- start: 1.381
  end: 20.473
  speaker: unknown
  en: And welcome back to History of Christian Thought and Practice 1. We're in the second century now, and for the first class tonight, for the first hour or so, we're going to talk about the theological and Christological debate as it was in the second century.
  zh: 欢迎回到「基督教思想与实践史1」。我们现在进入了第二世纪，今晚的第一堂课，大约一个小时左右，我们将讨论第二世纪的神学和基督论辩论。
- start: 20.473
  end: 28.598
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, there is a handout, both on Blackboard and in your supplemental readings book, and I'm just double checking exactly what the title of that handout is.
  zh: 现在，在黑板上和你们的补充阅读材料中都有一份讲义，我正在再次确认那份讲义的确切标题。
- start: 28.598
  end: 31.079
  speaker: unknown
  en: I think it's Second Century Christology.
  zh: 我想它的标题是「第二世纪基督论」。
- start: 33.261
  end: 53.708
  speaker: unknown
  en: The way I see it, Christology is the understanding of Christ, okay, fair enough, but it's also about theology, the understanding of God as a trinity, and those two issues, theology and Christology, are so interdependent that it's very difficult to separate them as if they're two different things.
  zh: 在我看来，基督论是对基督的理解，好的，这很公平，但它也涉及神学，即对神作为三位一体的理解，这两个问题，神学和基督论，是如此相互依存，以至于很难将它们分开看待，好像它们是两件不同的事。
- start: 53.708
  end: 61.31
  speaker: unknown
  en: For our purposes in here, it doesn't matter to me whether you think of it in terms of Christology or Trinitarian theology.
  zh: 就我们的目的而言，你是从基督论还是三位一体神学的角度来思考这个问题对我来说并不重要。
- start: 62.778
  end: 67.661
  speaker: unknown
  en: The two are evolving and developing simultaneously.
  zh: 这两者是同时演变和发展的。
- start: 67.661
  end: 80.549
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the second century, what you're going to see, and again, if you want to have that handout in front of you, that's fine, what you're going to see is the next evolution after what we talked about when we started last week with the first century.
  zh: 在第二世纪，你将看到的是，再次强调，如果你想把那份讲义放在面前，那也很好，你将看到的是我们上周开始讨论第一世纪时所谈到的内容之后的下一个演变。
- start: 80.549
  end: 85.932
  speaker: unknown
  en: I'm going to start here with a group called the Ebionites.
  zh: 我将从一个被称为依比昂派的群体开始。
- start: 89.934
  end: 97.061
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now,  The word Ebionite means, or comes from a word meaning the poor one.
  zh: 现在，「依比昂」这个词的意思是，或者来源于一个意为「贫穷者」的词。
- start: 97.061
  end: 100.386
  speaker: unknown
  en: So that's sort of how you translate it, the poor one.
  zh: 所以这就是你如何翻译它的方式，「贫穷者」。
- start: 100.446
  end: 104.392
  speaker: unknown
  en: And there was a group within the early church who called themselves this.
  zh: 在早期教会中有一个群体称自己为这个名字。
- start: 104.392
  end: 106.414
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is a name they chose for themselves.
  zh: 这是他们为自己选择的名字。
- start: 106.414
  end: 114.818
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, just so you realize, most of our so-called heretical groups don't get the luxury of naming themselves.
  zh: 现在，你要知道，我们所谓的大多数异端群体并没有为自己命名的奢侈。
- start: 114.818
  end: 117.6
  speaker: unknown
  en: Most of them get labeled by the mainstream.
  zh: 他们中的大多数都是被主流贴上标签的。
- start: 117.6
  end: 128.10399999999998
  speaker: unknown
  en: But in this case, this is the name that they chose for themselves because they saw themselves as following in Jesus' footsteps as voluntarily poor.
  zh: 但在这种情况下，这是他们为自己选择的名字，因为他们认为自己是跟随耶稣的脚步，自愿贫穷。
- start: 128.385
  end: 140.0
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, within the church, though, within the writings that you're looking at,  The term Ebionite comes to be applied as sort of an umbrella term for all early adoptionists.
  zh: 现在，在教会内部，在你所看的著作中，「依比昂派」这个词被用作所有早期采纳论者的总称。
- start: 140.0
  end: 145.703
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so we have no way of knowing who would have called themselves an Ebionite and who might not have.
  zh: 因此，我们无法知道谁会称自己为依比昂派，谁可能不会。
- start: 145.703
  end: 155.327
  speaker: unknown
  en: And just as is always the case when we talk about these heretical groups, we're lumping a lot of people together who would not have all agreed with each other.
  zh: 就像我们谈论这些异端群体时总是这样，我们把许多彼此并不完全认同的人归为一类。
- start: 155.347
  end: 163.23
  speaker: unknown
  en: So again, even within the groups that we talk about, you can't assume that they're sort of theologically homogenous.
  zh: 所以再次强调，即使在我们讨论的群体内部，你也不能假设他们在神学上是同质的。
- start: 163.574
  end: 171.418
  speaker: unknown
  en: But we create these conceptual groups in our heads so that we can understand where they're coming from, more or less.
  zh: 但我们在头脑中创造这些概念性的群体，以便我们或多或少地理解他们的来源。
- start: 171.418
  end: 184.67
  speaker: unknown
  en: But you'll notice, depending on some of the documents you'll read, some of the mainstream or so-called orthodox writers don't even get that these folks called themselves this.
  zh: 但你会注意到，根据你将要阅读的一些文件，一些主流或所谓的正统作家甚至不知道这些人自称为这个名字。
- start: 184.67
  end: 192.376
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's a tradition after a while that they must have been named after somebody named Evian, like as if there was a guy named Evian who started this movement.
  zh: 过了一段时间后，有一种传统认为他们一定是以一个叫依比昂的人命名的，就好像有一个叫依比昂的人开始了这个运动。
- start: 192.376
  end: 193.377
  speaker: unknown
  en: And that's not true.
  zh: 但这并不是真的。
- start: 193.377
  end: 197.66
  speaker: unknown
  en: There was no guy named Evian.
  zh: 没有一个叫依比昂的人。
- start: 197.66
  end: 200.963
  speaker: unknown
  en: So there are different ideas about how this started.
  zh: 所以关于这是如何开始的，有不同的看法。
- start: 201.544
  end: 212.132
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, you may have noticed when you were reading Ignatius' letters that he refers to the Evianites as the legacy of the Judaizers.
  zh: 现在，你可能在阅读伊格那丢的书信时注意到，他把依比昂派称为犹太化者的遗产。
- start: 212.132
  end: 221.516
  speaker: unknown
  en: So remember we talked about the Judaizers last week  If you'll notice, they're on the same side of the chart as the Judaizers in the first century.
  zh: 所以记住我们上周讨论过犹太化者。如果你注意到，他们在图表上与第一世纪的犹太化者处于同一侧。
- start: 224.117
  end: 237.624
  speaker: unknown
  en: While we don't know a lot about the Judaizers, they seem to have been a group that would have emphasized the humanity of Jesus, probably diminishing any idea of his divinity.
  zh: 虽然我们对犹太化者知之甚少，但他们似乎是一个强调耶稣人性的群体，可能会削弱他神性的任何观念。
- start: 237.624
  end: 242.726
  speaker: unknown
  en: When we get into the second century, that really comes to the forefront.
  zh: 当我们进入第二世纪时，这个问题真正成为了焦点。
- start: 243.345
  end: 253.629
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Ebionites are going to be the ones who accept the humanity of Jesus, but deny any divinity or divine nature of Jesus.
  zh: 依比昂派将成为那些接受耶稣人性但否认耶稣任何神性或神圣本质的人。
- start: 253.889
  end: 261.032
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, according to the early Christian writers, their origins go back to the Jerusalem church.
  zh: 根据早期基督教作家的说法，他们的起源可以追溯到耶路撒冷教会。
- start: 261.032
  end: 263.633
  speaker: unknown
  en: But again, we don't really have any concrete evidence of that.
  zh: 但再次强调，我们并没有任何具体的证据证明这一点。
- start: 263.633
  end: 274.64
  speaker: unknown
  en: That may be simply based on the fact that  Within the letters of Paul, the Judaizers are said to have come from the Jerusalem church, certain men from James.
  zh: 这可能仅仅基于这样一个事实：在保罗的书信中，犹太化者据说来自耶路撒冷教会，是雅各派来的某些人。
- start: 275.821
  end: 283.107
  speaker: unknown
  en: According to the story, the Ebionites emerged as a true sect after the fall of Jerusalem.
  zh: 根据这个说法，依比昂派是在耶路撒冷陷落后才作为一个真正的教派出现的。
- start: 283.368
  end: 299.619
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, 70 CE, Jerusalem falls, and we have a situation  When Jerusalem falls in 70 and the Temple is destroyed, the sacrificial system goes away.
  zh: 因此，公元70年，耶路撒冷陷落，我们面临这样一种情况：当耶路撒冷在70年陷落，圣殿被毁，祭祀制度就消失了。
- start: 300.42
  end: 307.464
  speaker: unknown
  en: Judaism, as a religion, is kind of stuck trying to figure out how to move forward.
  zh: 犹太教作为一种宗教，在某种程度上陷入困境，试图弄清楚如何向前发展。
- start: 307.564
  end: 316.509
  speaker: unknown
  en: If one of the central parts of its religion is now gone, sacrifices, what is going to replace it?
  zh: 如果它宗教的核心部分之一，即祭祀，现在消失了，那么什么将取而代之？
- start: 316.678
  end: 323.24
  speaker: unknown
  en: And for most Jews, what replaces the sacrifices is the Torah, the written word of God.
  zh: 对大多数犹太人来说，取代祭祀的是妥拉，即神的成文道。
- start: 323.42
  end: 334.884
  speaker: unknown
  en: And for a minority of Jews, of course, who become known as Christians eventually, what replaces the sacrifices and the temple is the person of Jesus.
  zh: 当然，对于最终被称为基督徒的少数犹太人来说，取代祭祀和圣殿的是耶稣这个人。
- start: 334.884
  end: 344.427
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, there's a strain within the New Testament even and beyond that basically says that Jesus, the person of Jesus, replaces the temple.
  zh: 事实上，在新约中甚至更广泛的范围内，都有一种观点基本上说耶稣，耶稣这个人，取代了圣殿。
- start: 344.622
  end: 354.225
  speaker: unknown
  en: And you can see that in the Gospels, you know, the whole thing about, you know, tear this temple down and rebuild it in three days as a reference to his own death and resurrection.
  zh: 你可以在福音书中看到这一点，你知道，整个关于「拆毁这殿，三日内我要再建立起来」的说法，是指他自己的死亡和复活。
- start: 354.225
  end: 359.206
  speaker: unknown
  en: But they want to stone him because they think he's, you know, talking about the destruction of the temple.
  zh: 但他们想用石头打死他，因为他们认为他在谈论毁坏圣殿。
- start: 359.206
  end: 362.547
  speaker: unknown
  en: Even though he sees that coming, he knows that it's coming.
  zh: 尽管他预见到这一点，他知道这将要发生。
- start: 362.547
  end: 373.68
  speaker: unknown
  en: Alright, so the Ebionites then would have accepted the idea of Jesus as somehow Messiah or a prophet.
  zh: 好的，所以依比昂派会接受耶稣某种程度上是弥赛亚或先知的观念。
- start: 373.68
  end: 379.103
  speaker: unknown
  en: But in the sense that he's really a mere human and not in any sense really divine.
  zh: 但在他们看来，他只是一个普通人，而不是在任何意义上真正具有神性。
- start: 380.424
  end: 394.112
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so they would have rejected the birth narratives that we find at the beginning of Matthew and Luke's Gospels that describe the birth of Jesus in miraculous terms as, you know, a virgin birth.
  zh: 因此，他们会拒绝我们在马太福音和路加福音开头找到的那些描述耶稣诞生的神奇叙述，你知道，就是童贞女生子。
- start: 394.352
  end: 400.816
  speaker: unknown
  en: Or if they had their own stories of Jesus' birth, it would have downplayed the miraculous.
  zh: 或者如果他们有自己关于耶稣诞生的故事，也会淡化其中的神迹。
- start: 403.942
  end: 417.129
  speaker: unknown
  en: even connecting the idea of a virgin will conceive from the Isaiah passage, but interpreting that virgin as simply a young woman who nevertheless conceived in the usual way.
  zh: 甚至将以赛亚书中「童女怀孕」的概念联系起来，但将那个童女解释为一个以通常方式怀孕的年轻女子。
- start: 417.309
  end: 426.534
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, the Ebionites would have used their own versions of the apostolic documents.
  zh: 因此，依比昂派会使用他们自己版本的使徒文献。
- start: 426.534
  end: 436.039
  speaker: unknown
  en: Apparently they used Matthew's Gospel, but an edited version, no birth narrative,  possibly a version written in Hebrew or Aramaic.
  zh: 显然他们使用马太福音，但是经过编辑的版本，没有诞生叙述，可能是用希伯来语或亚兰语写的版本。
- start: 436.039
  end: 447.686
  speaker: unknown
  en: And actually, in the early sources, there's some discussion about whether Matthew's Gospel might have been written originally in Hebrew or Aramaic and then translated into Greek, although it's hard to say.
  zh: 实际上，在早期的资料中，有一些讨论关于马太福音是否最初是用希伯来语或亚兰语写成，然后翻译成希腊语，尽管很难确定。
- start: 449.247
  end: 457.433
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Ebionites would have rejected Paul's letters because he opposed the Judaizers, who are sort of their founders.
  zh: 依比昂派会拒绝保罗的书信，因为他反对犹太化者，而犹太化者某种程度上是他们的创始人。
- start: 457.493
  end: 471.456
  speaker: unknown
  en: They would have taught that Jesus was only a man, maybe a prophet like the Old Testament prophets,  But since he's a mere human, he is created, and therefore not pre-existent, as we get at the beginning of John's Gospel.
  zh: 他们会教导说耶稣只是一个人，可能是像旧约先知那样的先知，但既然他只是一个普通人，他是被造的，因此不是先存的，这与我们在约翰福音开头所读到的不同。
- start: 472.857
  end: 500.543
  speaker: unknown
  en: So rather than being the pre-existent Logos, who then becomes human, as we read in John's Gospel, the Ebionites understood Christ as being a mere human who was born in the usual way, but was rewarded, but basically achieved a kind of perfection,  Perfection of obedience to God and to God's law by personal discipline and by resisting temptation.
  zh: 所以，与其说是先存的道成为人，如我们在约翰福音中所读到的，依比昂派理解基督只是一个以通常方式出生的普通人，但他得到了奖赏，基本上达到了一种完美，通过个人修行和抵抗诱惑，达到了对神和神的律法的完全顺服。
- start: 500.543
  end: 508.525
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, because he was able to achieve this perfection, he was rewarded with the adoption as God's son.
  zh: 因此，由于他能够达到这种完美，他被赐予成为神的儿子的地位作为奖赏。
- start: 508.525
  end: 515.687
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, he is called a son of God, but by adoption.
  zh: 所以，他被称为神的儿子，但是通过收养的方式。
- start: 516.628
  end: 525.983
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this adoption would have taken place at his baptism, when, you know, as you read in the Gospels,  The Holy Spirit comes to him and he's anointed.
  zh: 这种收养会发生在他受洗时，你知道，正如你在福音书中读到的，圣灵降临在他身上，他被膏立。
- start: 526.983
  end: 534.586
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the way the Evianites would have read that is that this is the first time Jesus receives the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 因此，依比昂派会这样理解：这是耶稣第一次接受圣灵。
- start: 535.026
  end: 536.486
  speaker: unknown
  en: He receives the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 他接受了圣灵。
- start: 536.486
  end: 537.947
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's not a giver of the Spirit.
  zh: 他不是圣灵的赐予者。
- start: 537.947
  end: 539.887
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's a receiver of the Spirit.
  zh: 他是圣灵的接受者。
- start: 540.228
  end: 554.802
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's anointed in the sense that the Spirit has anointed him, but he becomes the Son of God or a son of God at his baptism  And for the Ebionites, it would not be appropriate to call him a son of God before his baptism.
  zh: 他被膏立是指圣灵膏立了他，但他在受洗时成为神的儿子或神的一个儿子。对依比昂派来说，在他受洗之前称他为神的儿子是不恰当的。
- start: 556.163
  end: 567.927
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, he sort of achieves a status of sonship in relationship to God, but it's not a status that was his by nature.
  zh: 因此，他某种程度上获得了与神的儿子关系的地位，但这不是他天生就有的地位。
- start: 567.927
  end: 572.608
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, there are a couple of variations on this.
  zh: 现在，这种观点有几种变体。
- start: 572.849
  end: 583.14
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's one called Spirit Christology,  And there's another one called Angel Christology.
  zh: 有一种被称为「圣灵基督论」，还有一种被称为「天使基督论」。
- start: 584.461
  end: 589.503
  speaker: unknown
  en: And you don't really necessarily need to know or worry about the nuances here too much.
  zh: 你不必太过担心或了解这些细微差别。
- start: 590.403
  end: 598.367
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it has to do with whether the Holy Spirit is...
  zh: 但这与圣灵是否...
