- start: 2.569
  end: 10.891
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, so here we are, welcome to the last lecture of the course, and in some ways we are kind of coming full circle tonight.
  zh: 好了，我们来到了课程的最后一讲，今晚我们在某些方面可以说是回到了起点。
- start: 10.991
  end: 29.497
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so I'll kind of point that out to you, but just to lead into this, in most of the cases, what we've been talking about so far, up until the 11th century or so, doing theology means quoting the authorities.
  zh: 我会向你们指出这一点，但首先要说明的是，在大多数情况下，我们迄今为止所讨论的内容，直到11世纪左右，进行神学研究意味着引用权威。
- start: 30.077
  end: 36.821
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you remember how we started this course by talking about how in the early church, older is better.
  zh: 你们还记得我们是如何开始这门课程的吗？我们谈到在早期教会中，越古老越好。
- start: 36.821
  end: 42.665
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it's more important to be consistent with what came before than to try and innovate anything.
  zh: 保持与前人一致比尝试创新更为重要。
- start: 42.665
  end: 49.148
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, many people thought that innovation was heresy, right?
  zh: 事实上，许多人认为创新就是异端，对吧？
- start: 49.189
  end: 55.412
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And even the great thinkers of the early church would never want you to think they were teaching anything new.
  zh: 即使是早期教会的伟大思想家也绝不希望你认为他们在教授任何新的东西。
- start: 57.174
  end: 62.735
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They would only want you to think they were further clarifying what Jesus and the Apostles had given us.
  zh: 他们只希望你认为他们是在进一步阐明耶稣和使徒们给予我们的内容。
- start: 62.776
  end: 81.46
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, in some ways, though, when we get to the 11th century and beyond, in some ways, doing theology can mean coming up with something new, based on the conviction that questioning faith with human reason can't hurt the faith.
  zh: 然而，在某些方面，当我们进入11世纪及以后，进行神学研究可能意味着提出新的观点，这基于一种信念，即用人类理性质疑信仰不会伤害信仰。
- start: 81.78
  end: 90.616
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Human reason is a God-given gift,  And gods wouldn't give you a gift that would then contradict the tradition or vice versa.
  zh: 人类理性是神赐予的礼物，神不会给你一个与传统相矛盾的礼物，反之亦然。
- start: 90.876
  end: 93.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so questioning is a good thing.
  zh: 因此，质疑是一件好事。
- start: 95.36
  end: 102.845
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so in the 11th through the 14th centuries, a kind of gradual intellectual renaissance was taking place.
  zh: 从11世纪到14世纪，一种渐进的知识复兴正在发生。
- start: 103.486
  end: 105.767
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A precursor to the Renaissance.
  zh: 这是文艺复兴的先驱。
- start: 105.767
  end: 107.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Renaissance before the Renaissance.
  zh: 文艺复兴之前的复兴。
- start: 107.909
  end: 109.83
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what I mean by that is this.
  zh: 但我的意思是这样的。
- start: 109.911
  end: 112.012
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Philosophy is making a comeback.
  zh: 哲学正在卷土重来。
- start: 112.74
  end: 118.285
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You may remember we started this course with the apologists, who were philosophers.
  zh: 你可能记得我们开始这门课程时讲到的护教学者，他们是哲学家。
- start: 118.545
  end: 125.151
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But by the time we shifted into the period of the theologians, the theologians were skeptical of philosophy.
  zh: 但当我们进入神学家的时期时，神学家们对哲学持怀疑态度。
- start: 125.231
  end: 130.255
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Especially like, you know, you get Tertullian saying this phrase, what has Athens had to do with Jerusalem?
  zh: 特别是，你知道，特土良说过这样一句话：「雅典与耶路撒冷有什么关系？」
- start: 130.256
  end: 134.68
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As if to say, what does philosophy have to do with theology?
  zh: 好像在说，哲学与神学有什么关系？
- start: 134.68
  end: 142.975
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that very idea, that philosophy and theology were two separate things,  That's really not the original idea.
  zh: 但是，认为哲学和神学是两个独立的领域，这并不是最初的想法。
- start: 143.996
  end: 153.142
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And now we're coming back full circle to an attitude that says, you know what, philosophy and theology are not necessarily that separate.
  zh: 现在我们又回到了一种态度，认为哲学和神学并不一定是完全分开的。
- start: 154.984
  end: 160.907
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so along with that, we find a kind of rediscovery of the writings of Aristotle.
  zh: 与此同时，我们发现了对亚里士多德著作的重新发现。
- start: 161.908
  end: 167.032
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so that rediscovery facilitates more interest in philosophy.
  zh: 这种重新发现促进了人们对哲学的更多兴趣。
- start: 167.885
  end: 174.507
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And all of this is based on the conviction or the assumption that faith and reason can be reconciled.
  zh: 所有这些都基于一种信念或假设，即信心和理性是可以调和的。
- start: 174.507
  end: 176.347
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They are not mutually exclusive.
  zh: 它们并不互相排斥。
- start: 176.347
  end: 177.788
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They are not enemies.
  zh: 它们不是敌人。
- start: 179.448
  end: 192.652
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Revelation, as in God's divinely inspired revealed word, and philosophy, as in human reason and the process of logic, these things are not at odds.
  zh: 启示，即神默示的道，和哲学，即人类理性和逻辑过程，这些并不矛盾。
- start: 192.652
  end: 194.352
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They can be compatible.
  zh: 它们是可以兼容的。
- start: 195.74
  end: 210.97
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so this is the time period when we see a kind of, you might say, culmination in the evolution of education, in Christian education, because you may remember we talked about the catechetical school.
  zh: 因此，这是一个时期，我们可以看到基督教教育的演变达到了一个高峰，因为你可能还记得我们谈到过教理学校。
- start: 211.09
  end: 222.237
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The catechetical school evolved in the early church out of the need for catechesis, the need to train people to be ready to be baptized.
  zh: 教理学校在早期教会中发展起来，是为了满足教理讲授的需要，即培训人们准备接受洗礼。
- start: 222.992
  end: 229.573
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The catechetical school then becomes sort of the property of the bishop of any city, right?
  zh: 然后，教理学校就成了每个城市主教的一种财产，对吧？
- start: 229.573
  end: 231.734
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the bishop is the authority.
  zh: 因此，主教就是权威。
- start: 231.734
  end: 239.515
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even if the bishop is not the main teacher, the bishop is the authority over what's taught at the catechetical school.
  zh: 即使主教不是主要教师，主教也是教理学校教学内容的权威。
- start: 242.276
  end: 251.047
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This sort of evolves, and we talked about during the  The period of late antiquity, or the early Middle Ages.
  zh: 这种情况逐渐演变，我们讨论过晚期古代或早期中世纪的情况。
- start: 251.047
  end: 265.678
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We have the monastery school, where monasteries would offer education to lay people, but also the monasteries became sort of first seminaries, educating the clergy.
  zh: 我们有修道院学校，修道院为平信徒提供教育，但修道院也成为了最早的神学院，培养神职人员。
- start: 266.419
  end: 277.898
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We have the development of the cathedral schools,  Where there's a school attached to the cathedral in important cities.
  zh: 我们看到了主教座堂学校的发展，在重要城市的主教座堂附属有学校。
- start: 278.598
  end: 283.661
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the cathedral schools evolved into what we know as the universities.
  zh: 主教座堂学校演变成了我们所知的大学。
- start: 284.221
  end: 292.965
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: First in Bologna, then Paris and Oxford, and so we get the emergence of the university, the true university.
  zh: 首先是在博洛尼亚，然后是巴黎和牛津，这样我们就看到了真正意义上的大学的出现。
- start: 293.406
  end: 303.997
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the period that we're talking about tonight is this time period that we see the  Cathedral school evolving into the university.
  zh: 所以我们今晚讨论的时期就是我们看到主教座堂学校演变成大学的这个时期。
- start: 303.997
  end: 314.58
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And during this time period, a sort of informal, international community of scholars comes into being that we refer to as the scholastics.
  zh: 在这个时期，一个非正式的国际学者群体形成了，我们称之为经院哲学家。
- start: 315.261
  end: 318.382
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Scholastics, or in older books, the school men.
  zh: 经院哲学家，或在旧书中称为学院派。
- start: 318.742
  end: 323.203
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what we're talking about here is scholasticism.
  zh: 但我们在这里讨论的是经院哲学。
- start: 323.443
  end: 331.325
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Scholasticism is this time period, but it's also a kind of  It's a body of knowledge.
  zh: 经院哲学是这个时期，但它也是一种知识体系。
- start: 333.047
  end: 340.372
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's also kind of a methodology in the sense that scholastic education was dialogical.
  zh: 它也是一种方法论，因为经院教育是对话式的。
- start: 341.753
  end: 344.135
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It was integrated.
  zh: 它是综合的。
- start: 344.135
  end: 346.336
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It was systematic.
  zh: 它是系统的。
- start: 346.336
  end: 350.919
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We really get the first systematic theologians in this time period.
  zh: 我们在这个时期真正得到了第一批系统神学家。
- start: 352.581
  end: 358.685
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And emphasizing logical proofs over proof texting.
  zh: 并且强调逻辑证明而不是引证经文。
- start: 360.151
  end: 368.072
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it's no longer going to be enough just to quote the authorities and say, so and so said so, and so that's it.
  zh: 所以仅仅引用权威并说「某某人这么说，所以就是这样」已经不够了。
- start: 368.493
  end: 376.714
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Up until this time, you could have a bumper sticker on your car that said, Augustine said it, I believe it, that settles it.
  zh: 在此之前，你可以在车上贴一个标语说「奥古斯丁说了，我相信了，这就解决了」。
- start: 376.874
  end: 388.136
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, now that's not going to be enough because while that's going to be valuable, the scholastics want to walk you through the logical process of how you get there.
  zh: 现在，这已经不够了，因为虽然这很有价值，但经院哲学家想要带你走过达到结论的逻辑过程。
- start: 389.782
  end: 395.487
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I don't want to give the impression that they all met in a pub in Oxford.
  zh: 我不想给人一种印象，好像他们都在牛津的酒吧里见面。
- start: 399.131
  end: 401.953
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because some of these guys didn't even know each other.
  zh: 因为这些人中有些甚至互不相识。
- start: 401.994
  end: 405.137
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Their lives don't necessarily all overlap.
  zh: 他们的生平并不一定都有重叠。
- start: 405.918
  end: 409.0
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But they do represent a time period.
  zh: 但他们确实代表了一个时期。
- start: 411.164
  end: 413.365
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And there are certain similarities between them.
  zh: 他们之间有一些相似之处。
- start: 413.365
  end: 416.907
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to talk about three of them tonight, what I call the A-Team.
  zh: 今晚我们要讨论其中的三位，我称之为「A队」。
- start: 417.187
  end: 419.588
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anselm, Abelard, and Aquinas.
  zh: 安瑟伦、阿伯拉尔和阿奎那。
- start: 419.848
  end: 423.47
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But they have certain similarities.
  zh: 但他们有一些相似之处。
- start: 423.47
  end: 425.611
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They come from the monastic communities.
  zh: 他们来自修道院团体。
- start: 425.811
  end: 429.393
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They teach in the schools, first the cathedral schools, then the universities.
  zh: 他们先在主教座堂学校教学，然后在大学教学。
- start: 431.774
  end: 435.436
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They are speaking and writing in Latin.
  zh: 他们用拉丁语讲话和写作。
- start: 435.874
  end: 446.359
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: At a time when many people are illiterate, as you know, coming out of the Middle Ages here, or what we might call the late Middle Ages.
  zh: 你知道，在那个时期，许多人都是文盲，这是从中世纪或我们可能称之为晚期中世纪走出来的时期。
- start: 446.359
  end: 462.798
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, I don't know if I've said this, but our English word clergy has the same root as the word clerk because  Often, the clergy person was the only person in town who could read and write in a small town, so that was the person who kept all the records.
