connected that everything is really one thing.
  zh: 就是说一切都如此紧密相连，以至于一切实际上都是一个东西。
- start: 422.76
  end: 442.97
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if everything is one thing, certainly there couldn't be any difference between the Father and the Son, or the Son and the Spirit, etc. And so, for the modalists, their monism leads them to the same place  the Docetics and the Gnostics ended up which was the denial of Jesus's humanity.
  zh: 如果一切都是一个东西，那么圣父和圣子之间，或者圣子和圣灵之间当然就不可能有任何区别，等等。因此，对于形态论者来说，他们的一元论使他们最终达到了与幻影说和诺斯替主义相同的结果，那就是否认耶稣的人性。
- start: 442.97
  end: 446.372
  speaker: unknown
  en: So always keep that in mind when we talk about modalism.
  zh: 所以当我们谈论形态论时，要始终记住这一点。
- start: 447.894
  end: 460.963
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we find ourselves here in the third century and as always orthodoxy is a kind of middle way between the extreme alternatives which are labeled as heresies.
  zh: 所以我们发现自己处在第三世纪，正统信仰一如既往地是极端选择之间的一种中庸之道，这些极端被标记为异端。
- start: 460.963
  end: 465.086
  speaker: unknown
  en: And remember by middle way we don't mean a compromise.
  zh: 请记住，我们所说的中庸之道并不意味着妥协。
- start: 465.086
  end: 474.345
  speaker: unknown
  en: We mean that  Orthodoxy is always the both-and answer to the question as opposed to the either-or answer to the question.
  zh: 我们的意思是正统信仰总是对问题的「两者兼具」的回答，而不是「非此即彼」的回答。
- start: 474.345
  end: 481.889
  speaker: unknown
  en: So in the second century, right, the big question was, is Jesus human or divine or both?
  zh: 所以在第二世纪，对吧，大问题是，耶稣是人性的还是神性的，还是两者兼具？
- start: 481.969
  end: 486.868
  speaker: unknown
  en: Orthodoxy, from the beginning,  said both, human and divine.
  zh: 正统信仰从一开始就说两者兼具，既是人性的也是神性的。
- start: 486.949
  end: 494.917
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Ebionites and early adoptionists were saying, no, he's only human, not divine.
  zh: 厄便派和早期的嗣子论者说，不，他只是人，不是神。
- start: 495.057
  end: 500.263
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Docetics and the Gnostics were saying, no, he's divine, but not human.
  zh: 幻影说和诺斯替主义者说，不，他是神，但不是人。
- start: 500.263
  end: 506.337
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the answer of Orthodoxy, the mainstream church, was the both-and answer.
  zh: 因此，正统信仰，也就是主流教会的回答是「两者兼具」的答案。
- start: 506.337
  end: 516.568
  speaker: unknown
  en: not allowing an oversimplification of the person of Jesus to one nature or the other, but embracing the paradox of two natures, humanity and divinity.
  zh: 不允许将耶稣的位格过于简单化为一种本性或另一种本性，而是接受两种本性的悖论，即人性和神性。
- start: 516.568
  end: 528.519
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, now as we move into the third century, we still find ourselves in a place where, you know, orthodoxy is this middle way between these heresies on the extremes, right?
  zh: 好的，现在当我们进入第三世纪，我们发现自己仍然处在一个地方，你知道，正统信仰是这些极端异端之间的中庸之道，对吧？
- start: 528.56
  end: 531.803
  speaker: unknown
  en: One extreme is  It's still adoptionism.
  zh: 一个极端仍然是嗣子论。
- start: 531.803
  end: 542.33
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is now sort of, you know, developed into a third century version of adoptionism where Jesus Christ is understood to be human but not divine.
  zh: 它现在已经发展成了第三世纪版本的嗣子论，在这种观点中，耶稣基督被理解为人而不是神。
- start: 542.531
  end: 560.483
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the other extreme now is modalism in which we see that ultimately what modalism does is it diminishes the humanity of Jesus and you end up with a Jesus who's divine because he's the same as the Father but not really human.
  zh: 而另一个极端现在是形态论，我们看到形态论最终做的是削弱耶稣的人性，你最终得到的是一个神性的耶稣，因为他与圣父相同，但并不真正是人。
- start: 560.865
  end: 571.291
  speaker: unknown
  en: Having said that, though, we also need to point out that the heresies of the third century are not just Christological heresies.
  zh: 尽管如此，我们还需要指出，第三世纪的异端不仅仅是基督论的异端。
- start: 571.291
  end: 574.973
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're not just heresies about the person of Christ.
  zh: 它们不仅仅是关于基督位格的异端。
- start: 575.033
  end: 582.477
  speaker: unknown
  en: They are also Trinitarian heresies in the sense that they are a misunderstanding of the Trinity.
  zh: 它们也是三位一体的异端，因为它们误解了三位一体。
- start: 582.557
  end: 588.44
  speaker: unknown
  en: And what I mean by that is, you know, in the second century, the question was, you know, the two natures of Christ.
  zh: 我的意思是，你知道，在第二世纪，问题是基督的两性。
- start: 588.92
  end: 590.481
  speaker: unknown
  en: one or the other or both.
  zh: 是其中之一还是两者兼具。
- start: 590.721
  end: 595.784
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now in the third century, the big question is going to be the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 现在在第三世纪，大问题将是三位一体的三个位格。
- start: 596.365
  end: 601.688
  speaker: unknown
  en: How much are they one versus how much are they three?
  zh: 他们在多大程度上是一体的，又在多大程度上是三位的？
- start: 601.889
  end: 605.871
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if you're thinking ahead, you can already see where this is going.
  zh: 如果你能预想到，你已经可以看到这将走向何方。
- start: 605.992
  end: 612.776
  speaker: unknown
  en: One heresy is going to lean so heavy into the oneness that they lose the threeness.
  zh: 一种异端将过分强调一体性以至于失去了三位性。
- start: 612.776
  end: 614.097
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's modalism.
  zh: 那就是形态论。
- start: 614.257
  end: 639.038
  speaker: unknown
  en: The other extreme heresy, which is adoptionism,  Well, we could say they lean so heavily into the threeness that they lose the oneness, but the problem is that they don't even really see God as a trinity anymore, because to the adoptionists, only the first person, the Father, is creator and eternal and has all those divine attributes that we studied at the beginning of the course.
  zh: 另一个极端异端是嗣子论，我们可以说他们过分强调三位性以至于失去了一体性，但问题是他们甚至不再真正将神视为三位一体，因为对嗣子论者来说，只有第一位格，即圣父，是创造者和永恒的，并具有我们在课程开始时学习的所有那些神性属性。
- start: 639.038
  end: 645.247
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the second person and third persons, the Son and the Spirit, are created beings for them.
  zh: 对他们来说，第二位格和第三位格，即圣子和圣灵，是被造的存在。
- start: 645.247
  end: 651.892
  speaker: unknown
  en: So they've got so much separation between, let's say, the Father and the Son, that the Son isn't God anymore, right?
  zh: 所以他们在圣父和圣子之间划分了如此大的界限，以至于圣子不再是神了，对吧？
- start: 651.892
  end: 661.74
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the way we talk about this is in terms of the balance between unity and distinction in the Trinity.
  zh: 所以我们讨论这个问题的方式是从三位一体中的合一性和区别性之间的平衡来看。
- start: 661.74
  end: 665.002
  speaker: unknown
  en: The balance between unity and distinction.