- start: 598.727
  end: 606.611
  speaker: unknown
  en: For the Spirit Christology, the Holy Spirit is a divine element or a divine spirit who descends on Jesus at his baptism.
  zh: 对于圣灵基督论来说，圣灵是一个神圣的元素或神圣的灵，在耶稣受洗时降临在他身上。
- start: 606.611
  end: 607.431
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so...
  zh: 因此...
- start: 608.919
  end: 620.125
  speaker: unknown
  en: For the proponents of Spirit Christology, they might say that Jesus was a man, but the Christ Spirit was the Holy Spirit who came to him at his baptism.
  zh: 对于圣灵基督论的支持者来说，他们可能会说耶稣是一个人，但基督的灵是在他受洗时降临在他身上的圣灵。
- start: 620.806
  end: 625.528
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the catch is that the Spirit leaves him at the cross.
  zh: 但关键是，圣灵在十字架上离开了他。
- start: 625.949
  end: 631.152
  speaker: unknown
  en: So his anointing is just for this temporary period of time from his baptism to his crucifixion.
  zh: 所以他的膏立只是从受洗到被钉十字架这段暂时的时期。
- start: 631.152
  end: 636.415
  speaker: unknown
  en: But when Jesus cries from the cross, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
  zh: 但当耶稣在十字架上呼喊「我的神，我的神，为什么离弃我」时？
- start: 637.304
  end: 640.426
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's the moment at which the Holy Spirit left him.
  zh: 那就是圣灵离开他的时刻。
- start: 641.527
  end: 651.813
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, for proponents of spirit Christology, there is a divine element to Christ, but it's the Holy Spirit who fills him or indwells him.
  zh: 因此，对于圣灵基督论的支持者来说，基督确实有神圣的元素，但那是充满他或内住在他里面的圣灵。
- start: 652.614
  end: 666.067
  speaker: unknown
  en: For angel Christology, they might talk about the Holy Spirit as an angel, or they might talk about Jesus as an angel, but in a sense, an angel is still a created being.
  zh: 对于天使基督论，他们可能会将圣灵描述为一个天使，或者将耶稣描述为一个天使，但从某种意义上说，天使仍然是一个被造的存在。
- start: 666.067
  end: 672.251
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, we're still diminishing the divinity of Christ and emphasizing that he's created.
  zh: 所以，我们仍然在削弱基督的神性，强调他是被造的。
- start: 672.251
  end: 688.421
  speaker: unknown
  en: Proponents of angel Christology may have accepted the idea of a miraculous or virginal birth of Christ, but again, they would have denied any real pre-existence to Christ and any real resurrection.
  zh: 天使基督论的支持者可能接受基督神奇或童贞诞生的观念，但他们仍然会否认基督有任何真正的先存性和任何真正的复活。
- start: 689.022
  end: 695.293
  speaker: unknown
  en: For the Nebionites in general, the resurrection is not a bodily resurrection or a real resurrection in any sense.
  zh: 对依比昂派来说，复活既不是身体的复活，也不是任何意义上的真实复活。
- start: 695.293
  end: 698.554
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's really just a metaphor for eternal life.
  zh: 它实际上只是永生的一个比喻。
- start: 699.554
  end: 713.677
  speaker: unknown
  en: So to say that Jesus was raised is to say the same thing as to say that Jesus went to heaven, that he received eternal life at the end of his life.
  zh: 所以说耶稣复活就等同于说耶稣升天，他在生命结束时获得了永生。
- start: 716.858
  end: 729.525
  speaker: unknown
  en: Ultimately what's happening here though is that for the Ebionites, the difference between  Jesus and the rest of humanity is diminished.
  zh: 不过，这里最终发生的是，对依比昂派来说，耶稣和其他人类之间的差异被缩小了。
- start: 731.007
  end: 736.21
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, in other words, Jesus is really just one of us.
  zh: 换句话说，耶稣真的只是我们中的一员。
- start: 736.331
  end: 739.834
  speaker: unknown
  en: The difference between Jesus and God is increased.
  zh: 耶稣和神之间的差异被扩大了。
- start: 739.834
  end: 743.596
  speaker: unknown
  en: The distance and the difference between Jesus and God is increased.
  zh: 耶稣和神之间的距离和差异被扩大了。
- start: 744.778
  end: 745.859
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's not God.
  zh: 他不是神。
- start: 745.859
  end: 748.521
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's really one of us.
  zh: 他真的是我们中的一员。
- start: 748.521
  end: 750.703
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, a couple of ways to do this.
  zh: 再次强调，有几种方式来做到这一点。
- start: 750.703
  end: 755.426
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some of them might have separated the idea of Jesus from the concept of Christ.
  zh: 他们中的一些人可能将耶稣的概念与基督的概念分开。
- start: 755.567
  end: 758.289
  speaker: unknown
  en: As some divine or angelic being.
  zh: 作为某种神圣或天使般的存在。
- start: 758.569
  end: 766.095
  speaker: unknown
  en: But ultimately the point here is that this is not really an incarnation, this is an indwelling.
  zh: 但最终的要点是，这并不是真正的道成肉身，而是一种内住。
- start: 767.876
  end: 784.468
  speaker: unknown
  en: Whatever you think the divine or quasi-divine element in the person of Jesus Christ is, whether it's an angel or the Holy Spirit or whatever it is, ultimately for the Evianites, Jesus is a human being who is indwelt by this spirit or this element.
  zh: 无论你认为耶稣基督这个人身上的神圣或准神圣元素是什么，是天使还是圣灵或其他什么，对依比昂派来说，耶稣最终是一个被这个灵或这个元素内住的人。
- start: 785.416
  end: 790.138
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the same way that the prophets could have been said to have been filled with the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 就像人们可以说先知们被圣灵充满一样。
- start: 790.878
  end: 796.88
  speaker: unknown
  en: So Jesus becomes not really much different than one of the prophets.
  zh: 所以耶稣变得与先知们并没有太大的不同。
- start: 797.281
  end: 800.502
  speaker: unknown
  en: They were inspired, and he was inspired.
  zh: 他们被默示，他也被默示。
- start: 801.022
  end: 804.043
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it's an indwelling, not an incarnation.
  zh: 但这是内住，而不是道成肉身。
- start: 805.864
  end: 814.827
  speaker: unknown
  en: So he is a mere human who is rewarded with this  Elevated status.
  zh: 所以他只是一个普通人，被赐予了这种崇高的地位作为奖赏。
- start: 814.827
  end: 820.23
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's raised to an elevated status of adopted sonship.
  zh: 他被提升到一个被收养的儿子的崇高地位。
- start: 820.31
  end: 822.551
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, so notice what's happening here.
  zh: 现在，注意这里发生的事。
- start: 823.111
  end: 827.114
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's a human who receives an elevated status.
  zh: 他是一个获得崇高地位的人。
- start: 827.114
  end: 830.455
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is what we call a Christology of ascent.
  zh: 这就是我们所称的「上升基督论」。
- start: 832.697
  end: 834.677
  speaker: unknown
  en: A Christology of ascent.
  zh: 一种上升的基督论。
- start: 835.178
  end: 841.421
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is different from a Christology of descent, which we see in the Gospel of John, for example.
  zh: 这与我们在约翰福音中看到的「下降基督论」不同。
- start: 841.465
  end: 843.826
  speaker: unknown
  en: the Word became flesh.
  zh: 道成了肉身。
- start: 845.067
  end: 853.391
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the Gospel of John, which represents the mainstream, in the Gospel of John we see a divine being who becomes human.
  zh: 在代表主流的约翰福音中，我们看到一个成为人的神圣存在。
- start: 853.391
  end: 854.012
  speaker: unknown
  en: Descent.
  zh: 下降。
- start: 854.012
  end: 859.294
  speaker: unknown
  en: Starts out divine, acquires humanity.
  zh: 开始是神圣的，获得了人性。
- start: 859.295
  end: 866.559
  speaker: unknown
  en: What we've got here is the Christology of ascent, because it starts out mere human and acquires some elevated status.
  zh: 我们这里所看到的是上升基督论，因为它从普通人开始，获得了某种崇高的地位。
- start: 866.559
  end: 871.36
  speaker: unknown
  en: Not quite divinity, we'll get there, but we're not there yet.
  zh: 还不完全是神性，我们会达到那个程度，但现在还没有。
- start: 871.36
  end: 879.884
  speaker: unknown
  en: But in the second century, really, it's simply acquiring an elevated status as the adopted Son of God.
  zh: 但在第二世纪，实际上它只是获得了作为神的养子的崇高地位。
- start: 880.925
  end: 887.508
  speaker: unknown
  en: But this title, Son of God, is not something that Jesus has by nature.
  zh: 但这个「神的儿子」的称号，不是耶稣天生就有的。
- start: 887.508
  end: 891.75
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's something that he earned by perfectly obeying the law.
  zh: 这是他通过完全遵守律法而赢得的。
- start: 891.79
  end: 897.593
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in fact, the point is that anyone could have earned it.
  zh: 事实上，关键是任何人都可以赢得它。
- start: 898.408
  end: 903.111
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the Ebionites saw themselves as Christ in the making.
  zh: 因此，依比昂派认为自己正在成为基督。
- start: 903.252
  end: 910.236
  speaker: unknown
  en: They were moving on toward perfection and they expected to arrive at the point at which Christ had arrived.
  zh: 他们正在朝着完美前进，他们期望达到基督所达到的程度。
- start: 910.377
  end: 911.898
  speaker: unknown
  en: He is kind of the pioneer.
  zh: 他是某种先驱。
- start: 911.898
  end: 913.179
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's the trailblazer.
  zh: 他是开路先锋。
- start: 913.179
  end: 917.741
  speaker: unknown
  en: He's the one who did it first, but they expect to follow in his footsteps.
  zh: 他是第一个做到的人，但他们期望跟随他的脚步。
- start: 918.062
  end: 921.144
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's why they call themselves the Ebionites, the poor ones.
  zh: 这就是为什么他们称自己为依比昂派，「贫穷的人」。
- start: 921.144
  end: 925.607
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're following in his footsteps by following his example.
  zh: 他们通过效法他的榜样来跟随他的脚步。
- start: 926.475
  end: 930.458
  speaker: unknown
  en: Which, to them, means doing the works of the law.
  zh: 对他们来说，这意味着遵行律法的行为。
- start: 930.458
  end: 937.863
  speaker: unknown
  en: Just like the Judaizers, there would be an emphasis here on following the Jewish law and doing the works of the law.
  zh: 就像犹太化者一样，这里会强调遵循犹太律法和行律法的行为。
- start: 937.863
  end: 942.547
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's almost like saying, you know, Jesus saved himself and you can too.
  zh: 这几乎就像在说，你知道，耶稣拯救了自己，你也可以。
- start: 943.868
  end: 950.613
  speaker: unknown
  en: He did it first and the way you achieve salvation is by following his example.
  zh: 他是第一个做到的，你获得救恩的方式就是效法他的榜样。
- start: 951.214
  end: 958.379
  speaker: unknown
  en: Which means, his death for the Ebionites is not really an atonement in any sense, but it's an example to follow.
  zh: 这意味着，对依比昂派来说，他的死在任何意义上都不是真正的赎罪，而是一个需要效法的榜样。
- start: 959.16
  end: 969.266
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, salvation is not by divine intervention, but by human effort, and by the application of willpower.
  zh: 因此，救恩不是通过神的干预，而是通过人的努力和意志力的运用。
- start: 970.908
  end: 980.434
  speaker: unknown
  en: So ultimately, if you look at your handout, it summarizes that the Ebionites affirmed Christ's humanity, but denied any real divinity.
  zh: 所以最终，如果你看讲义，它总结说依比昂派肯定基督的人性，但否认任何真正的神性。
- start: 980.647
  end: 986.728
  speaker: unknown
  en: Which means that in practice, they would have rejected the practice of worshipping Jesus.
  zh: 这意味着在实践中，他们会拒绝敬拜耶稣的做法。
- start: 988.689
  end: 1006.552
  speaker: unknown
  en: And there's some evidence that they also rejected the use of wine in the Eucharist, so that if Jesus' blood isn't salvific in any sense of an atoning sacrifice, then some of them seem to have used just water in their Eucharist instead of wine.
  zh: 有一些证据表明，他们也拒绝在圣餐中使用酒。如果耶稣的血在任何赎罪祭的意义上都不具有救赎性，那么他们中的一些人似乎在圣餐中只使用水而不是酒。
- start: 1007.292
  end: 1010.133
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, questions about the Ebionites.
  zh: 现在，关于依比昂派的问题。
- start: 1012.412
  end: 1014.673
  speaker: unknown
  en: What about the idea of grace?
  zh: 恩典的概念怎么样？
- start: 1014.673
  end: 1016.474
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is why they didn't like Paul's letters.
  zh: 这就是为什么他们不喜欢保罗的书信。
- start: 1016.474
  end: 1018.196
  speaker: unknown
  en: Paul argues against this very position.
  zh: 保罗反对这种立场。
- start: 1018.196
  end: 1022.878
  speaker: unknown
  en: He says, if we are saved by the works of the law, why did Jesus die?
  zh: 他说，如果我们是靠律法的行为得救，耶稣为什么要死？
- start: 1022.878
  end: 1026.04
  speaker: unknown
  en: What's the point of the cross?