  zh: 事实上，我不知道我是否说过，但我们英语中的「clergy」（神职人员）一词与「clerk」（文书）一词有相同的词根，因为在小镇上，神职人员常常是唯一能读写的人，所以他就是保管所有记录的人。
- start: 462.798
  end: 471.386
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Why do you think there's a tradition that when you go out into a parish, you will have to keep the records of births, baptisms, funerals, and stuff?
  zh: 你认为为什么会有这样一个传统，当你到一个教区时，你必须保存出生、洗礼、葬礼等记录？
- start: 471.386
  end: 477.231
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Not only because that's church business, but because that's community business.
  zh: 这不仅是因为这是教会的事务，也因为这是社区的事务。
- start: 477.912
  end: 486.521
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So anyway, often, especially in smaller towns,  The priest or the pastor was the person who could read and write.
  zh: 总之，特别是在小镇上，神父或牧师常常是能读写的人。
- start: 486.521
  end: 497.567
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So what we have in the scholastics then is the academics, the ones who are not only reading and writing Latin but speaking it.
  zh: 所以我们在经院哲学家中看到的是学者，他们不仅能读写拉丁语，还能说拉丁语。
- start: 498.147
  end: 500.968
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And as academics they want to systematize.
  zh: 作为学者，他们想要系统化。
- start: 501.189
  end: 506.726
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They don't want to compartmentalize  theology, Christology, soteriology.
  zh: 他们不想将神学、基督论、救赎论分隔开来。
- start: 506.726
  end: 508.407
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They want to systematize it all.
  zh: 他们想要将这一切系统化。
- start: 508.407
  end: 513.869
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, this is where my third law comes into play a lot.
  zh: 事实上，这就是我的第三定律发挥作用的地方。
- start: 513.869
  end: 517.731
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember Law 3? Christology informs soteriology.
  zh: 还记得第三定律吗？基督论影响救赎论。
- start: 517.731
  end: 521.992
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The point being that Christology and soteriology are interrelated.
  zh: 要点是基督论和救赎论是相互关联的。
- start: 522.413
  end: 528.255
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What you believe about the Savior will have something to say about what you believe about how salvation works.
  zh: 你对救主的信念会影响你对救赎如何运作的理解。
- start: 528.755
  end: 539.802
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so in that sense, we're also coming full circle tonight because when I talk about the scholastics, I'm going to focus primarily on soteriology or their theories of atonement.
  zh: 从这个意义上说，我们今晚也是在回到起点，因为当我谈到经院哲学家时，我主要关注的是救赎论或他们的赎罪理论。
- start: 540.563
  end: 543.785
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we'll focus on that and it'll give you a taste of scholasticism.
  zh: 所以我们将关注这一点，这会让你对经院哲学有所了解。
- start: 543.806
  end: 550.73
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I believe when you take History 2, you'll sort of pick up with scholasticism and get more of it and move on from there.
  zh: 我相信当你学习历史2时，你会继续学习经院哲学，了解更多，然后从那里继续前进。
- start: 552.132
  end: 555.434
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So these are the first systematic theologians.
  zh: 所以这些是第一批系统神学家。
- start: 555.434
  end: 558.576
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So I'm going to start with Anselm of Canterbury.
  zh: 我将从坎特伯雷的安瑟伦开始。
- start: 558.809
  end: 568.174
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His dates are 1033 or 1034 to 1109. Now Anselm is an Augustinian.
  zh: 他的生卒年是1033年或1034年至1109年。安瑟伦是一位奥古斯丁主义者。
- start: 568.174
  end: 570.495
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He is heavily influenced by Augustine.
  zh: 他深受奥古斯丁的影响。
- start: 571.535
  end: 576.938
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's also a student of Lanfrance, if you remember that name from our discussion of the Eucharist.
  zh: 他也是兰弗朗克的学生，如果你还记得我们讨论圣餐时提到的这个名字。
- start: 577.238
  end: 583.081
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: However, true to the scholastic method, Anselm doesn't just quote the authorities.
  zh: 然而，忠实于经院哲学方法，安瑟伦并不仅仅引用权威。
- start: 585.022
  end: 598.788
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He believes that  You can work out, logically, using God-given reason, the same kinds of things that were taught in the Scriptures and in the Apostles.
  zh: 他相信你可以用神赐予的理性，通过逻辑推理，得出圣经和使徒所教导的同样的内容。
- start: 600.519
  end: 613.508
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Augustine, if you remember when we were talking about him, and especially his experimentation with Manichaeism, I told you that Augustine had come to the conclusion that you can't understand something first, and then hope to believe in it.
  zh: 如果你还记得我们讨论奥古斯丁时，特别是他对摩尼教的尝试，我告诉过你奥古斯丁得出的结论是：你不能先理解某事，然后希望相信它。
- start: 613.508
  end: 618.371
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You have to make a commitment to believe in something, and then hopefully you will understand it.
  zh: 你必须先承诺相信某事，然后才能希望理解它。
- start: 618.371
  end: 623.714
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, with Augustine, we get this conclusion that faith leads to understanding.
  zh: 因此，从奥古斯丁那里，我们得出信心导向理解的结论。
- start: 624.174
  end: 627.236
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, Anselm picks up on that and takes it to the next level.
  zh: 安瑟伦继承了这一点，并将其提升到了新的高度。
- start: 627.236
  end: 632.381
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in fact, Anselm is famous for the phrase,  Faith seeking understanding.
  zh: 事实上，安瑟伦因「信仰寻求理解」这句话而闻名。
- start: 632.482
  end: 633.562
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is what we're all about.
  zh: 这就是我们的全部。
- start: 633.562
  end: 636.664
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Faith seeking understanding.
  zh: 信仰寻求理解。
- start: 637.005
  end: 641.508
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Faith is good and absolutely necessary, but it's not enough.
  zh: 信心是好的，也是绝对必要的，但还不够。
- start: 641.508
  end: 642.949
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You've got to move on from there.
  zh: 你必须从那里继续前进。
- start: 642.949
  end: 646.27
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And Anselm stressed understanding the faith.
  zh: 安瑟伦强调理解信仰。
- start: 646.431
  end: 657.738
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And Anselm argued, on principle at least, that all of the major doctrines of the faith could be confirmed, if not reached, by reason alone.
  zh: 安瑟伦认为，至少在原则上，信仰的所有主要教义都可以通过理性单独确认，即使不能完全达到。
- start: 657.798
  end: 669.313
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, if you didn't have the Bible,  If you didn't have any revelation from God, the human reason that God gave you, you'd be able to figure all this stuff out.
  zh: 换句话说，即使你没有圣经，没有来自神的任何启示，仅凭神赐予你的人类理性，你也能弄明白这一切。
- start: 670.093
  end: 688.681
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so in order to prove this principle, he worked out, through logic and through philosophical reasoning, doctrines of the Church, starting with the existence of God, the doctrine of the Trinity, and even the Filioque.
  zh: 为了证明这一原则，他通过逻辑和哲学推理，阐述了教会的教义，从神的存在开始，到三位一体的教义，甚至包括圣灵出自圣父和圣子的教义。
- start: 690.276
  end: 692.977
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he does it without appealing to the Bible.
  zh: 而且他做这一切时并不诉诸圣经。
- start: 694.118
  end: 708.944
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In his document, known as the Proslogion, he works out his famous proof for the existence of God.
  zh: 在他的著作《独语》中，他阐述了他著名的神存在的证明。
- start: 708.944
  end: 715.827
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's called the ontological proof, or the ontological argument for the existence of God.
  zh: 这被称为本体论证明，或神存在的本体论论证。
- start: 715.827
  end: 723.994
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, his attempt at proving  God exists without simply appealing to the Bible.
  zh: 换句话说，这是他试图证明神存在而不仅仅诉诸圣经的尝试。
- start: 723.994
  end: 729.139
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because, after all, if you're trying to convince an atheist, appealing to the Bible isn't going to help you, right?
  zh: 毕竟，如果你试图说服一个无神论者，诉诸圣经是不会帮到你的，对吧？
- start: 730.06
  end: 732.742
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, the argument goes like this.
  zh: 所以，论证是这样的。
- start: 734.804
  end: 742.21
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God is that being than which nothing greater can be thought to exist.
  zh: 神是那个无法想象有比祂更伟大的存在。
- start: 742.431
  end: 743.331
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'll repeat it.
  zh: 我再重复一遍。
- start: 744.092
  end: 759.136
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God is that being  Just get that down and I'll explain what it means.
  zh: 神就是那个存在。记下这点，我会解释它的含义。
- start: 759.136
  end: 760.456
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Think about it this way.
  zh: 这样想一想。
- start: 760.976
  end: 763.737
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can imagine God.
  zh: 你可以想象神。
- start: 763.737
  end: 767.057
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can imagine a real and true God.
  zh: 你可以想象一个真实的神。
- start: 767.797
  end: 772.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can also imagine an imaginary God, like, let's say, Zeus.
  zh: 你也可以想象一个虚构的神，比如说，宙斯。
- start: 776.209
  end: 787.195
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The imaginary God is not as great as the real God, so therefore the real God must be the real God.
  zh: 虚构的神不如真实的神伟大，因此真实的神必须是真实的神。
- start: 788.336
  end: 793.459
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, I know you're sitting there thinking, you know, if I heard this out of the blue I'm not sure I'd be convinced.
  zh: 现在，我知道你坐在那里想，你知道，如果我突然听到这个，我不确定我会被说服。
- start: 793.819
  end: 802.704
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the point is that God, by definition, must be the greatest entity to exist.
  zh: 但关键是，根据定义，神必须是存在的最伟大的实体。
- start: 805.126
  end: 813.596
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And  If God were not real, if God were imaginary, then God would not be the greatest entity to exist.
  zh: 而且如果神不是真实的，如果神是虚构的，那么神就不会是存在的最伟大的实体。
- start: 814.397
  end: 818.821
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you can imagine that the real God would have to be greater, so then that's the real God.
  zh: 你可以想象真实的神必须更伟大，所以那就是真实的神。
- start: 818.821
  end: 828.049
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Years ago, Steve Martin wrote a thing where he said, he wrote this little piece in a book, and the thing is called, The Last Thing on My Mind.
  zh: 多年前，史蒂夫·马丁写了一篇文章，他在一本书中写了这个小段落，标题叫《我脑海中的最后一件事》。
- start: 828.85
  end: 836.215
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, you know, he goes through and he says,  As I was writing this, I wanted to write down what was the last thing on my mind at the end of the book, right?
  zh: 你知道，他写道：「当我写这个的时候，我想写下在书的结尾我脑海中的最后一件事，对吧？」
- start: 836.756
  end: 843.921
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But every time I tried to think about what was the last thing on my mind, I would then ask myself, is this the last thing on my mind?
  zh: 但每次我试图思考我脑海中的最后一件事是什么时，我就会问自己，这是我脑海中的最后一件事吗？
- start: 844.181
  end: 846.723
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But then, it wasn't the last thing on my mind anymore.
  zh: 但是，这就不再是我脑海中的最后一件事了。
- start: 846.723
  end: 852.547
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it became clear that the last thing on my mind is the word, the last thing on my mind.
  zh: 所以很明显，我脑海中的最后一件事就是「我脑海中的最后一件事」这个词。
- start: 853.849
  end: 856.01
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's kind of like that, you know?
  zh: 你知道，这有点像那样。
- start: 856.01
  end: 857.051
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Imagine God.
  zh: 想象神。
- start: 859.923
  end: 861.644
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Is that the greatest God you can imagine?
  zh: 那是你能想象的最伟大的神吗？
- start: 861.644
  end: 863.045
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, then that's not God.