  zh: 合一性和区别性之间的平衡。
- start: 665.123
  end: 671.667
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Orthodox understanding of the Trinity is that God is one and three.
  zh: 正统对三位一体的理解是神既是一又是三。
- start: 672.469
  end: 684.137
  speaker: unknown
  en: So there are ways in which God is one and all three persons of the Trinity are the same divine substance, same divinity, same power, same eternity, right?
  zh: 所以神是一体的，三位一体的三个位格都是同一神性实体，同一神性，同一能力，同一永恒，对吧？
- start: 684.137
  end: 689.54
  speaker: unknown
  en: But there are ways in which the persons of the Trinity are three and are distinct from each other.
  zh: 但三位一体的位格在某些方面是三个，彼此是有区别的。
- start: 689.54
  end: 691.181
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Father is not the Son.
  zh: 圣父不是圣子。
- start: 691.181
  end: 692.902
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Son is not the Spirit.
  zh: 圣子不是圣灵。
- start: 693.483
  end: 701.788
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, the problem is that the heresies lean too hard either toward the unity or the distinction.
  zh: 现在，问题是异端要么过分强调合一性，要么过分强调区别性。
- start: 702.069
  end: 714.32
  speaker: unknown
  en: Modalism leans so hard on the unity of the three persons that they lose the distinction, that the three persons are no longer three persons at all, but one person with three names.
  zh: 形态论过分强调三个位格的合一性，以至于失去了区别性，三个位格不再是三个位格，而是一个有三个名字的位格。
- start: 715.041
  end: 728.164
  speaker: unknown
  en: Adoptionism leans so hard into the distinction between the father and the son, especially,  that the Son is no longer divine, only the Father is, and so they completely lose the unity.
  zh: 嗣子论过分强调圣父和圣子之间的区别，特别是圣子不再是神性的，只有圣父是，因此他们完全失去了合一性。
- start: 728.425
  end: 733.207
  speaker: unknown
  en: All right, so Tertullian writes his most important document.
  zh: 好的，所以特土良写了他最重要的文献。
- start: 733.287
  end: 743.972
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's called Against Praxeus, and Praxeus was a teacher of modalism, and so Tertullian is writing this document against modalism.
  zh: 它被称为《驳普拉克西亚》，普拉克西亚是形态论的一位教师，所以特土良写这篇文献是为了反驳形态论。
- start: 745.427
  end: 748.229
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, this document is important for a lot of reasons.
  zh: 现在，这份文献因为很多原因而重要。
- start: 748.229
  end: 753.493
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, I think it's one of the most important early church documents.
  zh: 事实上，我认为它是最重要的早期教会文献之一。
- start: 753.574
  end: 762.0
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if I could only assign to my students one document from the church fathers, I might choose this one.
  zh: 如果我只能给我的学生指定一份教父的文献，我可能会选择这一份。
- start: 762.001
  end: 772.949
  speaker: unknown
  en: And one of the reasons why it's so important is that Tertullian himself coins the term Trinitas in Latin, which is where we get our English word Trinity.
  zh: 它如此重要的原因之一是特土良本人创造了拉丁语中的Trinitas这个词，这就是我们英语中Trinity（三位一体）一词的来源。
- start: 773.806
  end: 787.172
  speaker: unknown
  en: You may have noticed the word Trinity is not actually in the Bible, but it's a word that we use to describe how God is understood in the New Testament especially, but also in the Old Testament.
  zh: 你可能已经注意到Trinity这个词实际上并不在圣经中，但它是我们用来描述神在新约中，特别是在旧约中如何被理解的词。
- start: 787.413
  end: 797.918
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, of course, Jesus himself referred to God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in Matthew 28 when he introduces the baptismal formula.
  zh: 当然，耶稣自己在马太福音28章介绍洗礼公式时，也将神称为圣父、圣子和圣灵。
- start: 797.918
  end: 803.38
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, of course, obviously he knows that he himself is the Son within that formula.
  zh: 当然，显然他知道他自己就是那公式中的圣子。
- start: 803.48
  end: 812.147
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that even so, the Trinity is there, but the word Trinity isn't there.
  zh: 但重点是，即便如此，三位一体的概念在那里，但Trinity这个词并不在那里。
- start: 812.147
  end: 820.193
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the Greek church fathers come along, and they come up with this word, God is a triad, and in Greek that's the word triados.
  zh: 所以希腊教父们出现了，他们想出了这个词，神是一个三位一体，在希腊语中这个词是triados。
- start: 820.254
  end: 838.281
  speaker: unknown
  en: And yet there isn't really a Latin word for this, so Tertullian comes along, and he's the first church father to write in Latin,  and he coins the Latin term for the Trinity, which in Latin is Trinitas, and from that we get our English word Trinity.
  zh: 然而拉丁语中并没有真正对应的词，所以特土良出现了，他是第一位用拉丁语写作的教父，他创造了三位一体的拉丁语词，即Trinitas，我们的英语词Trinity就是从这里来的。
- start: 838.281
  end: 845.203
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean, in a way it's almost just a mash-up of the words triunity, but you get the idea.
  zh: 我的意思是，从某种意义上说，它几乎就是triunity这个词的混合体，但你明白这个意思。
- start: 845.323
  end: 860.969
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, Tertullian coins that term for us, which we still use, and there are other terms  that he uses to talk about the Trinity that become our standardized language for theology, that become our technical terms for the Trinity.
  zh: 所以，特土良为我们创造了这个术语，我们至今仍在使用，他还使用了其他一些术语来讨论三位一体，这些术语成为我们神学的标准语言，成为我们讨论三位一体的专业术语。
- start: 861.91
  end: 876.461
  speaker: unknown
  en: One of those terms is substance, in Latin substantia, but all he's really doing there is he's using the Latin word substantia as a Latin translation for the Greek word usia, or essence.
  zh: 其中一个术语是实体，拉丁语是substantia，但他实际上只是用拉丁语substantia作为希腊语usia或本质的拉丁语翻译。
- start: 876.461
  end: 895.484
  speaker: unknown
  en: So as we've talked about before,  When we talk about the three persons of the Trinity being of the same essence, now Tertullian is saying the same thing, but he's using the Latin word substantia, so he's saying the three persons of the Trinity are all the same substance.
  zh: 所以正如我们之前讨论的，当我们谈论三位一体的三个位格具有相同的本质时，特土良现在说的是同样的事情，但他使用的是拉丁语substantia，所以他说三位一体的三个位格都是同一实体。
- start: 895.484
  end: 901.749
  speaker: unknown
  en: In English, we use the word substance, but remember, we don't mean material substance, right?
  zh: 在英语中，我们使用substance这个词，但请记住，我们不是指物质实体，对吧？
- start: 901.749
  end: 905.031
  speaker: unknown
  en: We just mean it is the essence of who God is.
  zh: 我们只是指它是神本质的所是。
- start: 905.031
  end: 910.715
  speaker: unknown
  en: The substance of anything is the essence of that thing, that which makes it what it is.
  zh: 任何事物的实体就是那个事物的本质，是使它成为它所是的东西。
- start: 910.715
  end: 921.283
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the substance of the Trinity is divinity itself, which can be defined with all of those divine attributes that we looked at at the beginning of the course, right?
  zh: 所以三位一体的实体就是神性本身，可以用我们在课程开始时看到的所有那些神性属性来定义，对吧？
- start: 921.283
  end: 925.346
  speaker: unknown
  en: So God is one substance.
  zh: 所以神是一个实体。
- start: 925.515
  end: 933.418
  speaker: unknown
  en: The other term that Tertullian uses and then becomes standard is the word persons, personae in Latin.