  zh: 十字架的意义是什么？
- start: 1039.529
  end: 1054.353
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is why to take this point of view is really to stay more in the camp of Judaism than Christianity, but to call Jesus Messiah or prophet.
  zh: 这就是为什么持这种观点实际上更多地停留在犹太教而不是基督教的阵营中，但仍称耶稣为弥赛亚或先知。
- start: 1055.833
  end: 1056.453
  speaker: unknown
  en: Good question though.
  zh: 不过，这是个好问题。
- start: 1056.453
  end: 1057.073
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yeah, Erin.
  zh: 是的，艾琳。
- start: 1057.073
  end: 1058.634
  speaker: unknown
  en: How do they identify themselves?
  zh: 他们如何认同自己？
- start: 1058.634
  end: 1063.595
  speaker: unknown
  en: Do we still find evidence of places that they worshipped?
  zh: 我们是否还能找到他们崇拜场所的证据？
- start: 1063.855
  end: 1074.039
  speaker: unknown
  en: No, because remember one of the things you have to keep in mind is  that for the most part, a lot of these so-called heretical groups were in the church.
  zh: 不，因为要记住你必须牢记的一点是，在大多数情况下，许多这些所谓的异端群体都在教会内部。
- start: 1074.039
  end: 1077.06
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean, that's why they're heretics, because they're in the church.
  zh: 我的意思是，这就是为什么他们是异端，因为他们在教会内部。
- start: 1077.06
  end: 1080.342
  speaker: unknown
  en: If they were completely outside the church, they'd be some other religion.
  zh: 如果他们完全在教会之外，他们就会是其他宗教。
- start: 1080.782
  end: 1083.043
  speaker: unknown
  en: So they consider themselves Christians.
  zh: 所以他们认为自己是基督徒。
- start: 1083.143
  end: 1087.426
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're worshiping in the church, in terms of within the church structure.
  zh: 就教会结构而言，他们在教会内部崇拜。
- start: 1087.426
  end: 1093.148
  speaker: unknown
  en: What we don't really know, because they don't seem to have left us any documents, or if they did, we don't have them.
  zh: 我们真的不知道，因为他们似乎没有留下任何文件，或者如果他们留下了，我们也没有。
- start: 1094.193
  end: 1100.235
  speaker: unknown
  en: There are hints about these other gospels they might have used, but we really don't have any of that.
  zh: 有一些暗示他们可能使用了其他福音书，但我们真的没有任何这样的文献。
- start: 1100.235
  end: 1112.959
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're not really sure what it would have looked like, but maybe if you have five house churches in a city, maybe one of them leaned in this direction.
  zh: 我们不太确定它会是什么样子，但也许如果一个城市有五个家庭教会，也许其中一个倾向于这个方向。
- start: 1112.959
  end: 1123.163
  speaker: unknown
  en: Maybe they leaned in that direction because the leader of that house church leaned in that direction and everyone just sort of went along with their pastor.
  zh: 也许他们倾向于那个方向是因为那个家庭教会的领袖倾向于那个方向，而每个人都只是跟随他们的牧师。
- start: 1125.165
  end: 1128.967
  speaker: unknown
  en: It might have been that there were whole towns.
  zh: 可能整个城镇都是这样。
- start: 1129.427
  end: 1136.67
  speaker: unknown
  en: Maybe there was a whole town that had five house churches, and all five of those house churches, including their bishop, leaned in this direction.
  zh: 也许有一个整个城镇有五个家庭教会，而这五个家庭教会，包括他们的主教，都倾向于这个方向。
- start: 1136.85
  end: 1152.696
  speaker: unknown
  en: But this is why when it becomes known, when writers like Ignatius become aware that this is going on, they start writing against it and trying to clarify, okay, well look folks, I hear you're doing this, but that's not right.
  zh: 但这就是为什么当这种情况被人知晓，当像伊格那丢这样的作家意识到这种情况正在发生时，他们开始写文章反对它并试图澄清，好吧，听着各位，我听说你们在这样做，但那是不对的。
- start: 1152.696
  end: 1156.498
  speaker: unknown
  en: Let's try to clarify what the  What the position of the church should be.
  zh: 让我们试着澄清教会的立场应该是什么。
- start: 1156.498
  end: 1175.723
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, again, this idea of heresy forcing orthodoxy to define itself is happening because people are out there coming up with these alternative Christologies and there's a mainstream that's also evolving that responds in reaction to that.
  zh: 所以，再次强调，这种异端迫使正统信仰定义自己的想法正在发生，因为人们正在提出这些替代的基督论，而主流也在不断发展，对此作出反应。
- start: 1175.923
  end: 1176.603
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yes?
  zh: 是的？
- start: 1176.603
  end: 1182.114
  speaker: unknown
  en: Do you think the whole idea of martyrdom  I see what you're saying.
  zh: 你认为殉道的整个概念...我明白你的意思。
- start: 1182.614
  end: 1183.455
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's a good question.
  zh: 这是个好问题。
- start: 1183.455
  end: 1185.095
  speaker: unknown
  en: They wouldn't see it that way.
  zh: 他们不会那样看待它。
- start: 1185.495
  end: 1213.467
  speaker: unknown
  en: I think across the board the idea was that if you die as a martyr, it's not that you're  Dying as a good work to earn your salvation.
  zh: 我认为普遍的观点是，如果你作为殉道者而死，这并不是你在通过一种善行来赚取你的救恩。
- start: 1213.868
  end: 1219.59
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's that you're refusing to deny your faith, which would cause you to lose your salvation.
  zh: 而是你拒绝否认你的信仰，否认信仰会导致你失去救恩。
- start: 1219.911
  end: 1222.472
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you deny your faith, you lose your salvation.
  zh: 如果你否认你的信仰，你就失去了救恩。
- start: 1222.632
  end: 1240.613
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, to your point, they also said that if you die for the faith, it's like a baptism in your own blood, and it washes away all your sins, because ultimately,  It all goes back to the stuff Jesus said about persecution.
  zh: 现在，就你的观点而言，他们也说如果你为信仰而死，这就像在你自己的血中受洗，它洗去了你所有的罪，因为最终，这一切都回到耶稣关于迫害所说的话。
- start: 1240.613
  end: 1245.077
  speaker: unknown
  en: He said, you know, if you deny me before people, I will deny you before my Father in Heaven.
  zh: 他说，你知道，如果你在人面前否认我，我也要在我天父面前否认你。
- start: 1245.077
  end: 1249.842
  speaker: unknown
  en: But if you acknowledge me before people, I will acknowledge you before my Father in Heaven.
  zh: 但如果你在人面前承认我，我也要在我天父面前承认你。
- start: 1249.842
  end: 1252.325
  speaker: unknown
  en: So it's like a promise from Jesus.
  zh: 所以这就像是耶稣的一个应许。
- start: 1252.325
  end: 1257.51
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you die as a martyr, you know, that's kind of guaranteed.
  zh: 如果你作为殉道者而死，你知道，那是某种程度上的保证。
- start: 1259.133
  end: 1266.777
  speaker: unknown
  en: They didn't really see it as a work, and within the mainstream church, for the most part, they were not encouraging people to speak after martyrdom.
  zh: 他们并不真的把它看作是一种行为，而且在主流教会中，大多数情况下，他们并不鼓励人们在殉道后说话。
- start: 1266.777
  end: 1269.238
  speaker: unknown
  en: It wasn't like everyone...
  zh: 并不是每个人都...
- start: 1269.238
  end: 1270.679
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some people did.
  zh: 有些人确实这样做了。
- start: 1270.679
  end: 1279.343
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some people who maybe felt like they had so much sin on their conscience they couldn't confess at all, were actually seeking martyrdom to try and get into heaven.
  zh: 一些可能感觉自己良心上有太多罪而无法忏悔的人，实际上在寻求殉道以试图进入天堂。
- start: 1279.343
  end: 1281.164
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the bishops were saying, no, don't do that.
  zh: 但主教们说，不，不要那样做。
- start: 1281.164
  end: 1284.706
  speaker: unknown
  en: Don't try to get yourself martyred.
  zh: 不要试图让自己殉道。
- start: 1285.29
  end: 1293.913
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, yeah, I mean, it could be that some people were thinking along those lines, but it wasn't really the official way that they were describing it or looking at it.
  zh: 所以，是的，我的意思是，可能有些人是沿着这些思路在思考，但这并不是他们官方描述或看待它的方式。
- start: 1297.334
  end: 1299.955
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, as I always say, there's nothing new under the sun.
  zh: 现在，正如我常说的，日光之下无新事。
- start: 1299.955
  end: 1300.915
  speaker: unknown
  en: Actually, I didn't make that up.
  zh: 实际上，这不是我编的。
- start: 1300.915
  end: 1301.976
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's from Ecclesiastes.
  zh: 这是来自传道书。
- start: 1301.976
  end: 1304.897
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it's true.
  zh: 但这是真的。
- start: 1305.417
  end: 1306.838
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's nothing new under the sun.
  zh: 日光之下无新事。
- start: 1306.838
  end: 1311.459
  speaker: unknown
  en: What was still is, and what is always was.
  zh: 曾经有的，现在还是；将来有的，早已有了。
- start: 1311.459
  end: 1313.0
  speaker: unknown
  en: And what I mean by that is...
  zh: 我的意思是...
- start: 1314.436
  end: 1321.161
  speaker: unknown
  en: This way of thinking about Christ isn't something limited to the early church, right?
  zh: 这种对基督的思考方式并不仅限于早期教会，对吧？
- start: 1321.161
  end: 1323.403
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is still around today.
  zh: 而且这种思想今天仍然存在。
- start: 1323.403
  end: 1334.992
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if you were to think about it, and when I do this I'm not trying to criticize anyone, but I'm just trying to point out how these alternative ways of understanding Christ are still around.
  zh: 所以如果你要思考这个问题，当我这样做时，我并不是想批评任何人，我只是想指出这些理解基督的替代方式仍然存在。
- start: 1334.992
  end: 1339.355
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if you were to think about, well, who are these modern-day Ebionites?
  zh: 所以如果你要思考，那么，谁是现代的依比昂派？
- start: 1339.355
  end: 1341.236
  speaker: unknown
  en: Who are the Ebionites today?
  zh: 今天的依比昂派是谁？
- start: 1341.577
  end: 1343.578
  speaker: unknown
  en: Any ideas?
  zh: 有什么想法吗？
- start: 1357.191
  end: 1363.014
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, by definition, a lot of people would consider them on the fringe of Christianity.
  zh: 嗯，从定义上来说，很多人会认为他们处于基督教的边缘。
- start: 1363.215
  end: 1365.596
  speaker: unknown
  en: But think about it this way.
  zh: 但这样想一想。
- start: 1365.636
  end: 1371.24
  speaker: unknown
  en: Within the mainstream, what we're seeing evolve here is a doctrine of the Trinity, right?
  zh: 在主流中，我们看到这里演变的是三位一体的教义，对吧？
- start: 1371.24
  end: 1376.864
  speaker: unknown
  en: Where Jesus Christ is the second person of a Trinity, which is divine.
  zh: 其中耶稣基督是三位一体中的第二位格，是神圣的。
- start: 1378.045
  end: 1381.869
  speaker: unknown
  en: Ebionites wouldn't really accept that concept, would they?
  zh: 依比昂派不会真的接受这个概念，对吧？
- start: 1381.869
  end: 1385.55
  speaker: unknown
  en: For the Evianites, Jesus isn't the second person of a Trinity.
  zh: 对依比昂派来说，耶稣不是三位一体中的第二位格。
- start: 1385.55
  end: 1389.232
  speaker: unknown
  en: So they're not really Trinitarian, are they?
  zh: 所以他们并不真的是三位一体论者，对吧？
- start: 1389.592
  end: 1391.813
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if you're not Trinitarian...
  zh: 如果你不是三位一体论者...
- start: 1392.573
  end: 1393.974
  speaker: unknown
  en: Unitarian, exactly!
  zh: 一位论者，没错！
- start: 1393.974
  end: 1419.437
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the Unitarians would be one example of modern day Evianites in the sense of seeing Jesus as a good man, not really the son of God in any sense of being divine by nature, and his  Contribution to humanity is really more as someone who set a good example and was a good teacher than any kind of savior.
  zh: 所以一位论者可以说是现代依比昂派的一个例子，他们将耶稣视为一个好人，而不是在任何意义上天生就是神的儿子，他对人类的贡献更多的是作为一个树立了好榜样和好老师的人，而不是任何形式的救主。
- start: 1419.837
  end: 1424.599
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I know I've oversimplified Unitarian thought there, but you get the idea.
  zh: 现在，我知道我过于简化了一位论者的思想，但你明白我的意思。
- start: 1424.599
  end: 1428.739
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're Unitarians precisely because they're not Trinitarian.
  zh: 他们之所以是一位论者，恰恰是因为他们不是三位一体论者。
- start: 1428.82
  end: 1431.58
  speaker: unknown
  en: And they've been first to admit that.
  zh: 他们也是第一个承认这一点的。
- start: 1431.96
  end: 1432.761
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 1432.761
  end: 1436.561
  speaker: unknown
  en: Let's move on, once you've got any burning questions at this point.
  zh: 让我们继续，如果你现在有任何迫切的问题的话。
- start: 1436.882
  end: 1441.058
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because as you know, there's going to be  Another side to this story.
  zh: 因为你知道，这个故事还有另一面。
- start: 1441.258
  end: 1452.223
  speaker: unknown
  en: And on the other side here, we have the Docetics, whom we've already met in the first century.
  zh: 在另一边，我们有幻影说派，我们在第一世纪已经遇到过他们。
- start: 1452.223
  end: 1463.788
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if you remember the Docetics, remember the word Docetism, or Docetic, comes from that Greek verb, doceo, meaning to appear or to seem.
  zh: 如果你记得幻影说派，记住「幻影说」或「幻影的」这个词来自希腊动词「doceo」，意思是「显现」或「似乎」。
- start: 1463.788
  end: 1484.476
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because ultimately what the Docetics said was that Jesus  appeared to be human, or seemed to be human, but really wasn't. And you hopefully will remember that this is based on an extreme dualism, which says, you know, whatever comes from the spiritual realm is good, but whatever is of the material realm is inherently evil.
  zh: 因为幻影说派最终说的是耶稣看起来是人，或似乎是人，但实际上并不是。你希望能记住，这是基于一种极端的二元论，它说，你知道，凡是来自灵界的都是好的，但凡是属于物质界的本质上都是邪恶的。
- start: 1484.497
  end: 1493.86
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, therefore, the word can't become flesh because the divine cannot come in contact with real flesh.
  zh: 因此，道不能成为肉身，因为神圣的不能与真实的肉身接触。
- start: 1493.86
  end: 1498.285
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, ultimately,  This is going to be the opposite of the Ebionites, right?
  zh: 所以，最终，这将与依比昂派相反，对吧？
- start: 1498.285
  end: 1514.715
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Docetics would affirm Jesus' divinity, no problem with that, but would deny his humanity, because they couldn't agree to a Christ, a Logos, a God who becomes human.