  zh: 那么，那就不是神。
- start: 863.145
  end: 865.447
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now imagine the greatest God you can imagine.
  zh: 现在想象你能想象的最伟大的神。
- start: 865.547
  end: 866.888
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Can you imagine a greater God than that?
  zh: 你能想象一个比那更伟大的神吗？
- start: 866.888
  end: 869.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because if you can, then that other one isn't God.
  zh: 因为如果你能，那么之前那个就不是神。
- start: 869.35
  end: 870.51
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You see what I'm saying?
  zh: 你明白我的意思吗？
- start: 870.51
  end: 882.939
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, the ontological argument for the existence of God is basically that God must exist because there could be no such thing as a non-existent God.
  zh: 所以，神存在的本体论论证基本上是说神必须存在，因为不可能存在一个不存在的神。
- start: 883.319
  end: 893.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A non-existent God is a contradiction in terms and  Even the very concept of a non-existent God pales in comparison to the real God.
  zh: 一个不存在的神在概念上是自相矛盾的，甚至不存在的神的概念本身与真实的神相比也显得苍白无力。
- start: 893.825
  end: 899.67
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, so for what that's worth, that's one of the things Anselm is famous for.
  zh: 好吧，不管怎样，这是安瑟伦著名的观点之一。
- start: 900.311
  end: 903.814
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you don't buy it at the moment, you know, that's okay.
  zh: 如果你现在不接受这个观点，你知道，那也没关系。
- start: 904.535
  end: 914.703
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anselm, though, is best known, or probably more deservedly known, for his document called Kur Deus Homos.
  zh: 不过，安瑟伦最著名的，或者说更值得称道的，是他的著作《神为何成为人》。
- start: 921.624
  end: 926.387
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Why the God-man?
  zh: 为什么是神人？
- start: 924.306
  end: 940.878
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Sometimes this is translated as, why God became man, but that's not really a good translation, because it's not about the Incarnation per se, it's about the person of Christ, who is both God and human.
  zh: 有时这被翻译为「为什么神成为人」，但这并不是一个很好的翻译，因为它并不是专门讨论道成肉身，而是关于基督的位格，祂既是神又是人。
- start: 942.518
  end: 952.163
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And again, aren't we coming full circle to the early church, where we had these debates over the person of Christ, fully divine, fully human.
  zh: 再次，我们是不是又回到了早期教会，那时我们对基督的位格进行辩论，既完全是神，又完全是人。
- start: 954.324
  end: 960.067
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Cur Dei Otomo was written in 1098, and it's on your reading list.
  zh: 《神为何成为人》写于1098年，它在你们的阅读清单上。
- start: 961.628
  end: 965.61
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it combines Christology with soteriology.
  zh: 它将基督论与救赎论结合在一起。
- start: 965.61
  end: 970.333
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Cur Dei Otomo is the document  God has a problem.
  zh: 《神为何成为人》这篇文献说神有一个问题。
- start: 970.333
  end: 975.597
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The problem that God has is that humans are sinful and deserve to be judged.
  zh: 神的问题是人类有罪并应当受到审判。
- start: 975.597
  end: 979.0
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But on the other hand, God loves humanity whom he has created.
  zh: 但另一方面，神爱祂所创造的人类。
- start: 999.318
  end: 1007.223
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, God's problem is that God's justice and God's mercy seem to be bumping heads here.
  zh: 所以，神的问题是神的公义和神的怜悯似乎在这里发生了冲突。
- start: 1007.983
  end: 1011.225
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, what is a God to do?
  zh: 那么，神该怎么办呢？
- start: 1012.046
  end: 1021.231
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If God simply saves all of humanity by divine fiat, just by saying, let it be so, then God's justice is compromised.
  zh: 如果神仅仅通过神圣的命令来拯救全人类，只是说「就这样吧」，那么神的公义就被损害了。
- start: 1022.172
  end: 1028.816
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If, on the other hand, God leaves humanity unsaved, then God's mercy is unexpressed.
  zh: 另一方面，如果神让人类得不到拯救，那么神的怜悯就没有表达出来。
- start: 1029.411
  end: 1041.583
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We have these two aspects of God's being, justice and mercy, both of which need to be expressed or maintain their integrity.
  zh: 我们有神存在的这两个方面，公义和怜悯，两者都需要表达或保持其完整性。
- start: 1041.583
  end: 1047.669
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God's justice says that only a human can pay for the sins of humanity.
  zh: 神的公义说只有人才能为人类的罪付出代价。
- start: 1049.322
  end: 1059.791
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God's mercy is that since no human being can do that, a divine being is going to have to step in and do it.
  zh: 神的怜悯是，既然没有人能做到这一点，那么一个神圣的存在就必须介入并做到这一点。
- start: 1059.791
  end: 1061.232
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Divine intervention.
  zh: 神圣的干预。
- start: 1062.974
  end: 1073.023
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You may have heard it said this way, he paid a price he didn't owe because we owed a price we couldn't pay.
  zh: 你可能听过这样的说法，祂付了祂不欠的代价，因为我们欠了我们无法偿还的代价。
- start: 1073.023
  end: 1073.924
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Something like that.
  zh: 大概就是这样。
- start: 1073.924
  end: 1075.505
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's handsome.
  zh: 这说法很精妙。
- start: 1081.934
  end: 1097.518
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God pays the debt because only God can afford the price, but it still also has to be a human being who pays the debt because otherwise God's justice would be compromised.
  zh: 神偿还债务是因为只有神能承担这个代价，但偿还债务的仍然必须是一个人，否则神的公义就会受到损害。
- start: 1097.518
  end: 1105.731
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Plus, if any being other than God  This is why the Atonement works.
  zh: 而且，如果不是神，这就是赎罪有效的原因。
- start: 1133.73
  end: 1138.818
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The pain for sin, and it works because Christ has the two natures.
  zh: 为罪而受的痛苦，之所以有效是因为基督有两种本性。
- start: 1138.818
  end: 1148.193
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Interestingly, Anselm does not go so much down the road of payment as blood sacrifice.
  zh: 有趣的是，安瑟伦并没有过多地走向血祭的支付路线。
- start: 1148.715
  end: 1155.237
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's talking more about payment as a debt, almost more financial than sacrificial.
  zh: 他更多地谈论的是作为债务的支付，几乎更像是财务上的而不是祭祀的。
- start: 1155.237
  end: 1160.019
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We owe God a debt of honor, because by our sin we've dishonored God.
  zh: 我们欠神一份荣誉的债，因为我们的罪玷污了神的荣耀。
- start: 1160.019
  end: 1168.362
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's almost described more in banking terms than anything else.
  zh: 这几乎更多地用银行术语来描述，而不是其他任何方式。
- start: 1168.462
  end: 1172.124
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: For what that's worth, that's what Anselm is doing.
  zh: 不管怎样，这就是安瑟伦所做的。
- start: 1172.564
  end: 1184.623
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So for his salvation,  It has to be both divine intervention and with human representation.
  zh: 所以对于他的救赎理论，它必须既有神圣的干预，又有人类的代表。
- start: 1184.864
  end: 1202.737
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, divine intervention, that's the divine nature of Christ, the Word became flesh, coming into the world, divine intervention, with human representation.
  zh: 所以，神圣的干预，那是基督的神性，道成了肉身，来到世上，神圣的干预，伴随着人类的代表。
- start: 1203.457
  end: 1212.497
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words,  The human nature of Christ, in his humanity, represents the rest of humanity.
  zh: 换句话说，基督的人性，在祂的人性中，代表了其余的人类。
- start: 1215.599
  end: 1226.005
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, he didn't just die for us, as in for our benefit, he died for us, as in in place of us.
  zh: 所以，祂不仅为我们而死，不仅是为了我们的利益，祂是代替我们而死。
- start: 1227.386
  end: 1231.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember Clement of Alexandria, if you can think back as far as the beginning of the semester.
  zh: 记得亚历山大的克莱门特吗，如果你能回想到学期初的话。
- start: 1231.829
  end: 1237.212
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Clement of Alexandria said that Christ is the champion of humanity.
  zh: 亚历山大的克莱门特说基督是人类的冠军。
- start: 1237.633
  end: 1238.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What is a champion?
  zh: 什么是冠军？
- start: 1238.854
  end: 1243.176
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The champion is the one who fights on behalf of all the others.
  zh: 冠军是代表所有其他人战斗的人。
- start: 1243.176
  end: 1245.097
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Representative warfare, right?
  zh: 代表性的战争，对吧？
- start: 1245.378
  end: 1246.639
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: David and Goliath.
  zh: 大卫和歌利亚。
- start: 1246.639
  end: 1253.543
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: David goes out to meet Goliath all by himself, representing the rest of Israel.
  zh: 大卫独自一人出去迎战歌利亚，代表了其余的以色列人。
- start: 1254.164
  end: 1256.626
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: David wins, everybody wins.
  zh: 大卫赢了，所有人都赢了。
- start: 1256.626
  end: 1259.288
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If David loses, everybody loses.
  zh: 如果大卫输了，所有人都输了。
- start: 1259.508
  end: 1269.416
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, in exactly the same way that David was the representative for Israel, the human nature of Christ is the representative for all of humanity.
  zh: 所以，就像大卫是以色列的代表一样，基督的人性是全人类的代表。
- start: 1272.439
  end: 1278.784
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he dies in our place, and in doing that, pays the debt for us.
  zh: 所以祂代替我们而死，这样做就为我们偿还了债务。
- start: 1280.206
  end: 1296.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Anselm's theory of atonement  is usually referred to as the substitution theory because Christ is the substitute for us.
  zh: 所以，安瑟伦的赎罪理论通常被称为替代理论，因为基督是我们的替代。
- start: 1296.699
  end: 1316.698
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: However, it's probably more accurate to call it the satisfaction theory because later, especially in the Protestant Reformation, the substitution theory will go farther than  That Anselm ever did down this road of blood sacrifice.
  zh: 然而，称之为满足理论可能更准确，因为后来，特别是在新教改革中，替代理论会比安瑟伦在血祭这条路上走得更远。
- start: 1316.759
  end: 1324.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so it might be better to refer to Anselm's theory of atonement as the satisfaction theory.
  zh: 所以，将安瑟伦的赎罪理论称为满足理论可能更好。
- start: 1324.886
  end: 1326.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But you get the idea.
  zh: 但你明白这个概念了。
- start: 1326.187
  end: 1330.751
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We have committed sin, and therefore we deserve to be punished.
  zh: 我们犯了罪，因此我们应当受到惩罚。
- start: 1331.592
  end: 1341.125
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To preserve his justice, God cannot simply acquit us  But his mercy makes him want to leave us a way out.
  zh: 为了维护祂的公义，神不能简单地赦免我们，但祂的怜悯使祂想为我们留一条出路。
- start: 1341.125
  end: 1347.546
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Christ takes our punishment on himself, pays the penalty in our place.
  zh: 因此基督承担了我们的惩罚，代替我们付出了代价。
- start: 1347.546
  end: 1350.127
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He satisfies the debt.
  zh: 祂偿还了债务。
- start: 1350.407
  end: 1354.728
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or as Paul said, he takes our curse on himself when he receives his blessing.
  zh: 或者如保罗所说，祂在接受祝福时承担了我们的咒诅。
- start: 1355.028
  end: 1355.748
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Right?
  zh: 对吧？
- start: 1355.868
  end: 1358.149
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's intro to Anselm.
  zh: 这就是对安瑟伦的介绍。
- start: 1358.149
  end: 1359.769
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any questions about Anselm?
  zh: 关于安瑟伦有什么问题吗？
- start: 1362.289
  end: 1363.47
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Okay, yeah, Sam, go ahead.
  zh: 好的，山姆，请说。
- start: 1363.47
  end: 1370.28
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The dates you gave us were  Yes, that's his life.