  zh: 特土良使用的另一个后来成为标准的术语是位格，拉丁语是personae。
- start: 933.418
  end: 935.599
  speaker: unknown
  en: We simply say persons, right?
  zh: 我们简单地说位格，对吧？
- start: 935.599
  end: 937.339
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not people.
  zh: 它不是人们。
- start: 937.339
  end: 938.76
  speaker: unknown
  en: And we've talked about this.
  zh: 我们已经讨论过这个。
- start: 938.76
  end: 944.842
  speaker: unknown
  en: So this is why you will never hear me use the word persons to talk about just a bunch of humans, right?
  zh: 所以这就是为什么你永远不会听到我用「位格」这个词来指代一群人，对吧？
- start: 945.384
  end: 949.707
  speaker: unknown
  en: I reserve that word as a technical term for the persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 我保留这个词作为三位一体位格的专业术语。
- start: 949.707
  end: 957.532
  speaker: unknown
  en: There might be one person in a room, there might be three people in a room, but there are three persons of the Trinity, right?
  zh: 房间里可能有一个人，可能有三个人，但三位一体有三个位格，对吧？
- start: 957.532
  end: 963.796
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so this is the word we use, and this is really the only good word we've got, so we've got to stick with it.
  zh: 所以这是我们使用的词，这真的是我们唯一合适的词，所以我们必须坚持使用它。
- start: 963.796
  end: 965.077
  speaker: unknown
  en: But here's the point.
  zh: 但这里是重点。
- start: 965.677
  end: 978.23
  speaker: unknown
  en: When we talk about God being both three and one, the word persons describes God's threeness,  The word substance describes God's oneness.
  zh: 当我们谈论神既是三又是一时，「位格」这个词描述了神的三位性，「实体」这个词描述了神的一体性。
- start: 978.991
  end: 988.055
  speaker: unknown
  en: Or another way to say it is the word persons describes God's triplicity, and the word substance describes God's unity.
  zh: 或者换一种说法，「位格」这个词描述了神的三重性，「实体」这个词描述了神的合一性。
- start: 988.196
  end: 1000.302
  speaker: unknown
  en: And these terms and the way Tertullian uses them become the standardized way of talking about God from the third century on, and we still talk about God this way, as we should.
  zh: 这些术语以及特土良使用它们的方式从第三世纪开始成为谈论神的标准方式，我们现在仍然以这种方式谈论神，这也是我们应该做的。
- start: 1001.562
  end: 1010.687
  speaker: unknown
  en: I want to point out, though, that when you read against Praxeas, you may notice a couple of things that did not become standardized.
  zh: 不过，我想指出，当你读《驳普拉克西亚》时，你可能会注意到一些没有成为标准的东西。
- start: 1010.687
  end: 1020.432
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, you know, as we've talked about in the context of the development of doctrine, there are sometimes things that early church writers will try out, but they don't stick.
  zh: 你知道，正如我们在讨论教义发展的背景时所说的，有时早期教会作者会尝试一些东西，但它们没有被保留下来。
- start: 1020.432
  end: 1028.985
  speaker: unknown
  en: They don't stand the test of time because later authors will come along and will sort of nuance or correct these little things.
  zh: 它们经不起时间的考验，因为后来的作者会出现，对这些小细节进行微调或纠正。
- start: 1028.985
  end: 1030.685
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not a corruption of doctrine.
  zh: 这不是教义的败坏。
- start: 1030.685
  end: 1035.646
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not an example of heresy becoming orthodoxy or vice versa or anything like that.
  zh: 这不是异端变成正统或反之亦然的例子，也不是类似的情况。
- start: 1035.646
  end: 1042.767
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's just these minor little tweaks as doctrine develops and it becomes clarified over time.
  zh: 这只是随着教义的发展和时间的推移而进行的一些微小调整，使教义变得更加清晰。
- start: 1043.988
  end: 1054.429
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so right now I just want to talk about two little things that you may or may not have noticed when you were reading against Praxeas, where Tertullian says some things that don't stand the test of time.
  zh: 好的，现在我只想谈谈两件小事，你在阅读《驳普拉克西亚》时可能注意到也可能没注意到，特土良说了一些经不起时间考验的话。
- start: 1054.429
  end: 1058.174
  speaker: unknown
  en: So just to give you an example of how these things develop.
  zh: 所以只是给你一个例子，说明这些东西是如何发展的。
- start: 1058.174
  end: 1072.34
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the first is a little bit based on the English translation you're reading, but you may have noticed that every once in a while, Tertullian does use the word part or parts to talk about the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 第一个有点基于你所读的英文翻译，但你可能注意到，特土良偶尔会使用「部分」这个词来谈论三位一体的三个位格。
- start: 1072.34
  end: 1077.342
  speaker: unknown
  en: And some of you have encountered this in your papers already where I'll say, you know, we don't do that.
  zh: 你们中的一些人在论文中已经遇到过这种情况，我会说，你知道，我们不这样做。
- start: 1077.342
  end: 1080.864
  speaker: unknown
  en: We should not do that because remember, God is simplex.
  zh: 我们不应该这样做，因为记住，神是单一的。
- start: 1080.864
  end: 1083.325
  speaker: unknown
  en: God cannot be broken up into parts.
  zh: 神不能被分解成部分。
- start: 1083.385
  end: 1088.038
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so even the three persons of the Trinity are not parts of God.
  zh: 所以即使是三位一体的三个位格也不是神的部分。
- start: 1088.038
  end: 1095.344
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because God cannot be divvied up and the three persons of the Trinity are not each one-third of God.
  zh: 因为神不能被分割，三位一体的三个位格也不是各自占神的三分之一。
- start: 1095.344
  end: 1099.007
  speaker: unknown
  en: They don't each only have one-third of the divinity.
  zh: 他们每个都不只是拥有三分之一的神性。
- start: 1099.007
  end: 1103.951
  speaker: unknown
  en: God is not a pizza that can be cut up into three slices or anything like that.
  zh: 神不是可以切成三片的披萨或类似的东西。
- start: 1104.231
  end: 1110.416
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we don't want to use the word part or parts to talk about the persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 所以我们不想用「部分」这个词来谈论三位一体的位格。
- start: 1110.416
  end: 1118.392
  speaker: unknown
  en: As I said, the word persons  is about the only word we have that really works as a technical term.
  zh: 正如我所说，「位格」这个词大概是我们唯一真正可以作为专业术语使用的词。
- start: 1118.392
  end: 1130.719
  speaker: unknown
  en: Sometimes you can get away with saying there are three manifestations of God in the sense that three ways God may reveal himself, but even that can be confusing and it's not a word we use in regular conversation anyway.
  zh: 有时你可以说神有三种显现，意思是神可能以三种方式显明自己，但即使这样也可能造成混淆，而且这也不是我们在日常对话中使用的词。
- start: 1130.719
  end: 1135.342
  speaker: unknown
  en: So just stick with the word persons and don't use part or parts.
  zh: 所以就坚持使用「位格」这个词，不要使用「部分」。
- start: 1135.342
  end: 1142.166
  speaker: unknown
  en: But, you know, to the point, sometimes even Tertullian still does that, although I don't see it after Tertullian at all.
  zh: 但是，你知道，说到点上，有时即使是特土良仍然这样做，尽管在特土良之后我完全没有看到这种情况。
- start: 1142.63
  end: 1150.254
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I think by the time of Novation, who is the next major theologian in the third century, I think that's gone by the wayside.