  zh: 幻影说派会肯定耶稣的神性，这没问题，但会否认他的人性，因为他们不能接受一个成为人的基督、道或神。
- start: 1514.715
  end: 1518.217
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, to them, he is really a phantom.
  zh: 因此，对他们来说，他实际上是一个幻影。
- start: 1519.178
  end: 1524.521
  speaker: unknown
  en: And because he's a phantom, there's no real passion of Christ, and there's no real resurrection.
  zh: 因为他是幻影，所以没有真正的基督受难，也没有真正的复活。
- start: 1525.521
  end: 1533.224
  speaker: unknown
  en: For them, the resurrection is a sign of Jesus' true non-human self.
  zh: 对他们来说，复活是耶稣真正非人性自我的标志。
- start: 1533.265
  end: 1538.347
  speaker: unknown
  en: That at the resurrection, he was revealed as his true self.
  zh: 在复活时，他被揭示为他真正的自我。
- start: 1539.208
  end: 1549.433
  speaker: unknown
  en: What you get is, of course, both extremes denying things like the birth of Christ as presented in the Gospels.
  zh: 你得到的结果是，当然，两个极端都否认福音书中所呈现的基督诞生等事情。
- start: 1549.433
  end: 1552.815
  speaker: unknown
  en: Evianites denied the virgin birth because it was miraculous.
  zh: 依比昂派否认童贞女生子，因为它是神奇的。
- start: 1553.15
  end: 1556.933
  speaker: unknown
  en: The docetics denied the birth because it was a birth of a human being.
  zh: 幻影说派否认诞生，因为它是一个人的诞生。
- start: 1557.514
  end: 1567.361
  speaker: unknown
  en: Both extremes denying the resurrection, or at least the bodily resurrection as the majority of the church seems to understand it.
  zh: 两个极端都否认复活，或至少否认大多数教会似乎理解的身体复活。
- start: 1568.482
  end: 1577.252
  speaker: unknown
  en: So what you have here with the docetics then is exactly what we've already seen in  I mentioned the Johannine literature.
  zh: 所以你在这里看到的幻影说派的观点正是我们在我提到的约翰文献中已经看到的。
- start: 1577.252
  end: 1578.732
  speaker: unknown
  en: Remember 1 John?
  zh: 还记得约翰一书吗？
- start: 1578.853
  end: 1583.654
  speaker: unknown
  en: Whoever says that Jesus Christ did not come in the flesh is an antichrist.
  zh: 凡说耶稣基督没有在肉身来的，就是敌基督的。
- start: 1583.815
  end: 1586.796
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then of course you saw it in Ignatius as well.
  zh: 当然，你在伊格那丢的著作中也看到了这一点。
- start: 1588.837
  end: 1597.02
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the docetics or docetism evolves now in the second century.
  zh: 因此，幻影说派或幻影说在第二世纪演变了。
- start: 1598.18
  end: 1604.543
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I may have gone into this a little bit already, but at the risk of repeating myself, I'll say it just to make sure.
  zh: 我可能已经稍微谈到了这一点，但为了确保，我冒着重复自己的风险再说一遍。
- start: 1606.065
  end: 1614.05
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's a reasoning here that if creation is evil, if the material world is evil, then creation is evil.
  zh: 这里有一个推理，如果创造是邪恶的，如果物质世界是邪恶的，那么创造就是邪恶的。
- start: 1614.05
  end: 1622.153
  speaker: unknown
  en: And if creation is evil, then the Creator who created it must also be evil, or at least incompetent.
  zh: 如果创造是邪恶的，那么创造它的创造者也一定是邪恶的，或者至少是无能的。
- start: 1622.254
  end: 1644.408
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so depending on what version of the story, the Creator God of the Old Testament  It's either an evil God who created the material world out of spite or mischief, or is an inept, sort of incompetent God who tried to create something good but screwed it up.
  zh: 所以根据故事的不同版本，旧约的创造者神要么是出于恶意或恶作剧创造物质世界的邪恶神，要么是一个试图创造好东西但搞砸了的无能的、某种程度上无能的神。
- start: 1644.808
  end: 1671.637
  speaker: unknown
  en: Either way, what you get then is that the Creator God of the Old Testament is not the real God, not the God that Jesus came to talk about, but is a secondary or inferior God  a demigod, or a demiurge, and that the God Jesus came to talk about is the real God.
  zh: 无论哪种方式，你得到的结论是，旧约的创造者神不是真正的神，不是耶稣来谈论的神，而是一个次要的或低等的神，一个半神或造物主，而耶稣来谈论的神才是真正的神。
- start: 1671.637
  end: 1677.139
  speaker: unknown
  en: So what you have in the Old Testament and the New Testament, then, are books about two different gods.
  zh: 所以你在旧约和新约中看到的，是关于两个不同神的书。
- start: 1677.26
  end: 1686.844
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Old Testament is a book about a God of justice, who is mean and nasty, and the New Testament is a book about a God of love and mercy and goodness, who is the Father of Jesus.
  zh: 旧约是一本关于公义之神的书，这个神是刻薄和恶劣的，而新约是一本关于爱、怜悯和良善之神的书，这个神是耶稣的父。
- start: 1688.337
  end: 1707.265
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, ultimately, what many Docetics did, based on that, is simply reject the Old Testament out of hand, either as not worthy of anyone's attention, or as completely fictitious, and deny the reality of any kind of judgment or law or whatever.
  zh: 最终，许多幻影说派基于这一点所做的，就是直接拒绝旧约，要么认为它不值得任何人关注，要么认为它完全是虚构的，并否认任何形式的审判或律法或其他东西的现实性。
- start: 1707.285
  end: 1714.668
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, ironically, again, there are two possible responses to Docetism.
  zh: 事实上，讽刺的是，对幻影说又有两种可能的回应。
- start: 1714.768
  end: 1727.919
  speaker: unknown
  en: Either one can say,  that because the material world is evil, I will reject it and I'll distance myself from it and I'll live the life of an ascetic and deny myself all physical pleasures.
  zh: 要么可以说，因为物质世界是邪恶的，我将拒绝它，远离它，过苦行者的生活，拒绝所有身体的快乐。
- start: 1728.639
  end: 1741.705
  speaker: unknown
  en: Or, the other option, which was probably more popular, is the one that says, you know, because there's this great disconnect between the material world and the spiritual world, I can do whatever I want with my body and it won't affect my soul.
  zh: 或者，另一种可能更受欢迎的选择是说，你知道，因为物质世界和精神世界之间存在巨大的脱节，我可以用我的身体做任何我想做的事，它不会影响我的灵魂。
- start: 1742.006
  end: 1750.029
  speaker: unknown
  en: And this is sometimes called antinomianism, which means no rules, or libertinism, or something like that.
  zh: 这有时被称为反律主义，意味着没有规则，或放纵主义，或类似的东西。
- start: 1750.029
  end: 1750.809
  speaker: unknown
  en: But you get the idea.
  zh: 但你明白了这个概念。
- start: 1750.809
  end: 1757.892
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's two extreme responses, in terms of lifestyle, from the same assumptions.
  zh: 从同样的假设出发，在生活方式上有两种极端的反应。
- start: 1759.573
  end: 1769.409
  speaker: unknown
  en: But ultimately what you end up with is that it's a kind of a denial of any human responsibility for evil.
  zh: 但最终你得到的结果是，这是一种对人类对邪恶负有任何责任的否定。
- start: 1769.409
  end: 1773.35
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's really one possible answer to the question of evil, right?
  zh: 这实际上是对邪恶问题的一种可能回答，对吧？
- start: 1773.35
  end: 1778.052
  speaker: unknown
  en: The problem with evil is, if God is great and God is good, why is there evil in the world?
  zh: 邪恶的问题是，如果神是伟大的，神是善良的，为什么世界上还有邪恶？
- start: 1778.452
  end: 1783.674
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, many people might say, well, there's evil in the world because people misuse their free will.
  zh: 现在，很多人可能会说，嗯，世界上有邪恶是因为人们滥用了他们的自由意志。
- start: 1783.674
  end: 1785.194
  speaker: unknown
  en: That's one possible answer.
  zh: 这是一种可能的回答。
- start: 1785.194
  end: 1786.955
  speaker: unknown
  en: God didn't create evil.
  zh: 神没有创造邪恶。
- start: 1786.955
  end: 1788.195
  speaker: unknown
  en: People do.
  zh: 是人创造了邪恶。
- start: 1789.455
  end: 1795.737
  speaker: unknown
  en: This answer says the reason there's evil in the world is because the God that created the world created evil.
  zh: 这个答案说世界上存在邪恶的原因是因为创造世界的神创造了邪恶。
- start: 1795.737
  end: 1797.718
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's not our fault.
  zh: 这不是我们的错。
- start: 1798.01
  end: 1800.931
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's that Old Testament Creator God's fault.
  zh: 这是旧约创造者神的错。
- start: 1801.252
  end: 1805.573
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Jesus came to tell us about the real God who's going to save us from it.
  zh: 耶稣来是为了告诉我们关于真正的神，他将拯救我们脱离这种邪恶。
- start: 1806.474
  end: 1810.836
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, the most famous docetic is a guy named Marcion.
  zh: 现在，最著名的幻影说派是一个叫马吉安的人。
- start: 1815.438
  end: 1824.142
  speaker: unknown
  en: Marcion was a teacher who came to Rome and who taught this sort of Christology and theology.
  zh: 马吉安是一位来到罗马的教师，他教导这种基督论和神学。
- start: 1825.354
  end: 1835.361
  speaker: unknown
  en: According to one story, Polycarp, the bishop Polycarp, once met Marcion, and Marcion says, you know, do you know who I am?
  zh: 根据一个故事，主教坡旅甲曾经遇到马吉安，马吉安说，你知道我是谁吗？
- start: 1835.361
  end: 1837.082
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Polycarp says, I know who you are.
  zh: 坡旅甲说，我知道你是谁。
- start: 1837.082
  end: 1838.863
  speaker: unknown
  en: You're the firstborn of Satan.
  zh: 你是撒但的长子。
- start: 1839.604
  end: 1841.225
  speaker: unknown
  en: So anyway, that's one story.
  zh: 总之，这是一个故事。
- start: 1841.225
  end: 1851.153
  speaker: unknown
  en: But anyway, Marcion is probably most famous for having written a list of what books ought to be in the Bible.
  zh: 但无论如何，马吉安可能最出名的是写了一份应该包含在圣经中的书目清单。
- start: 1851.153
  end: 1852.915
  speaker: unknown
  en: A canon, a canonical list.
  zh: 一个正典，一个规范的清单。
- start: 1852.915
  end: 1862.481
  speaker: unknown
  en: He wrote this list about 140 CE, and basically the list says, these are the books that you should consider authoritative, right?
  zh: 他在公元140年左右写了这个清单，基本上这个清单说，这些是你应该认为具有权威性的书，对吧？
- start: 1862.842
  end: 1887.931
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, of course, there's no Old Testament books on his list, because he throws that out, but he greatly edited what we would consider the New Testament, too, because, you know, taking out any references to the Old Testament God as Jesus' Father, or in any way connected to Jesus,  taking out all references to Jesus as any kind of fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.
  zh: 当然，他的清单上没有旧约的书，因为他把那些都扔掉了，但他也大大编辑了我们认为的新约，因为，你知道，他删除了任何将旧约的神称为耶稣的父或以任何方式与耶稣有关的内容，删除了所有将耶稣视为旧约预言实现的内容。
- start: 1888.532
  end: 1892.835
  speaker: unknown
  en: And he said, you know, Jesus isn't the Messiah promised in the Old Testament.
  zh: 他说，你知道，耶稣不是旧约中应许的弥赛亚。
- start: 1892.835
  end: 1894.695
  speaker: unknown
  en: That whole thing is a mistake.
  zh: 那整件事是个错误。
- start: 1894.956
  end: 1903.581
  speaker: unknown
  en: Of course, taking out the story of Jesus' birth because, you know, Jesus isn't human to him, so he can't be born.
  zh: 当然，他删除了耶稣诞生的故事，因为你知道，对他来说耶稣不是人，所以他不可能出生。
- start: 1903.581
  end: 1918.429
  speaker: unknown
  en: For Martian, he would have used the Gospel of Luke, but it would have begun with  I think it's chapter 3, beginning of chapter 3, that in the 15th year of the reign of Tiberius, Jesus appears on the earth as a full grown adult.
  zh: 对马吉安来说，他会使用路加福音，但它会从我想是第3章开始，第3章的开头，在提比略执政第十五年，耶稣作为一个成年人出现在地球上。
- start: 1918.429
  end: 1922.651
  speaker: unknown
  en: So he wasn't born as a baby or wrapped in swaddling clothes or anything like that.
  zh: 所以他不是作为婴儿出生的，也没有被裹在襁褓中或类似的事情。
- start: 1924.652
  end: 1933.796
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, Marcion justified rejecting the Old Testament basically because he interpreted it literally.
  zh: 现在，马吉安拒绝旧约的理由基本上是因为他字面上解释它。
- start: 1933.857
  end: 1936.918
  speaker: unknown
  en: And we're going to talk about this next week when we get more into early church exegesis.
  zh: 我们下周会更深入地讨论早期教会的解经时再谈这个问题。
- start: 1940.951
  end: 1945.454
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you interpret the Old Testament literally, you have all these anthropomorphisms of God, right?
  zh: 如果你字面上解释旧约，你会看到所有这些神的拟人化，对吧？
- start: 1945.454
  end: 1946.835
  speaker: unknown
  en: Where God walks through the garden.
  zh: 神在园中行走。
- start: 1946.835
  end: 1948.215
  speaker: unknown
  en: What, God has feet?
  zh: 什么，神有脚？
- start: 1948.356
  end: 1949.716
  speaker: unknown
  en: And things like that.
  zh: 诸如此类的事情。
- start: 1949.716
  end: 1961.644
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so by interpreting the Old Testament literally, he reasons, well, if that's the kind of God that this document, that this book talks about, this God isn't worthy of our worship.
  zh: 所以通过字面上解释旧约，他推理说，好吧，如果这就是这个文件，这本书所说的那种神，这个神不值得我们崇拜。
- start: 1961.644
  end: 1964.645
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so he rejects it.
  zh: 所以他拒绝它。
- start: 1964.705
  end: 1972.465
  speaker: unknown
  en: And to whatever extent he believes in that God,  He makes that God the creator of evil.
  zh: 而且在他相信那个神的程度上，他把那个神变成了邪恶的创造者。
- start: 1972.465
  end: 1978.367
  speaker: unknown
  en: The demiurge, the good God or the bad God?
  zh: 造物主，是好神还是坏神？
- start: 1978.367
  end: 1979.527
  speaker: unknown
  en: Oh, sorry, the bad one.
  zh: 哦，抱歉，是坏的那个。
- start: 1979.527
  end: 1984.609
  speaker: unknown
  en: The demiurge, think demi, like, you know, half or less or smaller, you know.
  zh: 造物主，想想「demi」，你知道，就像一半或更少或更小，你明白吗。
- start: 1984.789
  end: 1990.09
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, yes, the demiurge would be, in Marcionite terms, the Old Testament God.
  zh: 所以，是的，在马吉安派的术语中，造物主就是旧约的神。
- start: 1990.09
  end: 1995.072
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, Marcion's followers become known as the Marcionites.