  zh: 你给我们的日期是...是的，那是他的生平。
- start: 1372.901
  end: 1374.502
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was the bishop of Canterbury, yes.
  zh: 是的，他是坎特伯雷的主教。
- start: 1374.502
  end: 1382.884
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And of course this is before the Protestant Reformation, so Canterbury is Catholic.
  zh: 当然，这是在新教改革之前，所以坎特伯雷那时是公教会的。
- start: 1382.884
  end: 1388.246
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'm going to swing to the other side here and introduce you to Peter Avalard.
  zh: 我现在要转到另一边，向你们介绍彼得·阿伯拉尔。
- start: 1389.286
  end: 1404.031
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Peter Avalard, born around 1079, died in 1142.  Peter Abelard, during his own lifetime, was called the most famous man in the world.
  zh: 彼得·阿伯拉尔，大约生于1079年，卒于1142年。彼得·阿伯拉尔在他的有生之年被称为世界上最著名的人。
- start: 1406.632
  end: 1414.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was famous as both a theologian and teacher, but also as the Romeo of the Middle Ages.
  zh: 他作为神学家和教师而闻名，但也被称为中世纪的罗密欧。
- start: 1416.368
  end: 1421.83
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'm going to tell you a little bit of the story, and if you're interested, you can read more about it.
  zh: 我会给你们讲一点他的故事，如果你们感兴趣，可以进一步阅读更多。
- start: 1421.83
  end: 1424.151
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's a very interesting character.
  zh: 他是一个非常有趣的人物。
- start: 1424.931
  end: 1426.452
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Movies have been made about him.
  zh: 有关于他的电影。
- start: 1426.452
  end: 1441.768
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the year 1100, so at age 21, he came to Paris to be a teacher, and his teaching style  He included debate rather than just lecturing of the student.
  zh: 1100年，也就是21岁时，他来到巴黎成为一名教师，他的教学风格包括辩论，而不仅仅是对学生进行讲授。
- start: 1441.768
  end: 1445.449
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I know you wish I would lecture so much, but it is what it is.
  zh: 我知道你们希望我多讲课，但事实就是如此。
- start: 1445.749
  end: 1460.333
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But because he didn't just lecture so much, and because he included debate, and because he didn't always tell the student the answer, he became very popular as a teacher.
  zh: 但因为他不只是讲课，还包括辩论，而且他并不总是告诉学生答案，所以他作为教师变得非常受欢迎。
- start: 1460.773
  end: 1466.015
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To him, challenging the traditions and the accepted beliefs was like a game.
  zh: 对他来说，挑战传统和公认的信念就像一场游戏。
- start: 1467.049
  end: 1476.797
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And again, you can imagine, based on the scholastic assumption that questioning can't hurt the faith, what could it hurt?
  zh: 再次，你可以想象，基于经院哲学的假设，即质疑不会伤害信仰，那还能有什么坏处呢？
- start: 1476.797
  end: 1478.578
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To question everything.
  zh: 质疑一切。
- start: 1479.079
  end: 1481.64
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it gets him in trouble with his superiors.
  zh: 但这让他与上级发生了麻烦。
- start: 1484.583
  end: 1495.691
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you could argue that he really wasn't questioning the faith, he was using the method of questioning to try and get his students to question and learn from it.
  zh: 你可以说他并不是真的在质疑信仰，他是在使用质疑的方法来试图让他的学生提出问题并从中学习。
- start: 1496.886
  end: 1501.727
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Lanfranc himself had said that questioning can't hurt doctrine.
  zh: 兰弗朗克本人曾说过，质疑不会伤害教义。
- start: 1502.528
  end: 1504.888
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: By the time we get to Abelard, he says this.
  zh: 到了阿伯拉尔的时代，他是这么说的。
- start: 1505.388
  end: 1512.63
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Abelard says, by doubting we come to inquire, by inquiry we come to the truth.
  zh: 阿伯拉尔说，通过怀疑我们开始探究，通过探究我们达到真理。
- start: 1513.751
  end: 1518.632
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: By doubting we come to inquire, by inquiry we come to the truth.
  zh: 通过怀疑我们开始探究，通过探究我们达到真理。
- start: 1518.912
  end: 1524.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Almost implying that if you don't doubt, you're not going to find the right answers.
  zh: 这几乎暗示着如果你不怀疑，你就找不到正确的答案。
- start: 1526.696
  end: 1545.146
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so for him, theologios, the concept of theology, was God and logic, religion and philosophy.
  zh: 所以对他来说，神学的概念就是神和逻辑，宗教和哲学。
- start: 1546.267
  end: 1547.627
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's what it was.
  zh: 就是这样。
- start: 1547.928
  end: 1551.75
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But to a lot of people at the time, this was dangerous.
  zh: 但对当时的许多人来说，这是危险的。
- start: 1551.75
  end: 1554.331
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: People felt this may even be blasphemy.
  zh: 人们觉得这甚至可能是亵渎。
- start: 1554.482
  end: 1558.883
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To question everything, even questioning the accepted authorities.
  zh: 质疑一切，甚至质疑公认的权威。
- start: 1559.624
  end: 1562.685
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, Abelard made enemies everywhere he went.
  zh: 因此，阿伯拉尔到处树敌。
- start: 1562.905
  end: 1564.686
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he had to move around a lot.
  zh: 他不得不经常搬家。
- start: 1564.686
  end: 1566.606
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He got kicked out of a lot of places.
  zh: 他被赶出了很多地方。
- start: 1567.807
  end: 1573.869
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he became a popular teacher in Paris, in the cathedral school there.
  zh: 但他在巴黎成为一名受欢迎的教师，在那里的主教座堂学校任教。
- start: 1573.869
  end: 1579.071
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And just when he was the most popular teacher in Paris, he fell in love.
  zh: 就在他成为巴黎最受欢迎的教师时，他坠入了爱河。
- start: 1579.719
  end: 1587.562
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now this is not convenient for a teacher because teachers in this context are supposed to remain single.
  zh: 这对一个教师来说并不方便，因为在这种情况下，教师应该保持单身。
- start: 1588.003
  end: 1590.623
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is why it's called a bachelor's degree.
  zh: 这就是为什么它被称为学士学位。
- start: 1593.765
  end: 1599.627
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because back then you got a bachelor's degree to be a teacher and that's why it's called a bachelor's degree.
  zh: 因为那时你获得学士学位是为了成为教师，这就是为什么它被称为学士学位。
- start: 1599.627
  end: 1605.85
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he's supposed to remain single which means theoretically that if he gets married he could be out of a job.
  zh: 所以他应该保持单身，这意味着理论上如果他结婚，他可能会失业。
- start: 1606.63
  end: 1627.939
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He met a woman  He was attracted to Heloise and so he thought the best way to pursue her would be to offer to tutor her.
  zh: 他遇到了一个女人，他被埃洛伊兹吸引，所以他认为追求她的最好方式就是提出给她当家教。
- start: 1628.393
  end: 1639.884
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he did, and they fell in love, and he would later admit that he was so head over heels in love with her that his teaching suffered.
  zh: 他这样做了，他们坠入爱河，后来他承认他如此深爱她以至于他的教学受到了影响。
- start: 1639.884
  end: 1644.107
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: After a while he was just phoning it in, because all he could think about was her.
  zh: 过了一段时间，他只是敷衍了事，因为他满脑子都是她。
- start: 1646.89
  end: 1654.237
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: At any rate, one thing led to another, and her uncle caught them in the act.
  zh: 无论如何，事情一发不可收拾，她的叔叔抓到了他们的行为。
- start: 1654.722
  end: 1670.414
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the act, but she became pregnant, and so they had a child, and she was willing to be his mistress and not marry him so that it wouldn't hinder his career.
  zh: 在行为中，但她怀孕了，所以他们有了一个孩子，她愿意做他的情人而不是嫁给他，这样就不会妨碍他的事业。
- start: 1671.535
  end: 1675.658
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But her uncle wanted them to be married.
  zh: 但她的叔叔希望他们结婚。
- start: 1677.019
  end: 1680.682
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Abelard insisted that they be married, and so they were married in secret.
  zh: 阿伯拉尔坚持要结婚，所以他们秘密结婚了。
- start: 1681.715
  end: 1699.944
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Problem is, that only made it worse, because he has to keep his marriage a secret to keep his job, and it became a difficult situation, and in the end the uncle never got the benefit of marrying off his ward to some rich person.
  zh: 问题是，这只会让情况变得更糟，因为他必须保守婚姻的秘密以保住工作，这成了一个困难的处境，最终叔叔也没能从把他的被监护人嫁给某个富人中获益。
- start: 1700.149
  end: 1710.935
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so eventually the uncle hired some thugs to go in and go into Abelard's room at night and do him a great disservice.
  zh: 所以最终叔叔雇了一些暴徒，晚上闯入阿伯拉尔的房间，对他做了一件非常不好的事。
- start: 1711.335
  end: 1713.316
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you can use your imagination.
  zh: 你可以发挥想象力。
- start: 1714.617
  end: 1715.317
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What?
  zh: 什么？
- start: 1715.497
  end: 1716.078
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, he was...
  zh: 好吧，他被...
- start: 1716.078
  end: 1717.839
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was castrated by the uncle's thugs.
  zh: 他被叔叔的暴徒阉割了。
- start: 1717.839
  end: 1719.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I can hardly bring myself to say it.
  zh: 我几乎说不出口。
- start: 1729.735
  end: 1753.946
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So at that point, Abelard told Heloise to become a nun, join a convent, which she did, although it seems like maybe more out of love for him than love for God, but he became a monk, and he continued teaching as a monk, and in fact, they continued their relationship by a letter.
  zh: 在那时，阿伯拉尔告诉埃洛伊兹成为修女，加入修道院，她照做了，尽管这似乎更多是出于对他的爱而不是对神的爱，但他成为了一名修士，并继续以修士的身份教学，事实上，他们通过书信继续保持关系。
- start: 1754.404
  end: 1758.525
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you could read these letters today.
  zh: 你今天还可以读到这些信。
- start: 1758.525
  end: 1760.765
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They're accessible.
  zh: 它们是可以获得的。
- start: 1760.825
  end: 1766.206
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so these are some of the earliest love letters that you could read, and they're all authentic.
  zh: 这些是你能读到的最早的情书之一，而且它们都是真实的。
- start: 1766.206
  end: 1771.748
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they corresponded between the monastery and the convent.
  zh: 他们在修道院和女修道院之间通信。
- start: 1771.888
  end: 1776.969
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he made so many enemies at his monastery that he kept having to leave.
  zh: 但他在修道院里树敌太多，不得不一直离开。
- start: 1778.129
  end: 1783.71
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he eventually founded his own hermitage, which he thought, well this will solve the problem.
  zh: 最后他建立了自己的隐修所，他认为这会解决问题。
- start: 1783.792
  end: 1791.418
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But eventually the monks tried to poison him, so he kept having to move around.
  zh: 但最终修士们试图毒害他，所以他不得不继续四处迁移。
- start: 1792.74
  end: 1795.903
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So anyway, it really is an interesting story.
  zh: 总之，这确实是一个有趣的故事。
- start: 1795.903
  end: 1805.791
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he wrote a kind of an autobiographical account, which is kind of a woe-is-me account of my troubles, which is also interesting to read.
  zh: 他写了一种自传性的叙述，是一种「我真可怜」式的麻烦记录，读起来也很有趣。
- start: 1805.791
  end: 1813.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But his most famous work, I think, is a document known simply as  And no.
  zh: 但我认为他最著名的作品是一份简称为「是与否」的文献。
- start: 1814.928
  end: 1816.388
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yes and no.
  zh: 是与否。
- start: 1817.31
  end: 1826.657
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Basically what he does in Yes and No is he poses question after question related to philosophy, theology, even science.