  zh: 我认为到了诺瓦提安的时代，他是第三世纪的下一位主要神学家，我想这种做法已经被废弃了。
- start: 1150.615
  end: 1161.621
  speaker: unknown
  en: The other thing where Novation corrects Tertullian is in talking about the generation of the second person of the Trinity, right?
  zh: 诺瓦提安纠正特土良的另一件事是关于三位一体第二位格的生成，对吧？
- start: 1161.621
  end: 1165.583
  speaker: unknown
  en: We know that the Son is begotten of the Father.
  zh: 我们知道圣子是由圣父所生的。
- start: 1165.583
  end: 1179.226
  speaker: unknown
  en: And that word begotten is kind of an archaic English word  A more modern word, though not necessarily more clear, but a more modern word would be to say that the Son is generated out of the Father's existence.
  zh: 「所生」这个词是一个有点古老的英语词。一个更现代的词，虽然不一定更清晰，但更现代的说法是圣子是从圣父的存在中生成的。
- start: 1179.326
  end: 1182.87
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, you know, there's a lot that we have to unpack there.
  zh: 你知道，这里有很多我们需要解释的内容。
- start: 1182.87
  end: 1184.531
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not self-evident.
  zh: 这并不是不言自明的。
- start: 1184.531
  end: 1185.852
  speaker: unknown
  en: But here's the thing.
  zh: 但问题是这样的。
- start: 1185.852
  end: 1197.482
  speaker: unknown
  en: As late as Tertullian, the church fathers are still speaking of the generation of the Son, or the begetting of the Son from the Father, as an event.
  zh: 直到特土良时期，教父们仍然把圣子的生成，或圣子从圣父而生，说成是一个事件。
- start: 1197.734
  end: 1204.276
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, of course, they know that the Son is eternal, so they're not saying it's an event that had happened in time.
  zh: 当然，他们知道圣子是永恒的，所以他们并不是说这是一个发生在时间中的事件。
- start: 1204.276
  end: 1208.817
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're not saying it's chronological, like the Father came first and the Son came later.
  zh: 他们并不是说这是按时间顺序的，比如圣父先来，圣子后来。
- start: 1208.817
  end: 1219.0
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're not saying any of those things, but they don't know quite how to talk about it without talking about it as something that happened, as an event.
  zh: 他们并不是在说这些事情，但他们不太知道如何谈论它而不把它说成是发生的事情，一个事件。
- start: 1219.58
  end: 1226.063
  speaker: unknown
  en: When Novation comes along, he will clarify that the generation of the Son from the Father is not an event.
  zh: 当诺瓦提安出现时，他会澄清圣子从圣父而生不是一个事件。
- start: 1226.063
  end: 1228.184
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is not a thing that happened.
  zh: 这不是发生的事情。
- start: 1228.184
  end: 1235.408
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is a way of talking about the eternal and unchanging relationship between the Father and the Son.
  zh: 这是一种谈论圣父和圣子之间永恒和不变关系的方式。
- start: 1235.408
  end: 1245.073
  speaker: unknown
  en: We talked about this with regard to the hierarchy in the Trinity, that the existence of the Son is dependent on the existence of the Father in a way that is not reciprocal.
  zh: 我们谈到这一点是关于三位一体中的等级制度，圣子的存在依赖于圣父的存在，这种方式是不互惠的。
- start: 1245.529
  end: 1248.21
  speaker: unknown
  en: But at the same time, it's also not chronological, right?
  zh: 但同时，这也不是按时间顺序的，对吧？
- start: 1248.21
  end: 1251.351
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not that the Father came first and the Son came later.
  zh: 不是说圣父先来，圣子后来。
- start: 1251.351
  end: 1263.214
  speaker: unknown
  en: All three persons of the Trinity are eternal, and yet the Son is, as we say, begotten of the Father, meaning generated of the Father's existence.
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格都是永恒的，然而圣子，正如我们所说，是由圣父所生的，意味着从圣父的存在中生成的。
- start: 1263.255
  end: 1284.03
  speaker: unknown
  en: So for Novation, he's going to clarify that this generation, this begetting of the Son, is not an event that happened, but it is in fact the eternal  And so we call that the doctrine of eternal generation.
  zh: 所以对诺瓦提安来说，他要澄清这种生成，这种圣子的被生，不是发生的事件，而实际上是永恒的。因此我们称之为永恒生成的教义。
- start: 1284.111
  end: 1287.874
  speaker: unknown
  en: And yet when you read Tertullian, he doesn't quite get us there.
  zh: 然而当你读特土良的作品时，他并没有完全把我们带到那里。
- start: 1287.874
  end: 1302.664
  speaker: unknown
  en: So anyway, if you notice that Tertullian, or early theologians for that matter, talk about the generation of the Son as an event, that too will have to be clarified and nuanced later in the third century.
  zh: 所以无论如何，如果你注意到特土良，或者早期神学家谈论圣子的生成是一个事件，这也需要在第三世纪后期被澄清和细化。
- start: 1303.968
  end: 1314.756
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so now I'm going to just summarize for you the sort of state of things in the third century with regard to Christology and Trinitarian theology.
  zh: 好的，现在我要为你总结一下第三世纪关于基督论和三位一体神学的状况。
- start: 1314.756
  end: 1318.98
  speaker: unknown
  en: But first I want to mention, don't forget the charts in the book, right?
  zh: 但首先我想提醒，别忘了书中的图表，对吧？
- start: 1318.98
  end: 1324.964
  speaker: unknown
  en: So for the third century, the chart is on page 282 in this book, Reading the Church Fathers.
  zh: 对于第三世纪，图表在这本《阅读教父》的282页。
- start: 1324.964
  end: 1336.23
  speaker: unknown
  en: On page 282, there's a very clear chart that shows you the three columns  orthodoxy in the middle, adoptionism on one side, and modalism on the other.
  zh: 在282页上，有一个非常清晰的图表，显示了三列：中间是正统信仰，一边是嗣子论，另一边是形态论。
- start: 1336.29
  end: 1344.872
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so I'm just going to summarize these things quickly and then again go back to the book for all the details.
  zh: 所以我只是快速总结这些内容，然后再回到书中查看所有细节。
- start: 1344.872
  end: 1351.634
  speaker: unknown
  en: So what we have here in the third century is on one extreme we have adoptionism.
  zh: 所以我们在第三世纪的一个极端是嗣子论。
- start: 1351.687
  end: 1353.208
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is not new.
  zh: 这并不是新的。
- start: 1353.208
  end: 1359.19
  speaker: unknown
  en: We saw it in the second century, the Ebionites and then later adoptionists.
  zh: 我们在第二世纪就看到了，厄便派，然后是后来的嗣子论者。
- start: 1359.19
  end: 1365.052
  speaker: unknown
  en: And now in the third century, we don't really have a more specific name to call it.
  zh: 现在到了第三世纪，我们没有更具体的名称来称呼它。
- start: 1365.052
  end: 1371.994
  speaker: unknown
  en: We don't have any one teacher of this who was prominent enough that we put their name on it.
  zh: 我们没有任何一位足够突出的教师可以用他们的名字来命名它。
- start: 1371.994
  end: 1373.775
  speaker: unknown
  en: We just call it adoptionism.
  zh: 我们就称它为嗣子论。
- start: 1373.775
  end: 1375.515
  speaker: unknown
  en: Why do we call it adoptionism?
  zh: 为什么我们称它为嗣子论？
- start: 1375.515
  end: 1381.801
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because for the adoptionists,  Jesus Christ is not really the natural Son of God.