  zh: 所以，马吉安的追随者被称为马吉安派。
- start: 1996.192
  end: 1997.953
  speaker: unknown
  en: You saw that coming, right?
  zh: 你预料到了，对吧？
- start: 1999.602
  end: 2029.114
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, it's interesting slash disturbing how the Docetics, and this is going to evolve into Gnosticism, you probably saw that coming too, but the Gnostics lean heavily towards a kind of anti-Semitism that, because look, if the God of the Old Testament is evil and inferior and created evil, then the people who believe in that God are going to be looked down upon.
  zh: 现在，有趣或者说令人不安的是，幻影说派，这将演变成诺斯替主义，你可能也预料到了，但诺斯替派严重倾向于一种反犹太主义，因为看，如果旧约的神是邪恶的、低等的，并创造了邪恶，那么相信那个神的人就会被看不起。
- start: 2032.608
  end: 2040.352
  speaker: unknown
  en: I would argue that whatever anti-Semitism you see in the mainstream church is worse within the Docetics and the Gnostics.
  zh: 我认为，无论你在主流教会中看到什么反犹太主义，在幻影说派和诺斯替派中都更糟。
- start: 2040.493
  end: 2054.394
  speaker: unknown
  en: But keep in mind that right around this time, in 135 CE, was the last Jewish revolt in which Jerusalem was sacked again.
  zh: 但要记住，就在这个时期，公元135年，发生了最后一次犹太人起义，耶路撒冷再次被洗劫。
- start: 2054.394
  end: 2063.497
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Romans literally kicked all the Jews out of Jerusalem and turned Jerusalem into a pagan city.
  zh: 罗马人literally将所有犹太人赶出耶路撒冷，并将耶路撒冷变成了一个异教城市。
- start: 2063.497
  end: 2075.781
  speaker: unknown
  en: What's going on there within the Roman Empire is that Jews are coming to be seen by some Romans as rebellious and seditious.
  zh: 在罗马帝国内部发生的事情是，一些罗马人开始将犹太人视为叛逆和煽动性的。
- start: 2077.941
  end: 2084.923
  speaker: unknown
  en: A lot of the anti-Semitism that you see in the early church comes from a desire to distance the church from Judaism.
  zh: 你在早期教会中看到的许多反犹太主义来自于想要将教会与犹太教区分开来的愿望。
- start: 2084.923
  end: 2099.768
  speaker: unknown
  en: Even though Christianity has come out of Judaism, now the Christians have a problem because they're trying to argue that Christianity is good for the empire, but the empire has just gone through these Jewish revolts and so it's a real dicey problem.
  zh: 尽管基督教源自犹太教，但现在基督徒面临一个问题，因为他们试图论证基督教对帝国有益，但帝国刚刚经历了这些犹太人起义，所以这是一个真正棘手的问题。
- start: 2100.248
  end: 2105.49
  speaker: unknown
  en: So part of, you know, Marcion's rejection of the Old Testament might have something to do with that as well.
  zh: 所以，你知道，马吉安拒绝旧约可能也与此有关。
- start: 2105.49
  end: 2107.51
  speaker: unknown
  en: Just worth keeping that in mind.
  zh: 值得记住这一点。
- start: 2108.13
  end: 2127.307
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, in 144, he was excommunicated by the bishop of Rome and started a separate movement, like created his own school, kind of like a philosophical school, which eventually became a separate group.
  zh: 现在，在144年，他被罗马主教开除教籍，并开始了一个独立的运动，就像创建了自己的学校，有点像哲学学校，最终成为一个独立的群体。
- start: 2127.807
  end: 2134.212
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Marcionites were ascetic, so that means they did not marry or have children.
  zh: 马吉安派是苦行主义者，这意味着他们不结婚也不生孩子。
- start: 2134.212
  end: 2141.197
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, you know, arguably that could be one of the reasons why they died out eventually, but they stuck around for a while.
  zh: 所以，你知道，可以说这可能是他们最终消亡的原因之一，但他们坚持了一段时间。
- start: 2142.118
  end: 2151.325
  speaker: unknown
  en: They also accepted certain aspects of philosophy that put them at odds with Christianity in general, like they believed in reincarnation.
  zh: 他们还接受了某些与基督教普遍观点相悖的哲学观点，比如他们相信轮回。
- start: 2152.246
  end: 2162.174
  speaker: unknown
  en: They seem to have used the water instead of wine in the Eucharist, again, because, you know, in a docetic sense, Jesus had no blood, so why have a symbolic blood?
  zh: 他们似乎在圣餐中使用水而不是酒，再次强调，因为你知道，从幻影说的角度来看，耶稣没有血，所以为什么要有象征性的血呢？
- start: 2164.326
  end: 2174.789
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so again, you notice how it's interesting that both extremes, if they had a Eucharist at all, tended toward this Aquarianism where they use the water instead of the wine.
  zh: 所以再次，你注意到有趣的是，两个极端，如果他们有圣餐的话，都倾向于这种水族主义，他们使用水而不是酒。
- start: 2175.87
  end: 2188.833
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now the Marcionites may also have had or continue to have women in leadership in ways that the mainstream church was no longer doing.
  zh: 现在，马吉安派可能也有或继续有女性担任领导职务，这是主流教会不再做的事。
- start: 2188.833
  end: 2194.615
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so apparently the Marcionites may have allowed women to preside over baptism.
  zh: 所以显然，马吉安派可能允许女性主持洗礼。
- start: 2194.824
  end: 2205.113
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now that's, you know, you might think that's good, but it's actually going to work against that in the mainstream church because within the mainstream then people are going to say, well we don't do that because that's what the heretics do.
  zh: 现在，你知道，你可能认为这很好，但实际上这在主流教会中会起反作用，因为在主流中，人们会说，好吧，我们不这样做，因为那是异端所做的。
- start: 2205.113
  end: 2208.675
  speaker: unknown
  en: So it becomes problematic either way.
  zh: 所以无论如何都会成为问题。
- start: 2208.675
  end: 2210.717
  speaker: unknown
  en: But that may have been going on.
  zh: 但这可能一直在发生。
- start: 2210.937
  end: 2215.401
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the Marcionites continued as a separate sect, at least for another century.
  zh: 但马吉安派作为一个独立的教派至少又持续了一个世纪。
- start: 2215.781
  end: 2220.575
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, what I want to point out though is Marcion was not a Gnostic.
  zh: 现在，我想指出的是，马吉安不是诺斯替派。
- start: 2220.575
  end: 2226.017
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some textbooks will tell you that Marcion was a Gnostic, but he was not, and here's why.
  zh: 一些教科书会告诉你马吉安是诺斯替派，但他不是，这就是原因。
- start: 2226.017
  end: 2233.799
  speaker: unknown
  en: Gnosticism evolved out of Gnosticism.
  zh: 诺斯替主义是从幻影说演变而来的。
- start: 2238.501
  end: 2255.672
  speaker: unknown
  en: But Gnosticism is named after this Greek word gnosis, which means knowledge,  In fact, you can see in Greece the GN with the silent G becomes the KN in English with the silent K, right?
  zh: 但诺斯替主义是以希腊词「gnosis」命名的，意思是知识。事实上，你可以看到在希腊语中的GN（G不发音）在英语中变成了KN（K不发音），对吧？
- start: 2255.672
  end: 2258.074
  speaker: unknown
  en: So Gnosis is knowledge.
  zh: 所以Gnosis就是知识。
- start: 2258.074
  end: 2262.758
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the hallmark of Gnosticism is a belief in secret knowledge.
  zh: 诺斯替主义的标志是相信秘密知识。
- start: 2263.519
  end: 2265.441
  speaker: unknown
  en: And Marcion doesn't seem to have had that.
  zh: 而马吉安似乎没有这一点。
- start: 2265.441
  end: 2269.904
  speaker: unknown
  en: So he's Docetic, but he's not really Gnostic.
  zh: 所以他是幻影说派，但他并不真正是诺斯替派。
- start: 2269.904
  end: 2277.78
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in general, in general,  All Gnostics are Docetic, but not all Docetics are Gnostic.
  zh: 一般来说，所有的诺斯替派都是幻影说派，但并非所有的幻影说派都是诺斯替派。
- start: 2277.78
  end: 2278.661
  speaker: unknown
  en: You know what I'm saying?
  zh: 你明白我的意思吗？
- start: 2278.661
  end: 2292.765
  speaker: unknown
  en: So Gnosticism sort of evolves out of Docetism, but not in the sense that Docetism turns into Gnosticism, because even when you have Gnostics around, you've still got Docetics around who are not Gnostic.
  zh: 所以诺斯替主义某种程度上是从幻影说演变而来的，但并不是说幻影说变成了诺斯替主义，因为即使有诺斯替派存在，你仍然有不是诺斯替派的幻影说派存在。
- start: 2292.765
  end: 2295.006
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I know that's very complicated.
  zh: 现在，我知道这很复杂。
- start: 2295.267
  end: 2299.909
  speaker: unknown
  en: You don't need to worry too much about all the minute details of this.
  zh: 你不需要太担心所有的细节。
- start: 2299.909
  end: 2311.635
  speaker: unknown
  en: I'm going to give you as much detail as I think I want to, and then when it comes time to write your papers, you'll put it together and make sense of it at that time.
  zh: 我会给你我认为需要的细节，然后当你写论文的时候，你会把它们整合起来，并在那时理解它。
- start: 2311.635
  end: 2320.88
  speaker: unknown
  en: The good news is, those papers are all open book, open note essays, so you're not going to be tested on this with any kind of memorization thing.
  zh: 好消息是，这些论文都是开卷、开放笔记的论文，所以你不会被要求背诵任何东西来测试这些内容。
- start: 2323.186
  end: 2330.029
  speaker: unknown
  en: But basically, if you think about it, you see this word, syncretism?
  zh: 但基本上，如果你仔细想想，你看到这个词，融合主义？
- start: 2331.01
  end: 2332.051
  speaker: unknown
  en: I may have talked about this.
  zh: 我可能已经谈过这个。
- start: 2332.051
  end: 2339.515
  speaker: unknown
  en: Syncretism, in the contemporary world, sometimes it's used in a different sense.
  zh: 在当代世界，融合主义有时用于不同的含义。
- start: 2339.515
  end: 2354.459
  speaker: unknown
  en: But when we talk about it in the early church, what we mean by syncretism is the  Adding together of elements of different systems of belief or faiths or religions to create something new.
  zh: 但当我们在早期教会中谈论它时，我们所说的融合主义是指将不同信仰体系或宗教的元素结合在一起，创造出新的东西。
- start: 2355.98
  end: 2361.743
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you want to think about it as a sort of salad bar method of religion, go ahead.
  zh: 如果你想把它看作是一种宗教的沙拉吧方法，那就去吧。
- start: 2361.743
  end: 2365.484
  speaker: unknown
  en: The idea is that you pick what you want and leave the rest behind.
  zh: 这个想法是你选择你想要的，把其余的留下。
- start: 2365.484
  end: 2394.951
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, in a lot of cases, one of the critiques of syncretism is that if  Each individual gets to make those choices, then every individual is his or her own religion and ultimately his or her own god because each person puts him or herself as the higher power or gets to choose what's in and what's out.
  zh: 事实上，在很多情况下，对融合主义的批评之一是，如果每个人都可以做出这些选择，那么每个人就是自己的宗教，最终是自己的神，因为每个人都把自己置于更高的权力地位，或者可以选择什么是包括在内的，什么是排除在外的。
- start: 2395.311
  end: 2413.848
  speaker: unknown
  en: The point I'm making here though is this, that Docetism goes through a syncretism  which incorporates elements of philosophy and Greco-Roman mythology, and that's how you get Gnosticism.
  zh: 我在这里要说的重点是，幻影说经历了一个融合过程，融合了哲学和希腊罗马神话的元素，这就是你得到诺斯替主义的方式。
- start: 2413.848
  end: 2416.949
  speaker: unknown
  en: So in a sense, you've got this sort of equation.
  zh: 所以在某种意义上，你得到了这样一个等式。
- start: 2416.949
  end: 2420.411
  speaker: unknown
  en: Docetism plus syncretism equals Gnosticism.
  zh: 幻影说加上融合主义等于诺斯替主义。
- start: 2420.991
  end: 2423.192
  speaker: unknown
  en: And that's how Gnosticism evolves.
  zh: 这就是诺斯替主义如何演变的。
- start: 2424.873
  end: 2438.958
  speaker: unknown
  en: And pretty much everything that we've talked about in terms of  Docetism is part of Gnosticism, but Gnosticism takes the whole thing to the next level.
  zh: 我们谈到的关于幻影说的几乎所有内容都是诺斯替主义的一部分，但诺斯替主义将整个事情提升到了一个新的水平。
- start: 2441.902
  end: 2458.066
  speaker: unknown
  en: If the Old Testament God is the evil or incompetent creator of evil and the evil material world, then in one sense,  Humans are also created by that God.
  zh: 如果旧约的神是邪恶或无能的创造者，创造了邪恶和邪恶的物质世界，那么从某种意义上说，人类也是由那个神创造的。
- start: 2458.066
  end: 2465.191
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we are, in a sense, the creation of this incompetent or evil Old Testament God.
  zh: 所以在某种意义上，我们是这个无能或邪恶的旧约神的创造物。
- start: 2465.492
  end: 2468.834
  speaker: unknown
  en: But in another sense, we're also the victims of that God.
  zh: 但从另一种意义上说，我们也是那个神的受害者。
- start: 2469.034
  end: 2472.457
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so now what we need is to be rescued from that God.
  zh: 所以现在我们需要的是从那个神那里被拯救出来。
- start: 2472.457
  end: 2475.118
  speaker: unknown
  en: We need to be rescued from our own Creator.
  zh: 我们需要从我们自己的创造者那里被拯救出来。
- start: 2475.359
  end: 2490.174
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the Gnostics would point to the story of the flood as an example of just how evil this Old Testament God is, trying to kill all the people he created,  But then the New Testament God swoops in and saves a bunch with the Ark.
  zh: 诺斯替派会指出洪水的故事作为这个旧约神有多邪恶的例子，试图杀死他创造的所有人，但然后新约的神突然出现，用方舟拯救了一群人。
- start: 2490.174
  end: 2492.775
  speaker: unknown
  en: See, that's kind of how they would interpret that.
  zh: 看，这就是他们解释那个的方式。
- start: 2494.376
  end: 2503.96
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, for the Gnostics then, the way to honor the real God, the Father of Jesus Christ, is by opposing the Old Testament God.
  zh: 所以，对诺斯替派来说，尊崇真正的神，耶稣基督的父，就是要反对旧约的神。
- start: 2503.96
  end: 2507.981
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so it becomes a battle between these two gods.
  zh: 因此，这变成了这两个神之间的战斗。
- start: 2508.062
  end: 2539.15
  speaker: unknown
  en: And actually, because of the element of syncretism, depending on which variation of Gnosticism you're looking at,  There can be many, many gods or many, many divine angelic beings because, as I said, the Sagratism incorporates Greco-Roman mythologies as well as all kinds of other things like philosophy, astrology, numerology, magic, all of this stuff.