  zh: 基本上，他在「是与否」中提出了一个接一个的问题，涉及哲学、神学，甚至科学。
- start: 1827.959
  end: 1838.668
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then he gives quotations from scripture and the early church writers and the philosophers which seem to contradict each other.
  zh: 然后他引用圣经、早期教会作家和哲学家的话，这些引用似乎相互矛盾。
- start: 1839.765
  end: 1844.568
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it was meant to be thought-provoking for the student, but he never answers the question.
  zh: 这是为了引发学生的思考，但他从不回答问题。
- start: 1844.568
  end: 1852.412
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, I mean, you know, just to give you a hypothetical, it would be like if I said to you, well, you know the proverb, look before you leap.
  zh: 所以，我的意思是，给你一个假设，就像我对你说，你知道那句谚语，三思而后行。
- start: 1853.333
  end: 1856.234
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But then there's the proverb, he who hesitates is lost.
  zh: 但还有一句谚语，犹豫不决者必败。
- start: 1856.475
  end: 1857.535
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which one's right?
  zh: 哪一个是对的？
- start: 1857.535
  end: 1861.477
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You know, talk amongst yourselves.
  zh: 你们自己讨论吧。
- start: 1861.477
  end: 1865.64
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But with the book, with Yes and No, it's questions like this.
  zh: 但在「是与否」这本书中，问题就是这样的。
- start: 1866.12
  end: 1868.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God is a trinity.
  zh: 神是三位一体的。
- start: 1868.662
  end: 1869.522
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or is he?
  zh: 或者不是？
- start: 1870.824
  end: 1881.628
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then just throwing scripture passages and quotations from the church fathers side by side that seem to contradict each other and saying, you figure it out.
  zh: 然后他只是并列放置看似相互矛盾的圣经段落和教父引言，说：「你自己想办法弄明白。」
- start: 1881.888
  end: 1888.91
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it's interesting because there's almost nothing in the whole book that's actually Abelard's words.
  zh: 所以有趣的是，整本书中几乎没有阿伯拉尔自己的话。
- start: 1888.99
  end: 1890.671
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's just a collection of stuff.
  zh: 它只是一个资料集。
- start: 1891.945
  end: 1896.267
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what's most interesting about it is he never answers the questions for you.
  zh: 但最有趣的是他从不为你回答问题。
- start: 1896.267
  end: 1897.988
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He just expects you to figure it out.
  zh: 他只是期望你自己想明白。
- start: 1897.988
  end: 1902.891
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which, if you think about it, assumes a pretty optimistic anthropology, doesn't it?
  zh: 如果你仔细想想，这假设了一种相当乐观的人类学观点，不是吗？
- start: 1902.891
  end: 1907.253
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It assumes that human beings can come up with these answers.
  zh: 它假设人类能够得出这些答案。
- start: 1907.573
  end: 1917.879
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is, again, another way that we're kind of coming full circle in some ways, especially in the Western church, because now we can see more optimism about human nature.
  zh: 这又是我们在某些方面回到起点的另一种方式，特别是在西方教会，因为现在我们可以看到对人性更加乐观。
- start: 1918.936
  end: 1925.017
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If we don't have to tell people all the answers, they might not figure them out for themselves.
  zh: 如果我们不必告诉人们所有的答案，他们可能会自己想明白。
- start: 1925.017
  end: 1930.238
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So, were Antrim and Peter kind of in the same town?
  zh: 那么，安瑟伦和彼得是在同一个城镇吗？
- start: 1930.238
  end: 1938.78
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Because Peter says he can figure out anything about God, or he can figure out major doctrines by reading the Romans.
  zh: 因为彼得说他可以弄清楚关于神的任何事情，或者他可以通过阅读罗马书来理解主要教义。
- start: 1938.78
  end: 1944.641
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And it seems like Adelaide is trying to figure out these questions for himself.
  zh: 而且看起来阿伯拉尔正试图自己弄清这些问题。
- start: 1944.878
  end: 1947.879
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yeah, and in a way, they're saying similar things.
  zh: 是的，在某种程度上，他们说的是类似的事情。
- start: 1948.24
  end: 1951.401
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Although Anselm would never go as far as Abelard did.
  zh: 虽然安瑟伦永远不会像阿伯拉尔那样走得那么远。
- start: 1952.362
  end: 1954.523
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, no, they're not like colleagues.
  zh: 所以，不，他们不像是同事。
- start: 1954.523
  end: 1956.744
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's in Canterbury, England.
  zh: 他在英国的坎特伯雷。
- start: 1956.744
  end: 1958.605
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's in Paris.
  zh: 他在巴黎。
- start: 1959.686
  end: 1963.168
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But you may see this coming.
  zh: 但你可能会看到这一点。
- start: 1963.368
  end: 1966.11
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll notice I put them on opposite ends of the board.
  zh: 你会注意到我把他们放在黑板的两端。
- start: 1966.11
  end: 1967.63
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There is going to be a middle.
  zh: 中间会有一个折中点。
- start: 1967.77
  end: 1971.212
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, spoiler alert.
  zh: 所以，你知道，这是个剧透。
- start: 1971.212
  end: 1974.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's a question, but we'll get there in a few minutes.
  zh: 这是个问题，但我们几分钟后就会讲到。
- start: 1975.848
  end: 1994.612
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, what really gets Abelard in trouble, and this all flows out of that optimistic anthropology, is he's really leaning more semi-Pelagian in his understanding of anthropology and original sin.
  zh: 现在，真正让阿伯拉尔陷入麻烦的，这都源于那种乐观的人类学观点，是他在理解人类学和原罪时更倾向于半伯拉纠主义。
- start: 1994.612
  end: 2008.621
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He rejects the idea of original sin, and he plays up the emphasis on the human soul,  It seems to be saying that free will can move first before grace.
  zh: 他拒绝原罪的观念，并强调人类灵魂，似乎在说自由意志可以在恩典之前先行动。
- start: 2008.782
  end: 2010.483
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he says that there's no original sin.
  zh: 他说没有原罪。
- start: 2010.483
  end: 2013.585
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We have not inherited sin or guilt from Adam.
  zh: 我们没有从亚当那里继承罪或罪疚。
- start: 2013.585
  end: 2016.027
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We've only inherited Adam's punishment.
  zh: 我们只继承了亚当的惩罚。
- start: 2016.528
  end: 2025.875
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But any person can, by free will, cooperate with grace and escape punishment by doing good works.
  zh: 但任何人都可以通过自由意志与恩典合作，通过行善来逃避惩罚。
- start: 2026.796
  end: 2033.05
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he seems to be putting works, by free will,  a head of grace in salvation.
  zh: 所以他似乎在救赎中把行为，通过自由意志，置于恩典之前。
- start: 2033.05
  end: 2037.553
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's really your works that make the difference.
  zh: 真正起作用的是你的行为。
- start: 2038.914
  end: 2045.798
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so because of that, Abelard rejected Anselm's understanding of atonement.
  zh: 因此，阿伯拉尔拒绝了安瑟伦对赎罪的理解。
- start: 2045.979
  end: 2049.901
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He rejected the substitution or the satisfaction theory.
  zh: 他拒绝了替代理论或满足理论。
- start: 2050.121
  end: 2054.664
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He said, no, Christ is not needed as a payment for sin.
  zh: 他说，不，基督不需要作为罪的代价。
- start: 2055.545
  end: 2058.647
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God forgave sins before Christ ever came along.
  zh: 在基督来临之前，神就已经赦免罪了。
- start: 2060.241
  end: 2070.549
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Abelard is arguing that, look, if grace is free, if it's a free gift, then it's got to really be free.
  zh: 所以，阿伯拉尔在争辩说，看，如果恩典是免费的，如果它是一个免费的礼物，那么它就必须真的是免费的。
- start: 2071.31
  end: 2074.873
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, there's two different definitions of free going on here, right?
  zh: 现在，这里有两种不同的「免费」定义，对吧？
- start: 2075.314
  end: 2081.738
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anselm would say grace is free because Jesus paid for it, but it's free to you.
  zh: 安瑟伦会说恩典是免费的，因为耶稣为此付出了代价，但对你来说是免费的。
- start: 2083.02
  end: 2088.184
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Abelard is saying, no, if it's going to be free, it has to be really free like nobody has to pay for it.
  zh: 阿伯拉尔说，不，如果它要是免费的，它必须真的是免费的，就像没有人需要为它付费一样。
- start: 2088.184
  end: 2089.665
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: No payment is needed.
  zh: 不需要任何付出。
- start: 2091.04
  end: 2092.5
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's what they're saying.
  zh: 这就是他们所说的。
- start: 2093.521
  end: 2102.648
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, Adelard is known for emphasizing intentions.
  zh: 事实上，阿伯拉尔以强调意图而闻名。
- start: 2102.648
  end: 2109.593
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you sin accidentally and you don't intend to, then it's not really a sin.
  zh: 如果你不小心犯罪而没有意图这样做，那就不算是真正的罪。
- start: 2109.754
  end: 2117.839
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he got in trouble for saying that the people who crucified Jesus weren't sinning when they did it, because they thought they were doing God a favor.
  zh: 事实上，他因为说钉死耶稣的人在做这事时并没有犯罪而惹上麻烦，因为他们认为他们是在为神做好事。
- start: 2118.38
  end: 2119.881
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Their intentions were good.
  zh: 他们的意图是好的。
- start: 2121.719
  end: 2137.65
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But in rejecting this theory of atonement, Abelard promotes a different way of understanding atonement.
  zh: 但在拒绝这种赎罪理论的同时，阿伯拉尔提出了一种理解赎罪的不同方式。
- start: 2137.65
  end: 2147.157
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's usually referred to as the moral influence theory.
  zh: 这通常被称为道德影响理论。
- start: 2147.838
  end: 2167.552
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The moral influence theory is  Basically, very much like what Pelagius was trying to do in the sense that grace is more passive, it's more in terms of information, and that information is the example of Christ and the teachings of Christ.
  zh: 道德影响理论基本上很像伯拉纠试图做的事情，在这个意义上，恩典更加被动，更多地体现在信息方面，而这些信息就是基督的榜样和基督的教导。
- start: 2167.552
  end: 2172.997
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christ is a perfect example of self-sacrifice, so follow his example.
  zh: 基督是自我牺牲的完美榜样，所以要效法他的榜样。
- start: 2173.357
  end: 2187.118
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is what Abelard would say is that Christ's suffering  is not a payment for sin, but it is in fact an act of selfless love.
  zh: 这就是阿伯拉尔会说的，基督的受难不是为罪付出的代价，而实际上是一种无私的爱的行为。
- start: 2187.338
  end: 2188.659
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's an act of love.
  zh: 这是一种爱的行为。
- start: 2188.659
  end: 2193.922
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is Christ setting the perfect example for how not to be selfish.
  zh: 这是基督为如何不自私树立的完美榜样。
- start: 2194.703
  end: 2203.509
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what really saves you, Abelard would say, is whether or not you repent and follow his example.
  zh: 阿伯拉尔会说，真正拯救你的是你是否悔改并效法他的榜样。
- start: 2204.45
  end: 2210.077
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it's not Christ's death that saves,  But it's our reaction to it that saves.
  zh: 所以不是基督的死拯救了我们，而是我们对此的反应拯救了我们。
- start: 2210.637
  end: 2218.639
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which means, not only is he leaning towards Pelagianism, he's leaning towards adoptionism too.
  zh: 这意味着，他不仅倾向于伯拉纠主义，也倾向于采纳说。
- start: 2218.639
  end: 2220.439
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yes, go ahead.
  zh: 是的，请说。
- start: 2220.439
  end: 2222.56
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That was actually going to be my question.
  zh: 这实际上正是我要问的问题。
- start: 2222.56
  end: 2229.941
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So why does, for Abelard then, did it matter that Christ was both human and divine?