  zh: 因为对嗣子论者来说，耶稣基督并不是真正天生的神的儿子。
- start: 1381.801
  end: 1392.185
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's not the Son of God by nature, in the sense of having the same divine nature or the same divine essence or substance as the Father.
  zh: 他不是本性上的神的儿子，就是说他没有与圣父相同的神性或相同的神圣本质或实体。
- start: 1392.185
  end: 1406.151
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, the Son of God, Jesus Christ, for the adoptionists, is really just a mere human who, through his own discipline and obedience to God, achieved perfection.
  zh: 所以，对嗣子论者来说，神的儿子耶稣基督实际上只是一个普通人，通过自己的自律和对神的顺服，达到了完美。
- start: 1406.573
  end: 1418.48
  speaker: unknown
  en: And by achieving perfection, he was rewarded by God with an elevated status and some measure of divine power, perhaps through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 通过达到完美，他被神奖赏以提升的地位和某种程度的神圣力量，可能是通过圣灵的内住。
- start: 1418.48
  end: 1425.304
  speaker: unknown
  en: But even then, they saw the Holy Spirit as also being a created being, like an angel or something.
  zh: 但即便如此，他们也认为圣灵是一个被造的存在，像天使或类似的东西。
- start: 1425.904
  end: 1437.447
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, by the way, I'll just say as an aside, if you really want more information and you really want to dig in to these alternative Christologies,  in the early church.
  zh: 顺便说一句，如果你真的想要更多信息，真的想深入研究早期教会中这些替代性的基督论。
- start: 1437.447
  end: 1443.886
  speaker: unknown
  en: I have another book where I go into much greater detail  This is not assigned for my History 1 students.
  zh: 我有另一本书，里面有更详细的内容。这不是给我的历史1课程的学生指定的。
- start: 1443.886
  end: 1446.848
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is, you know, a book I would assign for electives.
  zh: 你知道，这是我会为选修课指定的一本书。
- start: 1446.848
  end: 1450.27
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's more advanced, but it's called The Earliest Christologies.
  zh: 它更高级，但它叫做《最早期的基督论》。
- start: 1451.231
  end: 1458.875
  speaker: unknown
  en: And there are basically five ways in the early church, five options you had for how to understand Christ.
  zh: 在早期教会基本上有五种方式，你有五个选项来理解基督。
- start: 1458.996
  end: 1464.119
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I lay them all out, including the one that is orthodoxy, right?
  zh: 我把它们都列出来了，包括正统信仰的那一个，对吧？
- start: 1464.56
  end: 1466.961
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you can check out that book if you want more detail.
  zh: 如果你想要更多细节，可以查看那本书。
- start: 1467.061
  end: 1472.065
  speaker: unknown
  en: But for now, here's what you need to understand about adoptionism, right?
  zh: 但现在，这是你需要了解的关于嗣子论的内容，对吧？
- start: 1472.265
  end: 1476.689
  speaker: unknown
  en: Adoptionism is not really Trinitarian.
  zh: 嗣子论实际上不是三位一体的。
- start: 1476.689
  end: 1480.171
  speaker: unknown
  en: The adoptionist God is not a Trinity.
  zh: 嗣子论的神不是三位一体。
- start: 1480.312
  end: 1503.441
  speaker: unknown
  en: The adoptionist God is a divine Father with two created agents, one called the Son, a mere human who earned an elevated status,  and one called the Holy Spirit who is probably, you know, a seraphim or some, seraphim is plural, who is probably a seraph or something like that.
  zh: 嗣子论的神是一个神圣的父，有两个被造的代理，一个被称为儿子，一个普通人获得了提升的地位，另一个被称为圣灵，可能是，你知道，一个智天使或者什么的，智天使是复数，可能是一个智天使或类似的东西。
- start: 1503.441
  end: 1504.761
  speaker: unknown
  en: But you get the idea.
  zh: 但你明白这个意思。
- start: 1504.761
  end: 1506.983
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is not three divine persons.
  zh: 它不是三个神圣的位格。
- start: 1506.983
  end: 1513.866
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is one divine person and two created beings, one human, one angelic.
  zh: 它是一个神圣的位格和两个被造的存在，一个是人，一个是天使。
- start: 1514.687
  end: 1525.042
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the point there is that if you were to draw a dividing line between creator and created,  That line would have to be between the Father and the Son.
  zh: 这里的重点是，如果你要在创造者和被造物之间画一条分界线，那条线必须在圣父和圣子之间。
- start: 1525.082
  end: 1527.323
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is above the line.
  zh: 只有圣父在线上。
- start: 1527.323
  end: 1532.745
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the Father is creator, and even the Son and the Spirit are created.
  zh: 只有圣父是创造者，甚至圣子和圣灵都是被造的。
- start: 1532.745
  end: 1535.685
  speaker: unknown
  en: So that's adoptionism, right?
  zh: 所以这就是嗣子论，对吧？
- start: 1536.206
  end: 1552.088
  speaker: unknown
  en: The bottom line here is that in this attempt at finding a balance between unity and distinction, adoptionism has way too much distinction  To the point of a separation between the Father and the Son and the Spirit.
  zh: 这里的底线是，在试图在合一性和区别性之间找到平衡时，嗣子论有太多的区别，以至于在圣父、圣子和圣灵之间产生了分离。
- start: 1552.509
  end: 1558.093
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, too much distinction to the point of separation, not enough unity.
  zh: 所以，区别太多以至于分离，合一性不够。
- start: 1559.414
  end: 1565.259
  speaker: unknown
  en: On the other extreme, you have modalism, which does the exact opposite thing.
  zh: 在另一个极端，你有形态论，它做的正好相反。
- start: 1565.259
  end: 1574.866
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the attempt to find a balance between unity and distinction, the modalists lean so heavy into the unity that they lose the distinction.
  zh: 在试图在合一性和区别性之间找到平衡时，形态论者过分倾向于合一性，以至于失去了区别性。
- start: 1574.866
  end: 1580.375
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, the modalists  Modalism as well is also not really Trinitarian.
  zh: 所以，形态论者的形态论也不是真正的三位一体。
- start: 1580.375
  end: 1588.456
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not really a Trinity because it makes the three persons of the Trinity all one and the same.
  zh: 它不是真正的三位一体，因为它使三位一体的三个位格都成为一个相同的。
- start: 1589.316
  end: 1595.217
  speaker: unknown
  en: Not just one in the sense of one substance, but one and the same with no distinction between them.
  zh: 不仅仅是在一个实体的意义上是一，而是完全相同，它们之间没有区别。
- start: 1595.217
  end: 1598.258
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Father is the Son, the Son is the Spirit.
  zh: 圣父就是圣子，圣子就是圣灵。
- start: 1598.738
  end: 1606.854
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so Jesus is nothing more than the Father in disguise,  And therefore he is not human.
  zh: 因此，耶稣不过是伪装的圣父，所以他不是人。
- start: 1607.195
  end: 1618.202
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the labels that we put on the persons are really just labels that describe what they happen to be doing at that moment, right?
  zh: 我们给位格贴的标签实际上只是描述他们在那一刻恰好在做什么的标签，对吧？
- start: 1618.202
  end: 1623.506
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if God is creating, we call him the Father.
  zh: 所以如果神在创造，我们称他为圣父。
- start: 1623.506
  end: 1633.567
  speaker: unknown
  en: If God is saving us, we call him the Son, etc. But the problem again is that this is not one God in three persons.