  zh: 实际上，由于融合主义的因素，取决于你看的是哪种诺斯替主义的变体，可能有许多许多神或许多许多神圣的天使存在，因为正如我所说，融合主义融合了希腊罗马神话以及其他各种东西，如哲学、占星术、数字学、魔法，所有这些东西。
- start: 2539.15
  end: 2552.905
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hippolytus, whom you will read in a week or two, Hippolytus  It refers to the Gnostics as like cobblers patching something together out of pieces.
  zh: 希波吕托斯，你们一两周后会读到他，希波吕托斯将诺斯替派比作鞋匠，从碎片中拼凑东西。
- start: 2553.266
  end: 2556.909
  speaker: unknown
  en: So that's the image there.
  zh: 所以那就是这里的形象。
- start: 2557.23
  end: 2561.774
  speaker: unknown
  en: What that means then is that there is no such thing as Gnosticism.
  zh: 这意味着没有所谓的诺斯替主义这回事。
- start: 2561.915
  end: 2569.342
  speaker: unknown
  en: There are just many variations of Gnosticism, or many Gnosticisms, many Gnostic sects.
  zh: 只有许多诺斯替主义的变体，或者说许多诺斯替主义，许多诺斯替教派。
- start: 2570.249
  end: 2581.996
  speaker: unknown
  en: Again, don't think of Gnosticism as one thing, or as a group of people, and they all agreed on stuff, and there was the first Gnostic church on the corner, and they all met together.
  zh: 再次强调，不要把诺斯替主义看作是一件事，或者一群人，他们都同意某些东西，街角有第一个诺斯替教会，他们都聚在一起。
- start: 2581.996
  end: 2583.377
  speaker: unknown
  en: It wasn't like that at all.
  zh: 完全不是那样的。
- start: 2583.377
  end: 2585.638
  speaker: unknown
  en: You have different Gnostic teachers.
  zh: 你有不同的诺斯替教师。
- start: 2587.279
  end: 2592.722
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's another handout, which I actually put it on the syllabus for next week, but you can look at it this week.
  zh: 还有另一份讲义，我实际上把它放在下周的教学大纲中，但你可以这周看看。
- start: 2592.722
  end: 2595.463
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's called the Gnostic Family Tree.
  zh: 它被称为诺斯替家族树。
- start: 2595.664
  end: 2602.503
  speaker: unknown
  en: Most of that comes from Irenaeus, and it just sort of shows  You'll never be tested on that, just for fun.
  zh: 大部分来自爱任纽，它只是展示了...你永远不会被测试这个，只是为了好玩。
- start: 2602.503
  end: 2610.885
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it shows how the different Gnostic groups or teachers are said to have been influenced by prior ones.
  zh: 但它展示了不同的诺斯替群体或教师据说是如何受到先前者的影响的。
- start: 2610.885
  end: 2614.746
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it just shows you how diverse Gnosticism was.
  zh: 但它只是向你展示了诺斯替主义有多么多样化。
- start: 2614.746
  end: 2618.588
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's no institutional unity within Gnosticism.
  zh: 诺斯替主义内部没有制度上的统一。
- start: 2618.588
  end: 2621.888
  speaker: unknown
  en: There's no connectionalism, nothing like that.
  zh: 没有联系主义，没有类似的东西。
- start: 2621.929
  end: 2629.831
  speaker: unknown
  en: They're Gnostic teachers who gain followers like they're running a philosophical school, and that's about it.
  zh: 他们是诺斯替教师，像经营哲学学校一样获得追随者，就是这样。
- start: 2630.455
  end: 2635.66
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the thing that they seem to have in common is this idea of secret knowledge.
  zh: 但他们似乎有共同点的是这种秘密知识的观念。
- start: 2635.66
  end: 2638.202
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's a salvation by knowledge.
  zh: 这是通过知识获得救赎。
- start: 2639.764
  end: 2648.252
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the idea is that Jesus, when he was on the earth, had his disciples and had crowds gather.
  zh: 这个想法是，耶稣在地上时，有他的门徒和聚集的人群。
- start: 2648.252
  end: 2652.556
  speaker: unknown
  en: He would preach to them and give them nice little platitudes to make them happy.
  zh: 他会向他们传道，给他们一些漂亮的小套话让他们高兴。
- start: 2652.556
  end: 2672.248
  speaker: unknown
  en: And then after hours,  He would take aside his favorite disciples, you know, depending on which Gnostic teacher you're listening to, it could be Thomas or Matthias or whoever, and whisper in their ears the real deal, the secret knowledge, that they then pass down to their disciples who, you know, the Gnostics claim to be.
  zh: 然后在课后，他会把他最喜欢的门徒拉到一边，你知道，取决于你听的是哪个诺斯替教师，可能是多马或马提亚或其他人，在他们耳边低语真相，秘密知识，然后他们将这些传给他们的门徒，你知道，诺斯替派声称自己就是这些门徒。
- start: 2672.349
  end: 2677.051
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, the problem is that, you know, I know your next question is going to be, well, what is this secret knowledge?
  zh: 现在，问题是，你知道，我知道你的下一个问题会是，那么，这个秘密知识是什么？
- start: 2677.051
  end: 2678.211
  speaker: unknown
  en: Tell us, won't you?
  zh: 告诉我们，好吗？
- start: 2678.492
  end: 2680.813
  speaker: unknown
  en: I don't know, because nobody wrote it down.
  zh: 我不知道，因为没有人把它写下来。
- start: 2681.013
  end: 2694.014
  speaker: unknown
  en: In the Gospel of Thomas,  My favorite passage there is where Thomas is off talking to Jesus, and he comes back to the other disciples, and they say, tell us, what did he tell you?
  zh: 在多马福音中，我最喜欢的段落是多马去和耶稣交谈，然后他回到其他门徒那里，他们说，告诉我们，他告诉你什么？
- start: 2694.014
  end: 2698.196
  speaker: unknown
  en: And basically Thomas says, well, I can tell you, but then I have to kill you.
  zh: 基本上多马说，好吧，我可以告诉你，但然后我就得杀了你。
- start: 2698.797
  end: 2706.001
  speaker: unknown
  en: He doesn't say it in those words, but it's something to the effect that, you know, if I told you, you'd try to stone me, but then the rocks would blow your heads off or something.
  zh: 他没有用这些词说，但大意是，你知道，如果我告诉你，你会试图用石头打我，但然后石头会把你的头炸飞或类似的事情。
- start: 2706.001
  end: 2709.302
  speaker: unknown
  en: I don't remember exactly, but you get the idea.
  zh: 我不记得确切的话，但你明白意思。
- start: 2709.603
  end: 2710.783
  speaker: unknown
  en: They never wrote it down.
  zh: 他们从未把它写下来。
- start: 2710.783
  end: 2712.024
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I have a guess.
  zh: 现在，我有一个猜测。
- start: 2712.153
  end: 2719.836
  speaker: unknown
  en: If I had to guess what the secret knowledge is, it probably has something to do with a couple of things.
  zh: 如果我必须猜测这个秘密知识是什么，它可能与几件事有关。
- start: 2719.836
  end: 2722.956
  speaker: unknown
  en: First of all, the concept of the divine spark.
  zh: 首先，神圣火花的概念。
- start: 2723.297
  end: 2729.639
  speaker: unknown
  en: We see this in some of what Irenaeus and Hippolytus tell us about what the Gnostics believed.
  zh: 我们在爱任纽和希波吕托斯告诉我们的一些关于诺斯替派信仰的内容中看到了这一点。
- start: 2729.639
  end: 2731.399
  speaker: unknown
  en: But it boils down to this.
  zh: 但归根结底是这样的。
- start: 2731.8
  end: 2736.901
  speaker: unknown
  en: We are all divine sparks trapped in material bodies.
  zh: 我们都是被困在物质身体中的神圣火花。
- start: 2736.901
  end: 2739.742
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the fact that we're trapped in a body is kind of a punishment.
  zh: 我们被困在身体中这个事实某种程度上是一种惩罚。
- start: 2739.742
  end: 2742.068
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're stuck in this fleshy prison.
  zh: 我们被困在这个肉体的监狱里。
- start: 2742.068
  end: 2744.009
  speaker: unknown
  en: And our goal is to escape from it.
  zh: 我们的目标是逃离它。
- start: 2744.009
  end: 2756.016
  speaker: unknown
  en: But ultimately, if you imagine a bonfire, you know how you make a bonfire outside, and little sparks will fly off of it, and then as they cool, they stop glowing, but they fall to the ground?
  zh: 但最终，如果你想象一个篝火，你知道你如何在外面生篝火，小火花会从中飞出，然后当它们冷却时，它们停止发光，但它们落到地上？
- start: 2756.496
  end: 2770.064
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, imagine God is this cosmic bonfire, and you were once one of those little sparks that flew off of it, but then you cooled off, and you fell, and you landed in the material realm.
  zh: 好吧，想象神是这个宇宙篝火，你曾经是从中飞出的那些小火花之一，但后来你冷却了，你坠落了，你落在了物质领域。
- start: 2770.239
  end: 2771.78
  speaker: unknown
  en: And now you're stuck in a body.
  zh: 现在你被困在一个身体里。
- start: 2771.78
  end: 2775.942
  speaker: unknown
  en: But your goal is to get back to the divine bonfire.
  zh: 但你的目标是回到神圣的篝火。
- start: 2775.942
  end: 2788.968
  speaker: unknown
  en: And depending on which Gnostic system you're talking about, some of them, the more advanced ones, had this idea that there were levels of the heavens.
  zh: 根据你谈论的是哪个诺斯替体系，其中一些，更高级的那些，有这样一个想法，即天堂有不同的层次。
- start: 2788.968
  end: 2794.251
  speaker: unknown
  en: And eventually you get to where, you know, there's three, then there's seven, then there's ten, then there's twelve.
  zh: 最终你会到达，你知道，有三层，然后有七层，然后有十层，然后有十二层。
- start: 2794.251
  end: 2795.831
  speaker: unknown
  en: Eventually you get to 365 levels of heaven.
  zh: 最终你会到达365层天堂。
- start: 2797.737
  end: 2802.881
  speaker: unknown
  en: Each one created by one of 365 angelic beings.
  zh: 每一层都是由365个天使中的一个创造的。
- start: 2802.881
  end: 2806.744
  speaker: unknown
  en: Christ being one of those angelic beings.
  zh: 基督是这些天使中的一个。
- start: 2806.744
  end: 2814.01
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the idea is that when you die, you want to ascend through the levels back to the highest heaven and reunite with the divine bonfire.
  zh: 这个想法是，当你死后，你想通过这些层次上升回到最高的天堂，重新与神圣的篝火结合。
- start: 2814.01
  end: 2822.096
  speaker: unknown
  en: But to do that, you need to know the secret passwords to get past the divine angelic gatekeepers.
  zh: 但要做到这一点，你需要知道秘密密码来通过神圣的天使守门人。
- start: 2822.697
  end: 2839.975
  speaker: unknown
  en: And my guess is, and this is just completely an educated guess,  But my guess is that the passwords are the names of those angels, because in the Gnostic systems they seem to have gone to great lengths to name all of these divine or angelic beings.
  zh: 我的猜测是，这完全是一个有根据的猜测，但我猜这些密码就是那些天使的名字，因为在诺斯替体系中，他们似乎花了很大力气给所有这些神圣或天使存在命名。
- start: 2840.276
  end: 2853.34
  speaker: unknown
  en: And usually they're named for theological or philosophical concepts, or really what they are is sort of divinized, personified theological or philosophical concepts.
  zh: 通常它们以神学或哲学概念命名，或者实际上它们是某种神化的、人格化的神学或哲学概念。
- start: 2853.34
  end: 2863.346
  speaker: unknown
  en: Like, you know, one is called mind, one is called truth,  one is called Spirit, one is called Christ, one is called Wisdom.
  zh: 比如，你知道，一个叫心智，一个叫真理，一个叫圣灵，一个叫基督，一个叫智慧。
- start: 2863.346
  end: 2865.587
  speaker: unknown
  en: You get what I'm saying, right?
  zh: 你明白我的意思，对吧？
- start: 2865.587
  end: 2872.61
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, in other words, if you know their name, because in the ancient world, knowing someone's name sort of gives you some kind of power over them.
  zh: 所以，换句话说，如果你知道他们的名字，因为在古代世界，知道某人的名字某种程度上给了你对他们的某种力量。
- start: 2872.61
  end: 2876.992
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, if you know the names, then you can ascend back to the highest level.
  zh: 所以，如果你知道这些名字，你就可以上升回到最高层。
- start: 2876.992
  end: 2878.313
  speaker: unknown
  en: All of this is just a guess.
  zh: 所有这些都只是猜测。
- start: 2878.313
  end: 2883.455
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the point is that this is a salvation by knowledge.
  zh: 但关键是，这是通过知识获得救赎。
- start: 2883.455
  end: 2887.217
  speaker: unknown
  en: You will be saved if you know the right stuff.
  zh: 如果你知道正确的东西，你就会得救。
- start: 2887.97
  end: 2896.511
  speaker: unknown
  en: a that you're a divine spark, so knowing about your own divinity, and b these passwords or whatever they are.
  zh: a 你是一个神圣的火花，所以要知道你自己的神性，b 这些密码或无论它们是什么。
- start: 2898.672
  end: 2914.815
  speaker: unknown
  en: What this leads to is, ultimately it leads to a kind of a spiritual caste system where a lot of the Gnostics believed that they were among the spiritual elite and others were not.
  zh: 这最终导致了一种精神阶级制度，许多诺斯替派认为他们属于精神精英，而其他人则不是。
- start: 2914.815
  end: 2919.218
  speaker: unknown
  en: They were destined to return to the highest heaven  And others were not.
  zh: 他们注定要回到最高的天堂，而其他人则不是。
- start: 2919.218
  end: 2922.92
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the Gnostics, they didn't call themselves Gnostics.
  zh: 所以诺斯替派，他们并不称自己为诺斯替派。
- start: 2922.92
  end: 2925.882
  speaker: unknown
  en: Some of them called themselves simply spirituals.
  zh: 他们中的一些人简单地称自己为灵性者。
- start: 2926.262
  end: 2927.643
  speaker: unknown
  en: They were the spirituals.
  zh: 他们是灵性者。
- start: 2927.643
  end: 2931.645
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the other people were the carnals, or whatever.
  zh: 而其他人是肉体的，或者随便什么。
- start: 2932.086
  end: 2950.199
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so they, you know, a lot of these Gnostics, they saw themselves as the highest illuminated spiritual elite, and then they saw the other non-Gnostic Christians as sort of a middle level, and everyone else was, you know, going to be just stuck in this  reincarnation, go around for eternity, and that's all they could ever hope for.
  zh: 所以他们，你知道，很多这些诺斯替派，他们认为自己是最高的受启迪的精神精英，然后他们把其他非诺斯替派基督徒看作是某种中间层次，而其他所有人，你知道，将永远被困在这种轮回中，永远循环，这就是他们所能希望的全部。
- start: 2950.3
  end: 2960.647
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, you know, so ultimately, the spiritual then would claim to already be living the resurrected life.
  zh: 所以，你知道，最终，这些灵性者会声称他们已经在过着复活的生活。
- start: 2960.647
  end: 2971.214
  speaker: unknown
  en: This is this idea of the realized eschatology, and we saw in 2 Timothy chapter 2, where the author of that letter actually names two people who were teaching this.