  zh: 那么对阿伯拉尔来说，基督既是人又是神这一点为什么重要？
- start: 2230.702
  end: 2236.623
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well that's a good question because I don't think Abelard would question the two natures of Christ.
  zh: 这是个好问题，因为我认为阿伯拉尔不会质疑基督的两性。
- start: 2237.27
  end: 2251.895
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But logically, this does lead to, especially in contemporary thought, this does lead to a point of view that doesn't see the necessity for a divine nature in Christ.
  zh: 但从逻辑上讲，这确实会导致，特别是在当代思想中，这确实会导致一种观点，即不认为基督需要神性。
- start: 2252.396
  end: 2262.319
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so you will have modern versions of this that basically downplay or deny the divinity of Christ, because it's not necessary, because you don't need this divine intervention.
  zh: 所以你会看到这种观点的现代版本，基本上淡化或否认基督的神性，因为它不是必要的，因为你不需要这种神圣的干预。
- start: 2262.529
  end: 2268.494
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: All you need is the human representation, or someone to set a good example.
  zh: 你所需要的只是人性的代表，或者一个树立好榜样的人。
- start: 2268.494
  end: 2272.216
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And that's what Christ did.
  zh: 这就是基督所做的。
- start: 2272.377
  end: 2278.901
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But in reality, and this is interesting because when you read his theological works, he's pushing this envelope.
  zh: 但实际上，这很有趣，因为当你读他的神学著作时，他正在突破这个界限。
- start: 2279.202
  end: 2283.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When you read his letters to Heloise, he sounds perfectly orthodox.
  zh: 当你读他给埃洛伊兹的信时，他听起来完全正统。
- start: 2284.246
  end: 2288.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He'll tell her, Christ died for your sins, the blood of Christ was shed for your sins.
  zh: 他会告诉她，基督为你的罪而死，基督的血为你的罪而流。
- start: 2289.002
  end: 2293.405
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he does believe in this in a very traditional sense.
  zh: 所以他确实以一种非常传统的方式相信这一点。
- start: 2293.405
  end: 2295.846
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's not willing to completely abandon that.
  zh: 他不愿完全放弃这一点。
- start: 2295.846
  end: 2302.19
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, you know, you'd think that in his letters to Heloise he might be less guarded, say what he really thought.
  zh: 你知道，你会认为在他给埃洛伊兹的信中，他可能会不那么谨慎，说出他真正的想法。
- start: 2302.19
  end: 2309.374
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, in reality, he's no Arian, but he certainly sounds like he's leaning in that direction in some ways.
  zh: 所以，你知道，实际上，他不是亚略派，但他在某些方面确实听起来像是倾向于那个方向。
- start: 2310.215
  end: 2318.42
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the bottom line is that he has the same kind of optimistic anthropology that you see in Arius and in Pelagius.
  zh: 但底线是，他有着与亚略和伯拉纠相同的乐观人类学观点。
- start: 2320.008
  end: 2322.15
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he wrote an ethical treatise.
  zh: 事实上，他写了一篇伦理论文。
- start: 2322.671
  end: 2326.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And his ethical treatise, the title of it kind of gives away.
  zh: 他的伦理论文，其标题就已经透露了一些信息。
- start: 2326.274
  end: 2329.136
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The ethical treatise is called, Know Yourself.
  zh: 这篇伦理论文名为《认识你自己》。
- start: 2329.697
  end: 2333.54
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Not know Christ, not know God, but know yourself.
  zh: 不是认识基督，不是认识神，而是认识你自己。
- start: 2333.54
  end: 2338.885
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Again, making the self sort of the center of the atonement.
  zh: 再次，把自我置于赎罪的中心。
- start: 2340.86
  end: 2354.449
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And that, you know, this what we might call intentionalism, this conviction that intention matters more than behavior.
  zh: 你知道，这就是我们可能称之为意图主义的东西，这种认为意图比行为更重要的信念。
- start: 2354.449
  end: 2365.436
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which kind of leads to a relativism, too, because what that means is that the same behavior can be a sin for one person and not a sin for another person.
  zh: 这也导致了一种相对主义，因为这意味着同样的行为对一个人来说可能是罪，而对另一个人来说可能不是罪。
- start: 2366.048
  end: 2374.995
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you commit some sinful behavior, but you intended something good out of it, according to Abelard, that's not a sin.
  zh: 如果你做了一些有罪的行为，但你的意图是好的，根据阿伯拉尔的观点，那就不是罪。
- start: 2374.995
  end: 2382.061
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But another person can do the same thing with intention of malice, and then it is a sin for that person.
  zh: 但另一个人可能做同样的事情，却带有恶意的意图，那么对那个人来说就是罪。
- start: 2382.942
  end: 2385.143
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'm always reminded of that Seinfeld episode.
  zh: 这总是让我想起《宋飞正传》的那一集。
- start: 2385.143
  end: 2386.744
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Seinfeld fans in here?
  zh: 这里有《宋飞正传》的粉丝吗？
- start: 2388.606
  end: 2399.393
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There's an episode where they're talking about taking a lie detector test, and George Costanza says,  It's not a lie if you believe it.
  zh: 有一集他们在讨论测谎，乔治·科斯坦萨说：「如果你相信它，那就不是谎言。」
- start: 2399.393
  end: 2402.176
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in other words, it's about intentions.
  zh: 换句话说，这是关于意图的。
- start: 2402.176
  end: 2406.239
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But again, I think that leads to a kind of relativism that's problematic.
  zh: 但再次，我认为这会导致一种有问题的相对主义。
- start: 2406.239
  end: 2411.643
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So anyway, Abelard was accused of heresy.
  zh: 总之，阿伯拉尔被指控为异端。
- start: 2412.787
  end: 2418.771
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, leading that charge was Bernard Clairvaux, the one who said, the road to hell is paved with good intentions.
  zh: 事实上，领导这项指控的是伯纳德·克莱尔沃，就是那个说「通往地狱的路是用好意铺成的」的人。
- start: 2419.813
  end: 2431.142
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was eventually condemned as a heretic in two councils, two councils in 1121 and 1140, and he was excommunicated.
  zh: 他最终在两次会议上被定为异端，这两次会议分别在1121年和1140年，他被逐出教会。
- start: 2432.603
  end: 2456.002
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he found refuge at a monastery, the monastery of Cluny, which is in Burgundy,  So he was given refuge there, and before his death he was reconciled to the church by the abbot of Cluny, but probably not on the authority of anybody higher up than that.
  zh: 但他在一个修道院找到了庇护，这就是位于勃艮第的克吕尼修道院。他在那里得到庇护，在去世前，他通过克吕尼修道院院长与教会和解，但可能没有得到更高级别的人的授权。
- start: 2456.062
  end: 2458.962
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I think it's fair to consider him reconciled to the church.
  zh: 我认为可以公平地说他与教会和解了。
- start: 2461.837
  end: 2462.977
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that's his story.
  zh: 但这就是他的故事。
- start: 2462.977
  end: 2469.08
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he and Heloise are now buried together in a cemetery in Paris.
  zh: 他和埃洛伊兹现在一起埋葬在巴黎的一个墓地里。
- start: 2469.2
  end: 2478.183
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you can visit them, and in fact, it is a tradition for lovers who go to Paris to visit the tomb of Abelard and Heloise.
  zh: 所以你可以去拜访他们，事实上，去巴黎的恋人们有一个传统，就是去参观阿伯拉尔和埃洛伊兹的墓。
- start: 2478.844
  end: 2480.624
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any questions about Peter Abelard?
  zh: 关于彼得·阿伯拉尔还有什么问题吗？
- start: 2482.685
  end: 2487.487
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, let's go to the middle, and I'll figure out a way to do this.
  zh: 好的，让我们来看中间，我会想办法解释这个。
- start: 2488.787
  end: 2490.348
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I need a middle chalkboard.
  zh: 我需要一个中间的黑板。
- start: 2496.461
  end: 2502.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Theologia, theology is a compound word, like God and logic, right?
  zh: 神学（Theologia）是一个复合词，就像神和逻辑，对吧？
- start: 2502.866
  end: 2514.876
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So for Avalar, theologia, theology, is the combination of faith and philosophy, or religion and philosophy, that kind of idea.
  zh: 所以对阿伯拉尔来说，神学是信仰和哲学的结合，或者说是宗教和哲学的结合，就是这种想法。
- start: 2516.798
  end: 2517.518
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 2519.9
  end: 2521.181
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Who's looking at the clock?
  zh: 谁在看时间？
- start: 2522.381
  end: 2526.624
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I know I am.
  zh: 我知道我在看。
- start: 2526.624
  end: 2528.525
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Last night of the semester, can you believe it?
  zh: 学期的最后一晚，你能相信吗？
- start: 2528.525
  end: 2533.328
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Can you believe we've gone 1,300 years in 13 weeks?
  zh: 你能相信我们在13周内跨越了1300年吗？
- start: 2533.328
  end: 2551.044
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Thomas Aquinas, or as he was born, Thomas of Aquino, born around 1224-1225,  And you can see we're jumping ahead here.
  zh: 托马斯·阿奎那，或者说他出生时的名字，阿奎诺的托马斯，大约生于1224-1225年，你可以看到我们在这里跳跃了一段时间。
- start: 2551.384
  end: 2578.237
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Died in 1274. Now, notice we had a bishop, we had a layperson, and in the middle is a man who's going to be a monk, but  And in fact, he'll get multiple offers to be bishops of different places and turn them all down.
  zh: 卒于1274年。现在，注意我们有一个主教，一个平信徒，中间是一个将成为修士的人，但事实上，他会收到多个成为不同地方主教的邀请，但他都拒绝了。
- start: 2578.318
  end: 2581.018
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's from a wealthy family.
  zh: 他来自一个富裕的家庭。
- start: 2581.018
  end: 2584.379
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His father was the Count of Aquino.
  zh: 他的父亲是阿奎诺伯爵。
- start: 2585.2
  end: 2592.582
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And at about age five, he was placed in a Benedictine monastery, where his uncle was the abbot, to be educated there.
  zh: 大约五岁时，他被安置在一个本笃会修道院，他的叔叔是那里的院长，在那里接受教育。
- start: 2592.982
  end: 2598.784
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he was strictly told when he was placed in the monastery, now you are not allowed to grow up to be a monk.
  zh: 当他被安置在修道院时，他被严格告知，你不允许长大后成为一名修士。
- start: 2599.064
  end: 2600.525
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he grew up to be a monk.
  zh: 所以他长大后成为了一名修士。
- start: 2602.544
  end: 2609.506
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And actually, at the age of 14, he went to the new University of Naples.
  zh: 实际上，在14岁时，他去了新建的那不勒斯大学。
- start: 2609.506
  end: 2613.167
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we have, again, the universities emerging at this time.
  zh: 所以我们再次看到，大学在这个时期开始出现。
- start: 2613.727
  end: 2616.068
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He did not become a Benedictine, though.
  zh: 不过，他没有成为本笃会修士。
- start: 2616.068
  end: 2617.449
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He became a Dominican.
  zh: 他成为了一名多明我会修士。
- start: 2617.449
  end: 2622.37
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the Dominicans are known as a teaching order.
  zh: 多明我会以教学修会而闻名。
- start: 2623.29
  end: 2624.931
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he wanted to be a teacher.
  zh: 他想成为一名教师。
- start: 2625.231
  end: 2630.052
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he went to Paris to study at TU, the new Paris University.
  zh: 所以他去巴黎的新大学学习。
- start: 2632.552
  end: 2634.333
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he earned a nickname.
  zh: 他得到了一个绰号。
- start: 2634.714
  end: 2635.795
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He earned a nickname.
  zh: 他得到了一个绰号。
- start: 2635.795
  end: 2636.995
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anybody know what it is?