  zh: 如果神在拯救我们，我们称他为圣子，等等。但问题再次出现，这不是一个神有三个位格。
- start: 1633.567
  end: 1642.969
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is one person with three names, the names based on their mode of activity or their mode of revelation.
  zh: 这是一个位格有三个名字，这些名字是基于他们的活动方式或启示方式。
- start: 1642.969
  end: 1650.071
  speaker: unknown
  en: Sometimes they might say that God is the Father in the Old Testament, the Son in the New Testament, the Holy Spirit in the church, right?
  zh: 有时他们可能会说，神在旧约中是圣父，在新约中是圣子，在教会中是圣灵，对吧？
- start: 1650.071
  end: 1663.074
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point of all this is that it blurs the distinctions between the three persons of the Trinity, and it is a heresy precisely because it diminishes the humanity of Jesus.
  zh: 但所有这些的要点是，它模糊了三位一体三个位格之间的区别，它之所以是异端，恰恰是因为它削弱了耶稣的人性。
- start: 1663.152
  end: 1669.054
  speaker: unknown
  en: If Jesus is reduced to just the Father in disguise, then he's not human.
  zh: 如果耶稣被简化为只是伪装的圣父，那么他就不是人。
- start: 1669.054
  end: 1671.635
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if he's not human, he's not one of us.
  zh: 如果他不是人，他就不是我们中的一员。
- start: 1671.635
  end: 1686.899
  speaker: unknown
  en: If he's not one of us, he cannot represent us on the cross, he cannot pay our debt of sin, etc. So the problem is that modalism diminishes the humanity of Jesus and his solidarity with us.
  zh: 如果他不是我们中的一员，他就不能在十字架上代表我们，他就不能偿还我们的罪债，等等。所以问题是，形态论削弱了耶稣的人性和他与我们的团结。
- start: 1686.899
  end: 1692.679
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is why you cannot baptize in alternative formulas.
  zh: 这就是为什么你不能用替代公式施洗。
- start: 1692.679
  end: 1698.582
  speaker: unknown
  en: You must baptize using the formula in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 你必须使用奉圣父、圣子和圣灵的名的公式施洗。
- start: 1698.582
  end: 1716.051
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because if you try to use modalist formulas like Creator, Redeemer, Sustainer, what you're saying, what you're implying, what you're teaching people when you do that is that only the first person of the Trinity is the Creator and the second person is not, which is not true.
  zh: 因为如果你试图使用形态论的公式，如创造者、救赎者、维持者，你所说的，你所暗示的，你在这样做时所教导人的是，只有三位一体的第一位格是创造者，第二位格不是，这是不正确的。
- start: 1716.051
  end: 1719.092
  speaker: unknown
  en: Read John 1, all things were created through him.
  zh: 读约翰福音第一章，万物是借着他造的。
- start: 1719.244
  end: 1725.387
  speaker: unknown
  en: Or you're saying that only the second person is the Savior and the first person is not, which is not true.
  zh: 或者你在说只有第二位格是救主，第一位格不是，这也是不正确的。
- start: 1725.387
  end: 1727.008
  speaker: unknown
  en: Read the Exodus, right?
  zh: 读出埃及记，对吧？
- start: 1727.008
  end: 1740.714
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the point is that those alternative formulas for the Trinity, like Creator, Redeemer, Sustainer, or Sanctifier, something like that, those alternative formulas are actually the heresy of modalism.
  zh: 所以重点是，那些三位一体的替代公式，如创造者、救赎者、维持者或圣化者之类的，这些替代公式实际上是形态论的异端。
- start: 1740.714
  end: 1752.406
  speaker: unknown
  en: And what they do, whether intended or not, is diminish or deny the humanity of Jesus  And his solidarity with us and his ability to be our Savior.
  zh: 无论是有意还是无意，它们所做的是削弱或否认耶稣的人性，以及他与我们的团结和他作为我们救主的能力。
- start: 1752.406
  end: 1760.77
  speaker: unknown
  en: So you cannot baptize in those alternative formulas or you are engaging in an invalid baptism.
  zh: 所以你不能用那些替代公式施洗，否则你就是在进行无效的洗礼。
- start: 1760.77
  end: 1761.95
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's just not a baptism.
  zh: 这根本就不是洗礼。
- start: 1761.95
  end: 1764.612
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so that is a huge problem.
  zh: 所以这是一个巨大的问题。
- start: 1764.612
  end: 1765.792
  speaker: unknown
  en: So don't do that.
  zh: 所以不要这样做。
- start: 1765.812
  end: 1772.195
  speaker: unknown
  en: Always baptize in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as it's supposed to be.
  zh: 总是要奉圣父、圣子和圣灵的名施洗，正如它应该的那样。
- start: 1772.195
  end: 1779.69
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, so now let's talk about orthodoxy  In opposition to the two extremes.
  zh: 好的，现在让我们来谈谈正统信仰，它与这两个极端相对。
- start: 1781.69
  end: 1789.112
  speaker: unknown
  en: And remember, it is not that the heresies came first and orthodoxy came along later to try to create a compromise.
  zh: 记住，并不是异端先出现，然后正统信仰后来才出现试图创造一个妥协。
- start: 1789.332
  end: 1791.893
  speaker: unknown
  en: No, orthodoxy came first.
  zh: 不，正统信仰是最先出现的。
- start: 1791.893
  end: 1809.715
  speaker: unknown
  en: The heresies are alternatives in opposition to orthodoxy, but then orthodoxy at every stage in the development of doctrine is sort of forced to clarify  What correct teaching is in opposition to the heresies, which are the extremes on the outside.
  zh: 异端是与正统信仰相对的替代选择，但在教义发展的每个阶段，正统信仰都被迫澄清什么是正确的教导，以对抗那些极端的异端。
- start: 1809.715
  end: 1822.283
  speaker: unknown
  en: So orthodoxy, as opposed to adoptionism on one side and modalism on the other, orthodoxy has that balance of unity and distinction in the Trinity.
  zh: 所以正统信仰，与一边的嗣子论和另一边的形态论相对，在三位一体中保持了合一性和区别性的平衡。
- start: 1822.283
  end: 1825.245
  speaker: unknown
  en: God is one, but God is also three.
  zh: 神是一，但神也是三。
- start: 1825.245
  end: 1831.589
  speaker: unknown
  en: The three persons of the Trinity are all the same substance, divinity, power, eternity.
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格都是同一实体、神性、能力和永恒。
- start: 1831.621
  end: 1839.766
  speaker: unknown
  en: And yet there are things that make the Father different from the Son and the Son different from the Spirit.
  zh: 然而有些东西使圣父与圣子不同，圣子与圣灵不同。
- start: 1839.766
  end: 1841.868
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're going to talk about those things later.
  zh: 我们稍后会讨论这些。
- start: 1841.868
  end: 1858.311
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that if adoptionism leans too hard into the separation, into the distinction between the persons, and modalism leans too hard into the unity of the persons, orthodoxy has that balance of unity and distinction.
  zh: 但重点是，如果嗣子论过分强调分离，强调位格之间的区别，而形态论过分强调位格的合一，那么正统信仰则保持了合一性和区别性的平衡。
- start: 1858.311
  end: 1864.236
  speaker: unknown
  en: The oneness of God does not take away the fact that there are three divine persons.
  zh: 神的一体性并不否定有三个神圣位格的事实。
- start: 1864.236
  end: 1872.503
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the threeness of the divine persons does not at all diminish the unity of the fact that there is only one God.