  zh: 这就是已实现末世论的观念，我们在提摩太后书第2章看到，那封信的作者实际上提到了两个教导这种观点的人。
- start: 2971.395
  end: 2987.515
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I can't remember their names, but it's 2 Timothy 2, 17 and 18.  Alright, now, let me stop there for a second and see if there are any questions about Docetism, the Marcionites, or Gnosticism so far.
  zh: 我记不得他们的名字了，但它在提摩太后书2章17-18节。好的，现在让我在这里停一下，看看到目前为止关于幻影说、马吉安派或诺斯替主义有什么问题。
- start: 2990.657
  end: 2991.437
  speaker: unknown
  en: Alright.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 2991.637
  end: 2992.217
  speaker: unknown
  en: You still with me?
  zh: 你还跟得上吗？
- start: 2992.217
  end: 2992.937
  speaker: unknown
  en: Alright.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 2994.398
  end: 2999.56
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, just like there were two types of Evianites, there's two types of Gnostics.
  zh: 好吧，就像有两种类型的依比昂派一样，也有两种类型的诺斯替派。
- start: 2999.56
  end: 3002.822
  speaker: unknown
  en: And you've got a handout somewhere in your stuff.
  zh: 你的资料中某处有一份讲义。
- start: 3007.529
  end: 3011.511
  speaker: unknown
  en: The name of the handout is Christology Continuum.
  zh: 这份讲义的名称是「基督论连续体」。
- start: 3012.092
  end: 3017.276
  speaker: unknown
  en: It kind of tries to show in a chart form some of the nuances here.
  zh: 它试图以图表的形式展示这里的一些细微差别。
- start: 3017.276
  end: 3018.957
  speaker: unknown
  en: But again, this is more for information.
  zh: 但再次强调，这更多是为了提供信息。
- start: 3018.957
  end: 3022.2
  speaker: unknown
  en: I don't necessarily expect you to go into this kind of detail.
  zh: 我不一定期望你深入这种细节。
- start: 3022.2
  end: 3027.804
  speaker: unknown
  en: But there were a couple types of Gnostics when it came to Christology.
  zh: 但在基督论方面，有几种类型的诺斯替派。
- start: 3027.804
  end: 3030.486
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other words, when it came to what they thought about Christ.
  zh: 换句话说，就是他们对基督的看法。
- start: 3030.706
  end: 3035.447
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, for example,  One type would be the pure docetics.
  zh: 所以，例如，一种类型是纯粹的幻影说派。
- start: 3035.447
  end: 3040.431
  speaker: unknown
  en: To have a docetic Christology would be to believe that Jesus was just a phantom.
  zh: 持幻影说基督论就是相信耶稣只是一个幻影。
- start: 3041.912
  end: 3043.453
  speaker: unknown
  en: Let me do this.
  zh: 让我这样说。
- start: 3048.577
  end: 3056.742
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, a docetic Christology, Jesus is a phantom, which means he is not tangible at all.
  zh: 所以，幻影说基督论认为，耶稣是一个幻影，这意味着他完全不是有形的。
- start: 3056.742
  end: 3059.484
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you tried to touch him, you couldn't. He's just a ghost.
  zh: 如果你试图触摸他，你做不到。他只是一个幽灵。
- start: 3060.185
  end: 3070.911
  speaker: unknown
  en: But, there was another branch of Gnostics that saw passages in the Canonical Gospels about Jesus being touched and eating and people touching and such.
  zh: 但是，还有另一支诺斯替派看到正典福音书中有关耶稣被触摸、进食以及人们触摸他等的段落。
- start: 3070.911
  end: 3078.835
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, they wanted to, or maybe felt compelled to give Jesus some sort of tangibility.
  zh: 所以，他们想要，或者可能感到被迫给予耶稣某种有形性。
- start: 3078.835
  end: 3083.498
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, I don't have a good name for this other than this is just sort of a hybrid Christology.
  zh: 现在，我没有一个好的名称来称呼这个，除了说这只是一种混合的基督论。
- start: 3084.458
  end: 3090.941
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the hybrid Christology is still Docetic, but in this way of looking at Jesus,  Jesus is tangible.
  zh: 但这种混合基督论仍然是幻影说的，只是在这种看待耶稣的方式中，耶稣是可触摸的。
- start: 3090.941
  end: 3092.202
  speaker: unknown
  en: You could touch him.
  zh: 你可以触摸他。
- start: 3092.282
  end: 3092.803
  speaker: unknown
  en: He could eat.
  zh: 他可以吃东西。
- start: 3092.803
  end: 3095.905
  speaker: unknown
  en: He didn't have to go to the bathroom, though.
  zh: 不过，他不需要上厕所。
- start: 3096.325
  end: 3103.491
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, he's still not really human, but in some way tangible.
  zh: 所以，他仍然不是真正的人，但在某种程度上是可触摸的。
- start: 3104.132
  end: 3110.316
  speaker: unknown
  en: They would talk about Jesus having a luminous body, or an ethereal body.
  zh: 他们会说耶稣有一个发光的身体，或一个虚无缥缈的身体。
- start: 3113.059
  end: 3114.82
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, still not really human.
  zh: 所以，仍然不是真正的人。
- start: 3116.061
  end: 3128.405
  speaker: unknown
  en: The interesting thing about this is that  Depending on which one of these Christologies people gravitated toward would sort of determine what their lifestyle choice was going to be.
  zh: 有趣的是，人们倾向于哪种基督论在某种程度上决定了他们的生活方式选择。
- start: 3128.405
  end: 3133.688
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other words, a docetic Christology leads to asceticism.
  zh: 换句话说，幻影说基督论导致禁欲主义。
- start: 3135.53
  end: 3140.953
  speaker: unknown
  en: Whereas a hybrid Christology leads to a libertine lifestyle.
  zh: 而混合基督论导致放纵的生活方式。
- start: 3140.953
  end: 3143.495
  speaker: unknown
  en: Does that make sense?
  zh: 这说得通吗？
- start: 3143.495
  end: 3149.478
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if you had a docetic Christology, you're probably going to be ascetic, meaning deny yourself physical pleasure.
  zh: 所以如果你持幻影说基督论，你可能会成为禁欲主义者，意味着拒绝自己的身体快乐。
- start: 3149.835
  end: 3159.617
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you have a hybrid Christology, you're probably going to end up as libertine, which is, what I do with my body won't affect my soul.
  zh: 如果你持混合基督论，你可能最终会成为放纵主义者，也就是说，我对身体做什么不会影响我的灵魂。
- start: 3159.617
  end: 3167.638
  speaker: unknown
  en: And again, on the handout called Gnostic Family Tree, I indicate which groups had which kind of Christology.
  zh: 再次强调，在名为「诺斯替家族树」的讲义上，我指出了哪些群体持有哪种基督论。
- start: 3169.539
  end: 3182.798
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, with the hybrid Christology, if Jesus is tangible, he has a luminous or an ethereal body of some kind,  Then there is an allowance for some sort of crucifixion.
  zh: 现在，对于混合基督论，如果耶稣是可触摸的，他有某种发光的或虚无缥缈的身体，那么就允许某种形式的钉十字架。
- start: 3183.499
  end: 3209.037
  speaker: unknown
  en: Except in some versions of this, what ends up happening is, Jesus is carrying the cross, and then you remember Simon of Cyrene is conscripted to carry the cross, and so the stories, the Gnostic stories, have Jesus miraculously switching forms with Simon,  So that Simon gets crucified instead of Jesus, and Jesus stands there laughing, like it's a whole big joke.
  zh: 除了在某些版本中，最后发生的是，耶稣正在背十字架，然后你记得古利奈人西门被征召来背十字架，所以这些故事，诺斯替的故事，让耶稣奇迹般地与西门交换了形体，所以西门代替耶稣被钉十字架，而耶稣站在那里笑，好像这是一个大笑话。
- start: 3209.177
  end: 3212.579
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's sort of like the ending of Life of Brian, actually.
  zh: 实际上，这有点像《布莱恩的一生》的结局。
- start: 3212.579
  end: 3218.381
  speaker: unknown
  en: Anyway, except 2,000 years earlier.
  zh: 总之，只是早了2000年。
- start: 3218.381
  end: 3233.318
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, again, you know, it's all a way of sort of mocking the mainstream church's understanding of Jesus as human, and as  having a human, a real death.
  zh: 所以，再次强调，你知道，这都是一种嘲笑主流教会对耶稣作为人的理解，以及他有一个人的、真实的死亡的方式。
- start: 3233.339
  end: 3242.485
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so the Gnostics would say, you know, martyrs are fools because they're not following the footsteps of Jesus, they're following the footsteps of Simon of Cyrene.
  zh: 所以诺斯替派会说，你知道，殉道者是愚蠢的，因为他们不是在跟随耶稣的脚步，他们是在跟随古利奈人西门的脚步。
- start: 3242.485
  end: 3243.906
  speaker: unknown
  en: And they just don't know it.
  zh: 而他们只是不知道这一点。
- start: 3246.387
  end: 3255.013
  speaker: unknown
  en: The most famous Gnostic teacher, and there's a lot of them, so we're not going to go into too much detail here, but the most famous Gnostic teacher is a guy named Valentinus.
  zh: 最著名的诺斯替教师，有很多这样的人，所以我们不会在这里过多详述，但最著名的诺斯替教师是一个叫瓦伦提努斯的人。
- start: 3257.603
  end: 3261.026
  speaker: unknown
  en: Also came to Rome and taught in Rome because that was the thing to do.
  zh: 他也来到罗马并在罗马教学，因为那是当时的潮流。
- start: 3261.026
  end: 3264.428
  speaker: unknown
  en: If you wanted to be a teacher and gain followers, you went to Rome.
  zh: 如果你想成为一个教师并获得追随者，你就去罗马。
- start: 3265.969
  end: 3269.191
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the middle of the second century, Valentinus was in Rome.
  zh: 所以在二世纪中叶，瓦伦提努斯在罗马。
- start: 3269.311
  end: 3274.675
  speaker: unknown
  en: And by this time, Gnosticism is splitting from the church.
  zh: 到这个时候，诺斯替主义正在从教会分裂出去。
- start: 3275.316
  end: 3276.757
  speaker: unknown
  en: It's moving out of the church.
  zh: 它正在离开教会。
- start: 3276.757
  end: 3283.141
  speaker: unknown
  en: So it's becoming no longer a heresy within the church, but it's becoming a completely separate religion.
  zh: 所以它不再是教会内部的异端，而是正在成为一个完全独立的宗教。
- start: 3283.421
  end: 3291.307
  speaker: unknown
  en: And when that happens,  The Gnostics start to write their own documents, like their own Gospels.
  zh: 当这种情况发生时，诺斯替派开始写自己的文献，比如他们自己的福音书。
- start: 3291.608
  end: 3295.431
  speaker: unknown
  en: And in this case, we do have some of these documents.
  zh: 在这种情况下，我们确实有一些这样的文献。
- start: 3295.631
  end: 3298.373
  speaker: unknown
  en: You can read them, they're on the internet, they're collected in books.
  zh: 你可以阅读它们，它们在互联网上，它们被收集在书中。
- start: 3298.373
  end: 3308.0
  speaker: unknown
  en: The only problem is that, in most cases, the versions that we have of their documents are from later, from like the 4th century, so they've got layers of edits on them.
  zh: 唯一的问题是，在大多数情况下，我们拥有的这些文献的版本是后来的，比如来自4世纪，所以它们有多层编辑。
- start: 3308.0
  end: 3310.842
  speaker: unknown
  en: So we really don't know what it would have said in the 2nd century.
  zh: 所以我们真的不知道在2世纪它们会说什么。
- start: 3310.842
  end: 3312.724
  speaker: unknown
  en: So if you read them, just keep that in mind.
  zh: 所以如果你读它们，请记住这一点。
- start: 3312.724
  end: 3317.25
  speaker: unknown
  en: But for example, in the Gospel of Thomas,  Which is a Gnostic Gospel.
  zh: 但例如，在多马福音中，这是一部诺斯替福音。
- start: 3317.25
  end: 3324.496
  speaker: unknown
  en: You can see already a rivalry between the mainstream bishops and the Gnostic leaders.
  zh: 你已经可以看到主流主教和诺斯替领袖之间的竞争。
- start: 3324.496
  end: 3332.603
  speaker: unknown
  en: Because in the Gospel of Thomas, Thomas is held up as the apostle, and Peter and the others are like, you know, secondary.
  zh: 因为在多马福音中，多马被奉为使徒，而彼得和其他人则是次要的。
- start: 3332.603
  end: 3339.889
  speaker: unknown
  en: And there's even sort of a dig at, you know, your leaders are no good.
  zh: 甚至还有一种暗示，你知道，你们的领袖不好。
- start: 3339.889
  end: 3342.331
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, we can already see that.
  zh: 所以，我们已经可以看到这一点。
- start: 3342.341
  end: 3355.427
  speaker: unknown
  en: Which means, and we'll talk about this a little bit more next week, it means that when the church was figuring out what documents ought to be in the canon, they never considered the Gnostic Gospels.
  zh: 这意味着，我们下周会更多地讨论这个，当教会在确定哪些文献应该进入正典时，他们从未考虑过诺斯替福音。
- start: 3355.427
  end: 3369.333
  speaker: unknown
  en: If anybody tells you that the Gnostic Gospels almost made it in the Bible, or that they're somehow the lost books of the Bible, or that the church somehow scandalously excluded these from the Bible, none of that's true.
  zh: 如果有人告诉你诺斯替福音几乎进入了圣经，或者它们somehow是圣经的失落之书，或者教会somehow可耻地将这些排除在圣经之外，这些都不是真的。
- start: 3369.473
  end: 3378.953
  speaker: unknown
  en: The Gnostic Gospels were written  specifically because the Gnostics were leaving, and they were written to differentiate themselves from the mainstream church.
  zh: 诺斯替福音是专门因为诺斯替派正在离开而写的，它们是为了将自己与主流教会区分开来而写的。
- start: 3378.953
  end: 3384.197
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so, those documents were never considered for inclusion in the scriptures.
  zh: 因此，这些文献从未被考虑纳入圣经。
- start: 3384.197
  end: 3384.937
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yes?
  zh: 是的？
- start: 3385.057
  end: 3393.483
  speaker: unknown
  en: I thought the Gospel of Thomas wasn't found until pretty recently.
  zh: 我以为多马福音直到最近才被发现。
- start: 3393.723
  end: 3403.662
  speaker: unknown
  en: If I remember right, the Gospel of Thomas is part of the so-called Nag Hammadi collection that was found in Egypt  In the 20th century it was found.
  zh: 如果我没记错的话，多马福音是所谓的纳格·哈马迪文集的一部分，这些文集是在20世纪在埃及被发现的。
- start: 3403.662
  end: 3410.043
  speaker: unknown
  en: I think it was before I was born.
  zh: 我想那是在我出生之前。
- start: 3410.043
  end: 3413.844
  speaker: unknown
  en: Those documents are really from the 4th century.
  zh: 那些文献实际上是来自4世纪的。
- start: 3413.844
  end: 3418.245
  speaker: unknown
  en: So the version of that that we have is not the original version.