  zh: 有人知道是什么吗？
- start: 2638.157
  end: 2644.562
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Dumb I. That was his nickname at CU. Because he was a big guy and he was quiet.
  zh: 「哑巴牛」。这是他在大学里的绰号。因为他体型大，而且很安静。
- start: 2644.562
  end: 2649.626
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it turned out that he would become known as the greatest teacher and writer.
  zh: 但事实证明，他后来成为了最伟大的教师和作家。
- start: 2650.568
  end: 2660.676
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he'd eventually be offered an appointment as the abbot of a monastery and other things, including the Archbishop of Naples.
  zh: 最终，他被提供修道院院长的职位和其他职位，包括那不勒斯大主教。
- start: 2660.869
  end: 2664.932
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: all which he turned out because he wanted to learn and he wanted to teach.
  zh: 这些他都拒绝了，因为他想学习，想教书。
- start: 2665.893
  end: 2678.482
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he continues the scholastic tradition of combining faith and reason because he says since both reason and revelation come from God, they can't contradict each other.
  zh: 他延续了经院哲学结合信仰和理性的传统，因为他说既然理性和启示都来自神，它们就不能相互矛盾。
- start: 2678.502
  end: 2698.374
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: However, he recognized the limits of human reason, we are fallen humans after all, which is probably why he is the most respected of the three today,  He wants to find the balance and he wants to place more of his trust in God, let's say, than in humanity.
  zh: 然而，他认识到人类理性的局限性，毕竟我们是堕落的人类，这可能就是为什么他今天是三人中最受尊敬的原因。他想找到平衡，他更多地信任神，而不是人类。
- start: 2699.596
  end: 2710.063
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he would not have agreed with Anselm that you could logically figure out all the doctrines of the faith without any revelation.
  zh: 所以他不会同意安瑟伦的观点，即你可以在没有任何启示的情况下逻辑地推导出所有信仰教义。
- start: 2710.624
  end: 2713.507
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He said reason alone would not bring you to faith.
  zh: 他说单凭理性不能带你到信仰。
- start: 2713.507
  end: 2715.167
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You need revelation.
  zh: 你需要启示。
- start: 2717.921
  end: 2723.222
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Reason will get you knowledge, but faith will get you to the truth.
  zh: 理性会给你知识，但信仰会带你到真理。
- start: 2724.703
  end: 2730.265
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yeah, reason is the road to knowledge, but faith is the road to the truth.
  zh: 是的，理性是通向知识的道路，但信仰是通向真理的道路。
- start: 2732.365
  end: 2733.966
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, he wrote a lot.
  zh: 他写了很多东西。
- start: 2733.966
  end: 2740.548
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His most famous work is the Summa, or Summa Theologiae.
  zh: 他最著名的作品是《神学大全》。
- start: 2745.712
  end: 2753.735
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: which is his systematic theology, although it's so huge that he died before finishing it, left it unfinished.
  zh: 这是他的系统神学，虽然它如此庞大以至于他在完成之前就去世了，留下了未完成的作品。
- start: 2756.016
  end: 2772.384
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He rejects Anselm's ontological proof for God, because again, you can't figure out the doctrines of the Church through reason alone, you certainly can't prove the  The existence of God through reason alone.
  zh: 他拒绝安瑟伦的神存在的本体论证明，因为再次强调，你不能仅凭理性推导出教会的教义，你当然也不能仅凭理性证明神的存在。
- start: 2772.384
  end: 2778.507
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he didn't go to the extreme of saying that you can't prove the existence of God at all.
  zh: 但他没有走向极端，说你根本无法证明神的存在。
- start: 2780.108
  end: 2789.953
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He said that God's existence can be demonstrated through the knowledge that we get from reason and from our senses.
  zh: 他说神的存在可以通过我们从理性和感官获得的知识来证明。
- start: 2790.114
  end: 2791.895
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it kind of works like this.
  zh: 它的原理是这样的。
- start: 2792.435
  end: 2795.937
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You look out the window and the trees are moving.
  zh: 你看窗外，树木在摇动。
- start: 2796.508
  end: 2800.01
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you know why the trees are moving, because the wind is blowing.
  zh: 你知道树木为什么在摇动，因为风在吹。
- start: 2800.01
  end: 2803.832
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can't see the wind, but you can see the effect of the wind.
  zh: 你看不见风，但你能看到风的效果。
- start: 2804.092
  end: 2808.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you can't see the wind, you can see its effect, and then you know the wind is there.
  zh: 所以你看不见风，但你能看到它的效果，然后你就知道风在那里。
- start: 2808.934
  end: 2809.795
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The same with God.
  zh: 对神也是一样。
- start: 2809.795
  end: 2814.857
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can't see God, but you can see the effects of God in the world.
  zh: 你看不见神，但你能在世界中看到神的效果。
- start: 2814.998
  end: 2822.561
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And by looking at the things that we can gather through our senses, the evidence of God's existence is in creation.
  zh: 通过观察我们能通过感官收集到的事物，神存在的证据就在创造中。
- start: 2822.561
  end: 2825.967
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And from that evidence, you know that God exists.
  zh: 从这些证据中，你知道神存在。
- start: 2825.967
  end: 2831.088
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: From the effects, you can know that the cause exists.
  zh: 从结果中，你可以知道原因存在。
- start: 2832.109
  end: 2836.71
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What you see when you observe the world is cause and effect.
  zh: 当你观察世界时，你看到的是因果关系。
- start: 2836.71
  end: 2843.252
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God is the first cause and his existence is proven by his effects.
  zh: 神是第一因，祂的存在通过祂的效果得到证明。
- start: 2844.554
  end: 2851.24
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, we obviously cannot do justice to Aquinas in the time we have remaining.
  zh: 所以，你知道，在我们剩下的时间里显然无法充分讨论阿奎那。
- start: 2851.24
  end: 2857.544
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A person could easily teach a whole course on really any one of these three, but certainly Aquinas.
  zh: 一个人可以轻松地就这三个人中的任何一个教授一整门课程，但肯定是阿奎那。
- start: 2857.925
  end: 2867.453
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what I want to present to you now is simply that Aquinas is the one who presents, or who finds the balance between these two extremes.
  zh: 但我现在想向你们展示的是，阿奎那是在这两个极端之间找到平衡的人。
- start: 2867.533
  end: 2876.499
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Kind of middle way between, you know, heavy on the faith, I'm sorry, heavy on, well,  Yeah, both of these are heavy on reason, really.
  zh: 在信仰和理性之间找到一种中庸之道，抱歉，我是说...是的，这两者实际上都过于强调理性。
- start: 2876.499
  end: 2890.485
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The middle way between faith and reason, between revelation and philosophy, the middle way between sort of an Augustinian pessimistic anthropology and an Abelardian optimistic anthropology.
  zh: 在信仰和理性之间，在启示和哲学之间，在奥古斯丁式的悲观人类学和阿伯拉尔式的乐观人类学之间找到中庸之道。
- start: 2892.967
  end: 2899.29
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, in that sense, he sort of fits in the tradition of the semi-Augustinian.
  zh: 因此，从这个意义上说，他符合半奥古斯丁主义的传统。
- start: 2899.29
  end: 2902.145
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember when we were talking about the Pelagian controversy?
  zh: 还记得我们讨论伯拉纠争议时吗？
- start: 2902.145
  end: 2903.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: semi-Augustinian.
  zh: 半奥古斯丁主义。
- start: 2903.166
  end: 2912.371
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The semi-Augustinian position was the one that was accepted at the Council of Orange, and the extreme Augustinian position was rejected by the Church.
  zh: 半奥古斯丁主义的立场是在奥兰治会议上被接受的，而极端的奥古斯丁主义立场被教会拒绝。
- start: 2912.371
  end: 2917.393
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In some ways, Anselm pushes in that direction, more Augustinian.
  zh: 在某些方面，安瑟伦朝着那个方向推进，更加奥古斯丁化。
- start: 2917.393
  end: 2923.757
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Obviously, the Pelagian position was rejected by the Church, and in many ways, Peter Abelard leans in that direction.
  zh: 显然，伯拉纠的立场被教会拒绝，而在许多方面，彼得·阿伯拉尔倾向于那个方向。
- start: 2923.757
  end: 2926.798
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so what we have here, again, is this sort of middle way.
  zh: 所以我们在这里再次看到的是一种中庸之道。
- start: 2928.74
  end: 2949.406
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And a lot of people would say,  that Aquinas reclaims that sort of classical optimism about human nature that we lost with Augustine, but without going to the extreme of being heretical.
  zh: 很多人会说，阿奎那重新找回了我们在奥古斯丁那里失去的那种对人性的古典乐观主义，但没有走向异端的极端。
- start: 2949.667
  end: 2956.892
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so it's a way of reclaiming the classical optimism about human nature, but within an orthodox context.
  zh: 因此，这是一种在正统背景下重新找回对人性的古典乐观主义的方式。
- start: 2957.154
  end: 2963.92
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And some people would say that in doing that, he really paved the way for the Enlightenment and the Renaissance.
  zh: 有些人会说，通过这样做，他实际上为启蒙运动和文艺复兴铺平了道路。
- start: 2964.961
  end: 2979.093
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So if Augustine is kind of a turning point between the classical world and then the medieval world, Aquinas is going to be another turning point between the medieval world and the Renaissance.
  zh: 所以，如果说奥古斯丁是古典世界和中世纪之间的一个转折点，那么阿奎那将成为中世纪和文艺复兴之间的另一个转折点。
- start: 2980.865
  end: 2993.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So anyway, having said that, let me summarize Aquinas' understanding of atonement as it relates to these two, and then we'll wrap up.
  zh: 总之，说完这些，让我总结一下阿奎那对赎罪的理解，以及它与这两者的关系，然后我们就结束。
- start: 2995.956
  end: 3006.384
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As we think about atonement, for a lot of the Church's history, many people held what we might call the ransom theory of atonement.
  zh: 当我们思考赎罪时，在教会历史的很长一段时间里，许多人持有我们可能称之为赎罪的赎金理论。
- start: 3007.145
  end: 3008.165
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Ransom Theory.
  zh: 赎金理论。
- start: 3008.165
  end: 3026.37
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, there is language of ransom in the New Testament, but in the New Testament, when Paul uses the language of ransom, he really means manumission, in the sense that we are sort of enslaved to sin and we are freed from it.
  zh: 新约中确实有赎金的说法，但在新约中，当保罗使用赎金的语言时，他实际上是指解放，意思是我们某种程度上被罪奴役，而我们从中被释放。
- start: 3026.37
  end: 3029.711
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Paul is all about freedom, being freed from sin.
  zh: 保罗所说的都是关于自由，从罪中被释放。
- start: 3030.285
  end: 3039.471
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But as time goes on in the church, a lot of people held a theory of atonement that we might call a ransom theory, which goes like this.
  zh: 但随着时间的推移，在教会中，许多人持有一种我们可能称之为赎金理论的赎罪理论，它是这样的。
- start: 3040.211
  end: 3043.193
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We are held captive by Satan.
  zh: 我们被撒但俘虏。
- start: 3043.554
  end: 3058.363
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The devil, we have maybe sold ourselves into slavery, or because of our sin, we've chosen it by free will, but whatever, the situation is, we are now enslaved or held captive by Satan.
  zh: 魔鬼，我们可能已经把自己卖入奴隶制，或者因为我们的罪，我们通过自由意志选择了它，但无论如何，情况是我们现在被撒但奴役或俘虏。
- start: 3058.609
  end: 3066.655
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Satan is the hostage-taker, we are the hostage, and in order to get us back, God has to pay a ransom.
  zh: 所以，撒但是绑架者，我们是人质，为了把我们赎回来，神必须支付赎金。
- start: 3066.655
  end: 3077.582
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God has to pay off the hostage-taker, and so Christ, the person of Jesus, is the Father's payment of ransom for us.