  zh: 而神圣位格的三位性也丝毫不减少只有一位神这一事实的合一性。
- start: 1872.503
  end: 1881.71
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the three persons of the Trinity are one, but not one in the same, distinct, but not separate.
  zh: 所以三位一体的三个位格是一体的，但不是完全相同的，是有区别的，但不是分离的。
- start: 1881.71
  end: 1895.989
  speaker: unknown
  en: And these are words that I want you to use in your essays and in your teaching because  What we say, the words we choose, they teach and they convey meaning, and we need to be as precise as possible.
  zh: 这些是我希望你们在论文和教学中使用的词，因为我们所说的，我们选择的词，它们教导并传达意义，我们需要尽可能精确。
- start: 1895.989
  end: 1907.858
  speaker: unknown
  en: You may remember when we started this whole class, that's one of the things I said, is that we are going after precision in the way we articulate doctrine, in the way we teach these things to people.
  zh: 你可能记得当我们开始这整个课程时，我说的其中一件事是，我们在阐述教义的方式上，在我们教导人们这些事情的方式上，追求精确性。
- start: 1907.858
  end: 1914.423
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, God is one, but the three persons of the Trinity are not one and the same.
  zh: 所以，神是一，但三位一体的三个位格不是完全相同的。
- start: 1914.443
  end: 1916.823
  speaker: unknown
  en: There are distinctions between them.
  zh: 它们之间有区别。
- start: 1916.823
  end: 1925.37
  speaker: unknown
  en: The three persons of the Trinity are distinct, but they're not separate, because the word separate would imply not enough unity, right?
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格是有区别的，但它们不是分离的，因为「分离」这个词会暗示合一性不够，对吧？
- start: 1925.37
  end: 1926.671
  speaker: unknown
  en: So this is what we're looking for.
  zh: 所以这就是我们所寻求的。
- start: 1926.671
  end: 1930.355
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're looking for that balance of unity and distinction.
  zh: 我们寻求的是合一性和区别性的平衡。
- start: 1930.355
  end: 1937.46
  speaker: unknown
  en: And remember, it is precisely the hierarchy within the Trinity that preserves the balance.
  zh: 记住，正是三位一体内部的等级制度保持了这种平衡。
- start: 1937.501
  end: 1944.011
  speaker: unknown
  en: One of the reasons we know there has to be a hierarchy in the Trinity is to oppose modalism.
  zh: 我们知道三位一体中必须有等级制度的原因之一是为了反对形态论。
- start: 1944.011
  end: 1950.593
  speaker: unknown
  en: you take away the hierarchy in the Trinity and you either end up with modalism or you end up with polytheism.
  zh: 如果你去掉三位一体中的等级制度，你要么最终得到形态论，要么最终得到多神论。
- start: 1950.593
  end: 1957.914
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the hierarchy in the Trinity is actually what guarantees this balance of unity and distinction, right?
  zh: 所以三位一体中的等级制度实际上是保证这种合一性和区别性平衡的东西，对吧？
- start: 1957.914
  end: 1963.736
  speaker: unknown
  en: In terms of unity, it is not a hierarchy of divinity or power, right?
  zh: 就合一性而言，这不是神性或能力的等级制度，对吧？
- start: 1963.736
  end: 1970.497
  speaker: unknown
  en: All three persons of the Trinity are equally divine, the same divinity, the same eternity, the same power.
  zh: 三位一体的三个位格同样具有神性，相同的神性，相同的永恒，相同的能力。
- start: 1970.617
  end: 1975.307
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it is a hierarchy of authority  In which there are distinctions.
  zh: 但这是一个权威的等级制度，其中存在区别。
- start: 1975.408
  end: 1981.912
  speaker: unknown
  en: First of all, the eternal distinction of the fact that only the first person of the Trinity is unbegotten.
  zh: 首先，永恒的区别在于只有三位一体的第一位格是非受生的。
- start: 1982.192
  end: 1986.014
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the second person of the Trinity is begotten or generated.
  zh: 只有三位一体的第二位格是受生或被生的。
- start: 1986.095
  end: 1990.658
  speaker: unknown
  en: Only the second person of the Trinity became human, is incarnate.
  zh: 只有三位一体的第二位格成为人，道成肉身。
- start: 1991.238
  end: 2001.345
  speaker: unknown
  en: So these are the things that describe the distinctions between the persons of the Trinity and that help us understand the hierarchy in the Trinity.
  zh: 所以这些是描述三位一体位格之间区别的东西，它们帮助我们理解三位一体中的等级制度。
- start: 2001.826
  end: 2012.247
  speaker: unknown
  en: Finally,  The doctrine of eternal generation is so important with regard to orthodoxy opposing the two heresies on either side.
  zh: 最后，永恒生成的教义在正统信仰反对两边的异端方面非常重要。
- start: 2012.247
  end: 2020.691
  speaker: unknown
  en: Eternal generation is that eternal state of being which is the relationship between the father and son, right?
  zh: 永恒生成是指圣父和圣子之间那种永恒的存在状态的关系，对吧？
- start: 2020.731
  end: 2028.635
  speaker: unknown
  en: It is a relationship of equality in the sense that father and son are both equally eternal.
  zh: 这是一种平等的关系，因为圣父和圣子都同样是永恒的。
- start: 2028.635
  end: 2031.156
  speaker: unknown
  en: One didn't come first and the other one comes later, none of that.
  zh: 不是一个先来，另一个后来，都不是这样的。
- start: 2031.491
  end: 2038.653
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it is also a relationship of hierarchy because the Son is generated from the Father and not the other way around.
  zh: 但这也是一种等级关系，因为圣子是由圣父所生，而不是反过来。
- start: 2038.713
  end: 2047.656
  speaker: unknown
  en: So this doctrine of eternal generation is extremely important for really nailing that balance of unity and distinction.
  zh: 所以这个永恒生成的教义对于真正确立合一性和区别性的平衡极其重要。
- start: 2048.856
  end: 2060.62
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I should say, as a kind of aside, when I say it's a balance of unity and distinction, there is still a priority of the unity over the distinction.
  zh: 现在，我应该说，作为一种附带说明，当我说这是合一性和区别性的平衡时，合一性仍然优先于区别性。
- start: 2060.62
  end: 2096.497
  speaker: unknown
  en: So in other words,  God is still one after all, and at the end of the day, right, the unity has a certain priority over the distinction, so that when we're speaking of God, for example, unless we are speaking specifically about the three persons of the Trinity and ways in which they may be distinct from each other, unless there's a real reason to, we would not use plural pronouns for God, because to, for example, to call God they,  Just in a general sense, diminishes the unity in a way that's undesirable.
  zh: 换句话说，神毕竟仍然是一，最终，对吧，合一性在某种程度上优先于区别性，所以当我们谈论神时，例如，除非我们特别谈论三位一体的三个位格以及它们彼此之间可能有的区别，除非有真正的理由，我们不会为神使用复数代词，因为例如，把神称为「他们」，仅仅从一般意义上说，就以一种不合适的方式削弱了合一性。
- start: 2096.497
  end: 2104.359
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we don't want to use plural pronouns for God unless we're speaking specifically of the three persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 所以除非我们特别谈论三位一体的三个位格，否则我们不想为神使用复数代词。
- start: 2104.359
  end: 2110.48
  speaker: unknown
  en: Like I might say, you know, the three persons of the Trinity, they are all eternal.
  zh: 比如我可能会说，你知道，三位一体的三个位格，他们都是永恒的。
- start: 2110.54
  end: 2117.621
  speaker: unknown
  en: But if I say, you know, God is eternal, I'm not going to use a plural pronoun with that.