  zh: 所以我们拥有的那个版本不是原始版本。
- start: 3418.245
  end: 3421.126
  speaker: unknown
  en: It would have had edits and layers of additional material.
  zh: 它会有编辑和额外材料的层次。
- start: 3421.126
  end: 3422.647
  speaker: unknown
  en: We assume they're Gnostic.
  zh: 我们假设它们是诺斯替的。
- start: 3422.647
  end: 3428.588
  speaker: unknown
  en: We're not as positive as we are as far as Paul's letters or the early church letters.
  zh: 我们对它们的确定程度不如对保罗的书信或早期教会的书信那样肯定。
- start: 3428.649
  end: 3431.89
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, I mean, yeah, that's a good question.
  zh: 嗯，我的意思是，是的，这是一个好问题。
- start: 3431.89
  end: 3437.372
  speaker: unknown
  en: In some cases, depending on the document, in some cases, we know this is Gnostic.
  zh: 在某些情况下，取决于文献，在某些情况下，我们知道这是诺斯替的。
- start: 3437.652
  end: 3443.053
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, there's one called the Gospel of Truth, which we think may have even been written by Valentinus himself.
  zh: 事实上，有一个叫做「真理福音」的，我们认为甚至可能是瓦伦提努斯本人写的。
- start: 3443.374
  end: 3452.276
  speaker: unknown
  en: In other cases, it's like, well, we don't know where this comes from, but when you read it, it sounds Gnostic, sounds docetic, you know, so we make an assumption based on the content.
  zh: 在其他情况下，就像，嗯，我们不知道这来自哪里，但当你读它时，它听起来像诺斯替的，听起来像幻影说的，你知道，所以我们根据内容做出假设。
- start: 3452.417
  end: 3454.057
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, that's a good question.
  zh: 所以，这是一个好问题。
- start: 3455.017
  end: 3456.878
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, were there other questions?
  zh: 好的，还有其他问题吗？
- start: 3465.464
  end: 3479.269
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, for the Gnostic then, since there is no real human responsibility for evil, you're not saved from sin, you're saved from ignorance.
  zh: 所以，对诺斯替派来说，既然没有真正的人类对邪恶的责任，你不是从罪中得救，而是从无知中得救。
- start: 3480.889
  end: 3497.189
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, you think that you're  that you're meant to be in that physical form, then you're just not enlightened and you need to know about your true divinity, etc. And so therefore there's no atonement.
  zh: 所以，如果你认为你注定要存在于那种物质形态中，那么你只是还没有开悟，你需要了解你真正的神性等。因此，就没有赎罪这回事。
- start: 3497.189
  end: 3513.122
  speaker: unknown
  en: The cross is either a joke or it's an object lesson by Jesus to show us how to reject the flesh and strip off our flesh, etc. What really brings us close to God is knowledge.
  zh: 十字架要么是个笑话，要么是耶稣给我们的一个实物教训，向我们展示如何拒绝肉体并脱离我们的肉体等。真正使我们接近神的是知识。
- start: 3513.268
  end: 3519.092
  speaker: unknown
  en: Specifically, knowledge of our own divinity, in some cases.
  zh: 特别是在某些情况下，对我们自身神性的认知。
- start: 3519.092
  end: 3531.419
  speaker: unknown
  en: And the way we get that knowledge is because the Savior, the Redeemer, who is Christ, brings that secret knowledge to help us ascend to the highest heaven.
  zh: 我们获得那种知识的方式是因为救主，救赎者，也就是基督，带来了那种秘密知识来帮助我们上升到最高的天堂。
- start: 3531.479
  end: 3537.183
  speaker: unknown
  en: Keep in mind, everything I'm saying here is kind of a generalization, because remember, no two Gnostics would necessarily agree on everything.
  zh: 请记住，我在这里说的一切都是一种概括，因为要记住，没有两个诺斯替派会在所有事情上都必然达成一致。
- start: 3537.183
  end: 3549.812
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, I'm kind of combining things into a  What seems like a coherent story, but it wasn't that coherent.
  zh: 所以，我在某种程度上把事情结合成一个看似连贯的故事，但它并不那么连贯。
- start: 3549.832
  end: 3561.038
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, if it's true, then, that there's nothing new under the sun, what or who would be the modern versions of Docetism or Gnosticism?
  zh: 那么，如果日光之下无新事是真的，那么幻影说或诺斯替主义的现代版本会是什么或谁？
- start: 3561.038
  end: 3562.758
  speaker: unknown
  en: Anyone want to take a guess at this?
  zh: 有人想猜猜看吗？
- start: 3563.199
  end: 3565.24
  speaker: unknown
  en: I think Hilarious Mormonism.
  zh: 我认为是滑稽的摩门教。
- start: 3566.178
  end: 3567.559
  speaker: unknown
  en: Hold that thought.
  zh: 先别说。
- start: 3567.559
  end: 3570.901
  speaker: unknown
  en: And actually, I'll sort of give it away a little bit now.
  zh: 实际上，我现在会稍微透露一点。
- start: 3570.901
  end: 3574.483
  speaker: unknown
  en: Mormons are more on this side of the board.
  zh: 摩门教徒更多地属于板子的这一边。
- start: 3574.483
  end: 3577.624
  speaker: unknown
  en: But hold that thought for the future.
  zh: 但先把这个想法留着以后再说。
- start: 3578.665
  end: 3580.306
  speaker: unknown
  en: Any other ideas?
  zh: 还有其他想法吗？
- start: 3584.208
  end: 3586.829
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean, think in terms of the syncretism, especially.
  zh: 我的意思是，特别要从融合主义的角度思考。
- start: 3586.829
  end: 3601.231
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean,  If I said to you, new age, what does that mean to you?
  zh: 我的意思是，如果我对你说「新时代」，这对你意味着什么？
- start: 3601.231
  end: 3606.055
  speaker: unknown
  en: I mean, it's maybe not, what's that?
  zh: 我的意思是，也许不是，那是什么？
- start: 3606.055
  end: 3608.297
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yes, Christian science.
  zh: 是的，基督教科学会。
- start: 3609.358
  end: 3611.66
  speaker: unknown
  en: I would say that would fall in that camp.
  zh: 我会说那属于这个阵营。
- start: 3613.261
  end: 3626.516
  speaker: unknown
  en: The concept of the new age movement really comes from a few decades ago, I suppose, but it's, you know, the Gnostics were really the sort of new agers of the ancient world, and the new age movement is  Modern Gnosticism.
  zh: 我想新时代运动的概念真的是几十年前才出现的，但你知道，诺斯替派实际上是古代世界的某种新时代主义者，而新时代运动是现代诺斯替主义。
- start: 3626.516
  end: 3632.239
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, when the New Age movement had a magazine, it was called Gnosis.
  zh: 事实上，当新时代运动有一本杂志时，它被称为「诺斯替」。
- start: 3632.899
  end: 3638.523
  speaker: unknown
  en: But of course, like Gnosticism, there was no institutional connection or anything to the New Age movement.
  zh: 但当然，就像诺斯替主义一样，新时代运动没有任何制度上的联系或其他什么。
- start: 3638.523
  end: 3640.944
  speaker: unknown
  en: Erin, were you going to throw something out there?
  zh: 艾琳，你要说些什么吗？
- start: 3640.944
  end: 3643.065
  speaker: unknown
  en: Oh, no, I was just kind of...
  zh: 哦，不，我只是在...
- start: 3643.065
  end: 3648.168
  speaker: unknown
  en: You know, I think the New Age spiritual, like Eckhart Tolle, or people like that.
  zh: 你知道，我认为新时代灵性，比如埃克哈特·托勒，或者类似的人。
- start: 3648.168
  end: 3648.628
  speaker: unknown
  en: Right, right.
  zh: 对，对。
- start: 3648.628
  end: 3654.091
  speaker: unknown
  en: Any sort of mind over matter, or anyone who tells you that you're a divine spark...
  zh: 任何形式的精神胜于物质，或任何告诉你你是神圣火花的人...
- start: 3656.689
  end: 3663.533
  speaker: unknown
  en: This sort of thing, this idea that what you really need is to know yourself.
  zh: 这种东西，这种认为你真正需要的是认识自己的想法。
- start: 3663.813
  end: 3667.215
  speaker: unknown
  en: In fact, one of the Gnostic documents is called Know Yourself.
  zh: 事实上，其中一个诺斯替文献就叫做「认识你自己」。
- start: 3672.039
  end: 3680.825
  speaker: unknown
  en: Anything where you sort of get to choose and take the role of your own higher power in terms of picking and choosing different aspects.
  zh: 任何让你可以选择并在选择不同方面时扮演自己的更高力量角色的东西。
- start: 3681.726
  end: 3682.766
  speaker: unknown
  en: Anything else?
  zh: 还有什么吗？
- start: 3686.632
  end: 3689.113
  speaker: unknown
  en: Well, what about Scientology?
  zh: 那么，山达基教呢？
- start: 3691.413
  end: 3692.333
  speaker: unknown
  en: Things like that.
  zh: 诸如此类的东西。
- start: 3692.333
  end: 3703.075
  speaker: unknown
  en: Scientology is interesting because if you join, you sort of have to move up through the ranks to learn the different information.
  zh: 山达基教很有趣，因为如果你加入，你必须通过不同的等级来学习不同的信息。
- start: 3703.735
  end: 3715.237
  speaker: unknown
  en: And what I want you to see here is that, at its essence, Gnosticism says, join us and we'll tell you what we believe.
  zh: 我想让你们看到的是，从本质上讲，诺斯替主义说，加入我们，我们就会告诉你我们相信什么。
- start: 3715.812
  end: 3721.094
  speaker: unknown
  en: And everybody else says, here's what we believe, you decide if you want to join us.
  zh: 而其他人都说，这就是我们所相信的，你决定是否要加入我们。
- start: 3721.754
  end: 3726.636
  speaker: unknown
  en: See the difference?
  zh: 看到区别了吗？
- start: 3726.817
  end: 3737.261
  speaker: unknown
  en: Tertullian, whom you'll read later, criticized Gnosticism and said the attraction of Gnosticism was that you could call yourself a seeker and you'd never have to find anything.
  zh: 你们稍后会读到的特土良批评诺斯替主义，说诺斯替主义的吸引力在于你可以称自己为寻求者，而永远不必找到任何东西。
- start: 3737.781
  end: 3738.821
  speaker: unknown
  en: Now, does that sound familiar?
  zh: 现在，这听起来熟悉吗？
- start: 3738.821
  end: 3741.522
  speaker: unknown
  en: Does that sound like anything going on today?
  zh: 这听起来像今天正在发生的任何事情吗？
- start: 3742.363
  end: 3754.767
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, just to wrap up here,  Notice how, in terms of both extremes, you have the Ebionites on one side, you have the Gnostics, Docetics, and Marcionites on the other side.
  zh: 所以，总结一下，注意两个极端，一边是依比昂派，另一边是诺斯替派、幻影说派和马吉安派。
- start: 3755.087
  end: 3760.468
  speaker: unknown
  en: In both extremes, Jesus is not unique.
  zh: 在这两个极端中，耶稣都不是独特的。
- start: 3761.089
  end: 3764.729
  speaker: unknown
  en: To the Ebionites, he's not divine and neither are we.
  zh: 对依比昂派来说，他不是神圣的，我们也不是。
- start: 3765.51
  end: 3770.951
  speaker: unknown
  en: To the Gnostics, he's divine and so are we.
  zh: 对诺斯替派来说，他是神圣的，我们也是。
- start: 3771.451
  end: 3778.412
  speaker: unknown
  en: So, we have this sort of mainstream church that's saying, you know,  Yeah, he's one of us, but he's also unique among us.
  zh: 所以，我们有这种主流教会在说，你知道，是的，他是我们中的一员，但他在我们中间也是独特的。
- start: 3778.533
  end: 3782.055
  speaker: unknown
  en: And so there's this paradox there.
  zh: 所以这里有一个悖论。
- start: 3783.357
  end: 3786.72
  speaker: unknown
  en: Both extremes rejected the concept of a bodily resurrection.
  zh: 两个极端都拒绝身体复活的概念。
- start: 3786.72
  end: 3791.724
  speaker: unknown
  en: Both extremes, if they had a Eucharist, rejected the use of wine in the Eucharist.
  zh: 两个极端，如果他们有圣餐，都拒绝在圣餐中使用酒。
- start: 3793.526
  end: 3802.693
  speaker: unknown
  en: Both extremes could lend themselves or end up with an ascetic lifestyle, although the Gnostics had their other option as well.
  zh: 两个极端都可能导致或最终采取苦行的生活方式，尽管诺斯替派还有其他选择。
- start: 3805.049
  end: 3813.576
  speaker: unknown
  en: One of the things you're going to read is the Helen Reed book about the Apocryphal Acts documents.
  zh: 你们要读的其中一本书是海伦·里德关于伪经使徒行传文献的书。
- start: 3813.776
  end: 3818.16
  speaker: unknown
  en: And I don't know how much time we're going to have to talk about that in class, but that's an excellent book.
  zh: 我不知道我们在课堂上会有多少时间讨论这个，但那是一本很好的书。
- start: 3818.32
  end: 3828.769
  speaker: unknown
  en: And, you know, one of the things you're going to notice is that we can't quite pinpoint who wrote those documents or where they come from.
  zh: 你知道，你会注意到的一件事是，我们无法确定谁写了那些文献或它们来自哪里。
- start: 3828.969
  end: 3857.496
  speaker: unknown
  en: But the Apocryphal Acts, like the Acts of Paul and the Sacrileges, have affinities  With some of these ascetic groups, like some of the Gnostics and also the Ebionites, because in those documents, the apostles in those documents are made to preach what they call the gospel of self-control, as if the way to be saved is by being celibate, so that somehow celibacy is the calling of all Christians.
  zh: 但伪经使徒行传，如保罗行传和亵渎行传，与一些苦行团体有亲和力，比如一些诺斯替派，也包括依比昂派，因为在那些文献中，使徒们被描述为宣讲他们所谓的自制福音，好像得救的方式是通过独身，所以某种程度上独身成了所有基督徒的呼召。
- start: 3857.503
  end: 3870.211
  speaker: unknown
  en: So again, notice how we have these documents that come from the fringes of the church, and we're not quite sure which side in some cases, but look for that, and that's an excellent book.
  zh: 所以再次注意，我们有这些来自教会边缘的文献，在某些情况下我们不太确定它们属于哪一方，但要注意这一点，那是一本很好的书。
- start: 3872.873
  end: 3875.034
  speaker: unknown
  en: What else do I want to say before we quit here?
  zh: 在我们结束之前，我还想说什么？
- start: 3879.177
  end: 3882.159
  speaker: unknown
  en: Yeah, I think I pretty much covered everything.
  zh: 是的，我想我基本上已经涵盖了所有内容。
- start: 3882.159
  end: 3884.62
  speaker: unknown
  en: So any last minute questions before we take a break?
  zh: 那么在我们休息之前，还有什么最后的问题吗？
- start: 3887.691
  end: 3890.607
  speaker: unknown
  en: Okay, go ahead and stop the camera.
  zh: 好的，请关掉摄像机。