  zh: 但如果我说，你知道，神是永恒的，我就不会用复数代词。
- start: 2117.621
  end: 2118.922
  speaker: unknown
  en: So I hope that makes sense.
  zh: 所以我希望这说得通。
- start: 2118.922
  end: 2121.122
  speaker: unknown
  en: So finally, just to summarize, right?
  zh: 所以最后，就是总结一下，对吧？
- start: 2121.818
  end: 2130.344
  speaker: unknown
  en: In modalism, you have so much unity that there's no distinction anymore between the persons of the Trinity.
  zh: 在形态论中，合一性如此之强，以至于三位一体的位格之间不再有区别。
- start: 2130.585
  end: 2139.211
  speaker: unknown
  en: The distinction is only reduced to labels based on what God is doing at any given moment, but it's not a real distinction.
  zh: 区别只是被简化为基于神在任何特定时刻所做的事情的标签，但这不是真正的区别。
- start: 2139.392
  end: 2146.317
  speaker: unknown
  en: In adoptionism, you have so much distinction between the Father and Son, especially that the Son isn't divine anymore.
  zh: 在嗣子论中，圣父和圣子之间的区别如此之大，特别是圣子不再是神性的。
- start: 2146.397
  end: 2149.879
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's a distinction all the way to the point of separation.
  zh: 这是一种一直到分离程度的区别。
- start: 2150.58
  end: 2156.155
  speaker: unknown
  en: In orthodoxy,  The three persons of the Trinity are distinct, but not separate.
  zh: 在正统信仰中，三位一体的三个位格是有区别的，但不是分离的。
- start: 2156.316
  end: 2158.516
  speaker: unknown
  en: Distinct, but not separate.
  zh: 有区别，但不分离。
- start: 2158.817
  end: 2161.597
  speaker: unknown
  en: One, but not one in the same.
  zh: 是一，但不是完全相同的一。
- start: 2162.378
  end: 2173.062
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, to be fair, the modalists and the adoptionists are probably just as concerned about maintaining monotheism as the Orthodox.
  zh: 现在，公平地说，形态论者和嗣子论者可能和正统信仰一样关心维护一神论。
- start: 2173.062
  end: 2174.943
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's just that they do it wrong.
  zh: 只是他们做错了。
- start: 2174.943
  end: 2176.463
  speaker: unknown
  en: They do it in a different way.
  zh: 他们用不同的方式做。
- start: 2176.883
  end: 2181.685
  speaker: unknown
  en: To the modalists, God is one because the Son is the Father.
  zh: 对形态论者来说，神是一，因为圣子就是圣父。
- start: 2181.994
  end: 2188.597
  speaker: unknown
  en: To the adoptionists, God is one because Jesus is not God, the Son is not divine.
  zh: 对嗣子论者来说，神是一，因为耶稣不是神，圣子不是神性的。
- start: 2189.697
  end: 2206.024
  speaker: unknown
  en: To the Orthodox, God is one because of the doctrine of consubstantiality, because even though there are three divine persons, they own together, that is, they share the one divine substance.
  zh: 对正统信仰来说，神是一，因为同质同体的教义，因为即使有三个神圣位格，他们共同拥有，也就是说，他们共享一个神圣实体。
- start: 2206.024
  end: 2219.186
  speaker: unknown
  en: There is only a single divine substance which the three persons  share, not share in the sense of divvy up, but own together, and that is the one God.
  zh: 只有一个神圣实体，三个位格共享，不是分割的意义上的共享，而是共同拥有，这就是独一的神。
- start: 2219.186
  end: 2225.948
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so again, I would say that the oneness has a certain priority even over the threeness.
  zh: 所以再说一遍，我会说一体性甚至比三位性有某种优先性。
- start: 2225.948
  end: 2240.692
  speaker: unknown
  en: But I hope this helps you understand why adoptionism on one side and modalism on the other are both heresies, and why orthodoxy is the middle way, not in the sense of a compromise, but in the sense of that place of balance.
  zh: 但我希望这能帮助你理解为什么一边的嗣子论和另一边的形态论都是异端，以及为什么正统信仰是中庸之道，不是妥协的意义上，而是平衡点的意义上。
- start: 2240.692
  end: 2249.238
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the sense of that both-and answer to the question and rejecting any kind of simplistic either-or answer.
  zh: 在对问题的「两者兼具」的回答的意义上，拒绝任何简单化的「非此即彼」的回答。
- start: 2249.559
  end: 2259.568
  speaker: unknown
  en: Finally, I'll just say that if it seems like I went through this material really fast, it might be because you haven't actually carefully read the chapters in the book.
  zh: 最后，我只想说，如果看起来我讲这些材料讲得很快，可能是因为你实际上没有仔细阅读书中的章节。
- start: 2259.568
  end: 2263.229
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the point of this is to highlight what you've already read.
  zh: 所以这样做的目的是强调你已经读过的内容。
- start: 2263.229
  end: 2266.849
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you haven't read it yet, okay, now go back and read it.
  zh: 如果你还没有读过，好的，现在回去读一读。
- start: 2266.849
  end: 2270.95
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if you need to watch this video again, but all the stuff is in the book.
  zh: 如果你需要再看一遍这个视频，但所有的内容都在书里。
- start: 2270.95
  end: 2275.911
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if it feels like I raced through this, it's because I didn't want the video to be too long.
  zh: 所以如果感觉我讲得太快，那是因为我不想让视频太长。
- start: 2275.991
  end: 2280.372
  speaker: unknown
  en: And now I'm making it longer by talking about not wanting it to be long.
  zh: 现在我通过谈论不想让它变长而让它变得更长了。
- start: 2280.372
  end: 2294.222
  speaker: unknown
  en: Just remember the chart on page 282 in this book is going to help you visually see how all of this  Hey, thanks for watching this video all the way to the end.
  zh: 只要记住，这本书第282页的图表会帮助你直观地看到所有这些内容。嘿，感谢你看完这个视频。
- start: 2294.222
  end: 2295.723
  speaker: unknown
  en: I really appreciate that.
  zh: 我真的很感谢。
- start: 2295.723
  end: 2302.344
  speaker: unknown
  en: Please share this video with your friends, and please join me in the original church community on Locals.com.
  zh: 请与你的朋友分享这个视频，并请在Locals.com上加入我的原始教会社区。
- start: 2302.344
  end: 2306.825
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't forget that if you join the original church community on Locals.com,
  zh: 别忘了，如果你在Locals.com上加入原始教会社区，
- start: 2306.825
  end: 2311.827
  speaker: unknown
  en: you can join me each week for a live, in-depth, chronological Bible study.
  zh: 你可以每周加入我的实时、深入、按时间顺序进行的圣经研究。
- start: 2311.827
  end: 2315.488
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's livestreamed every Saturday, but you can watch it later if you're not available.
  zh: 每周六都会直播，但如果你没空的话可以稍后观看。
- start: 2315.488
  end: 2317.887
  speaker: unknown
  en: So join me for that, and I'll see you there.
  zh: 所以加入我吧，我们那里见。
- start: 2317.887
  end: 2318.751
  speaker: unknown
  en: I hope to see you there.
  zh: 我希望在那里见到你。
- start: 2318.751
  end: 2320.597
  speaker: unknown
  en: I hope to see you there.
  zh: 我希望在那里见到你。
- start: 2320.62
  end: 2321.383
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I'll see you there.
  zh: 我们那里见。