  zh: 神必须付钱给绑架者，所以基督，耶稣这个人，是天父为我们支付的赎金。
- start: 3078.643
  end: 3081.765
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, do you see a philosophical problem with that?
  zh: 现在，你看到这其中的哲学问题了吗？
- start: 3085.352
  end: 3090.814
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It puts Satan in a position of power over God.
  zh: 它把撒但置于凌驾于神之上的权力地位。
- start: 3091.055
  end: 3103.499
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What the scholastics would say, along with a lot of the early theologians, is that you can't describe God in any sense as being under necessity.
  zh: 经院哲学家和许多早期神学家会说，你不能在任何意义上描述神处于必要性之下。
- start: 3103.759
  end: 3110.522
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It would be inaccurate to describe God in a way that says God has to do something, or God must.
  zh: 用说神必须做某事或神必须如何的方式来描述神是不准确的。
- start: 3111.082
  end: 3123.545
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So this ransom theory  puts God at the disadvantage, which philosophically would compromise the very definition of God.
  zh: 所以这种赎金理论使神处于不利地位，从哲学上讲，这会损害神的定义本身。
- start: 3123.925
  end: 3126.366
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's not going to work.
  zh: 所以这行不通。
- start: 3126.366
  end: 3144.729
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Anselm presents the substitution theory or the satisfaction theory, not that he invented it, but this Augustinian way of coming at the problem naturally leads to  this satisfaction theory or the substitution theory.
  zh: 所以安瑟伦提出了替代理论或满足理论，不是说他发明了它，但这种奥古斯丁式的处理问题的方式自然导致了这种满足理论或替代理论。
- start: 3144.729
  end: 3153.711
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, as some of the reformers go farther Augustinian, they will go farther into the substitution theory as well.
  zh: 事实上，随着一些改革者更加奥古斯丁化，他们也会更深入地探讨替代理论。
- start: 3154.511
  end: 3167.713
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the reason is because if you emphasize grace and de-emphasize will, then you're talking about putting the emphasis all on divine intervention.
  zh: 但原因是如果你强调恩典而淡化意志，那么你就是在把所有重点都放在神的干预上。
- start: 3168.354
  end: 3180.342
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so it's got to be all about  Now, Anselm does have human representation in the sense that the human nature of Jesus represents us.
  zh: 所以这必须全是关于...现在，安瑟伦确实有人类代表的概念，即耶稣的人性代表我们。
- start: 3181.743
  end: 3192.708
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what he doesn't have is human participation in the sense of something that the individual does to work out his or her own salvation, to quote Paul.
  zh: 但他没有的是人类参与的概念，即个人为实现自己的救赎所做的事情，引用保罗的话说。
- start: 3194.258
  end: 3197.039
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, the pendulum swings to the other side.
  zh: 所以，钟摆摆向了另一边。
- start: 3197.039
  end: 3221.511
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: With Abelard, we have this moral influence theory, which again, sounds very Aryan, or Pelagian, and that makes sense too, because if you emphasize the human will, and de-emphasize grace as something that's more passive, or about just information in the sense of setting a good example, you don't need divine intervention.
  zh: 对于阿伯拉尔，我们有这个道德影响理论，这又听起来很像亚略派或伯拉纠派，这也是有道理的，因为如果你强调人的意志，而淡化恩典，把它看作更被动的东西，或者仅仅是树立好榜样的信息，你就不需要神的干预。
- start: 3222.311
  end: 3232.337
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so,  In fact, for Abelard, Christ's death cannot reconcile us to God.
  zh: 事实上，对阿伯拉尔来说，基督的死不能使我们与神和好。
- start: 3232.517
  end: 3236.859
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Abelard argues that if anything, it makes the situation worse.
  zh: 阿伯拉尔认为，如果有什么影响的话，它反而使情况变得更糟。
- start: 3236.94
  end: 3239.801
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because look, God sent His Son, what do we do?
  zh: 因为看，神派遣了祂的儿子，我们做了什么？
- start: 3239.801
  end: 3240.862
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We kill Him.
  zh: 我们杀了祂。
- start: 3242.103
  end: 3243.843
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How's that going to help?
  zh: 这怎么会有帮助呢？
- start: 3243.844
  end: 3245.845
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's Abelard's logic, right?
  zh: 这就是阿伯拉尔的逻辑，对吧？
- start: 3245.845
  end: 3248.987
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can see it kind of makes sense.
  zh: 你可以看到这在某种程度上是有道理的。
- start: 3250.208
  end: 3262.138
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what Abelard then does is takes out the divine intervention  To a large extent, we end up with human efforts.
  zh: 但阿伯拉尔接下来做的是去除了神的干预，在很大程度上，我们最终只剩下人的努力。
- start: 3263.659
  end: 3266.48
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It becomes all about human efforts.
  zh: 它变成了全是关于人的努力。
- start: 3267.06
  end: 3274.724
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, I don't even want to call that human participation because we're hardly participating with anything if we're doing it all ourselves.
  zh: 现在，我甚至不想称之为人的参与，因为如果我们全靠自己做，我们几乎没有参与任何事。
- start: 3276.065
  end: 3281.767
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So notice, very similar to what we saw in the Pelagian Controversy.
  zh: 所以注意，这与我们在伯拉纠争议中看到的非常相似。
- start: 3281.767
  end: 3288.884
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Heavy on the God doing it in this direction,  Heavy on the us doing it in this direction.
  zh: 在这个方向上强调神在做，在那个方向上强调我们在做。
- start: 3289.245
  end: 3303.795
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so what Aquinas does is he says yes and yes and pulls it all together.
  zh: 所以阿奎那所做的是他说是和是，并把它们全部结合在一起。
- start: 3303.895
  end: 3318.591
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he combines the substitution satisfaction  The theory of atonement with the moral influence theory, to the extent that what he wants to have is, obviously, divine intervention.
  zh: 因此他将替代满足的赎罪理论与道德影响理论结合起来，以至于他显然想要的是神的干预。
- start: 3320.413
  end: 3323.014
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God must save, after all.
  zh: 毕竟，神必须拯救。
- start: 3324.255
  end: 3336.062
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And human representation, because Christ has two natures, and it is the human nature of Christ that represents us on the cross, that dies for us in our place.
  zh: 还有人性的代表，因为基督有两性，是基督的人性在十字架上代表我们，为我们代死。
- start: 3337.998
  end: 3344.759
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The one thing Anselm doesn't seem to quite have as much is the human participation.
  zh: 安瑟伦似乎没有那么多的一点是人的参与。
- start: 3344.759
  end: 3348.82
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, what we do in the equation.
  zh: 换句话说，我们在这个等式中做什么。
- start: 3348.82
  end: 3355.502
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because let's face it, these first two are still all God.
  zh: 因为让我们面对现实，这前两个仍然全是神。
- start: 3355.502
  end: 3359.762
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, you know, the human nature of Jesus, the divine nature of Jesus, but that's all Christ.
  zh: 我的意思是，你知道，耶稣的人性，耶稣的神性，但那全是基督。
- start: 3360.202
  end: 3361.283
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this is us.
  zh: 但这是我们。
- start: 3361.303
  end: 3366.324
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There is a cooperation of the human will with God's grace.
  zh: 人的意志与神的恩典有一种合作。
- start: 3366.324
  end: 3371.095
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We cooperate with God  In our own salvation.
  zh: 我们在我们自己的救赎中与神合作。
- start: 3371.095
  end: 3378.138
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And as I said, divine intervention, human representation, and then human participation.
  zh: 正如我所说，神的干预，人性的代表，然后是人的参与。
- start: 3378.138
  end: 3379.419
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We participate.
  zh: 我们参与。
- start: 3380.94
  end: 3390.244
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And like I said, this is consistent with the semi-Augustinian position that we saw back in the 5th and 6th centuries.
  zh: 正如我所说，这与我们在5世纪和6世纪看到的半奥古斯丁主义立场是一致的。
- start: 3390.425
  end: 3398.889
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I would argue that what Aquinas is doing here is presenting us with a balance of the theory of atonement.
  zh: 我认为阿奎那在这里所做的是向我们呈现一个平衡的赎罪理论。
- start: 3400.817
  end: 3407.964
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The human has free will, so it's not all on God, but God has to take the initiative.
  zh: 人有自由意志，所以不全是神的事，但神必须采取主动。
- start: 3408.586
  end: 3416.034
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The will cooperates with grace, and so he has all three of these.
  zh: 意志与恩典合作，所以他有这三者。
- start: 3416.034
  end: 3419.398
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Questions about that so far, or anything with scholasticism?
  zh: 到目前为止有什么问题吗，或者关于经院哲学的任何问题？
- start: 3426.812
  end: 3445.678
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you emphasize grace to the extent that free will is diminished, in other words, if you go farther in this direction, you emphasize divine intervention.
  zh: 如果你强调恩典到自由意志被削弱的程度，换句话说，如果你在这个方向上走得更远，你就强调神的干预。
- start: 3446.078
  end: 3453.6
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you have human representation in the human nature of Christ, but you de-emphasize or you lose the human participation.
  zh: 你在基督的人性中有人性的代表，但你淡化或失去了人的参与。
- start: 3454.186
  end: 3461.19
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Ultimately, you end up with a doctrine of election where it's been decided before we're ever born whether we're saved or not.
  zh: 最终，你会得到一个预定论，即在我们出生之前就已经决定了我们是否得救。
- start: 3461.591
  end: 3466.073
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But Aquinas would want to say, wait a minute, where's the place for repentance?
  zh: 但阿奎那会说，等一下，悔改的位置在哪里？
- start: 3466.073
  end: 3468.014
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Where's the place for acceptance of Christ?
  zh: 接受基督的位置在哪里？
- start: 3468.014
  end: 3472.277
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Where's the place for our part in this?
  zh: 我们在这其中的角色在哪里？
- start: 3472.277
  end: 3479.812
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But you wouldn't want to go to this other extreme either and say that in all human efforts,  Because then you lose the divine intervention.
  zh: 但你也不会想走向另一个极端，说一切都是人的努力，因为那样你就失去了神的干预。
- start: 3479.812
  end: 3481.734
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you see how that works.
  zh: 所以你看到它是如何运作的。
- start: 3481.734
  end: 3488.54
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So for Aquinas, I'm saying, you know, atonement requires these three elements.
  zh: 所以对阿奎那来说，我是说，你知道，赎罪需要这三个要素。
- start: 3488.54
  end: 3493.564
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Divine intervention, human representation, and human participation.
  zh: 神的干预，人性的代表，和人的参与。
- start: 3494.886
  end: 3498.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the first two elements are basically the two natures of Christ.
  zh: 前两个要素基本上就是基督的两性。
- start: 3502.012
  end: 3503.193
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any other questions?
  zh: 还有其他问题吗？
- start: 3507.132
  end: 3512.994
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I hope that you have learned a couple of things in terms of the big picture of this course.
  zh: 我希望你们在这门课程的大局观上学到了一些东西。
- start: 3512.994
  end: 3529.099
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: One of the things I would say is the interconnectedness of these themes of Christology, Soteriology, Anthropology, Ecclesiology.
  zh: 我要说的一点是基督论、救赎论、人类学、教会论这些主题的相互关联性。
- start: 3530.02
  end: 3532.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: All of these things are interconnected.
  zh: 所有这些都是相互关联的。
- start: 3532.021
  end: 3536.802
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I like to call them the divine sweater because you pull one thread and it's all connected.
  zh: 我喜欢把它们称为神圣的毛衣，因为你拉一根线，所有的都连在一起。
- start: 3539.349
  end: 3559.902
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The other thing that I hope that you have gathered from this course is that the history of the Church is in some ways the struggle over this paradox of authority and unity.
  zh: 我希望你们从这门课程中得到的另一点是，教会的历史在某些方面是对权威和统一这个悖论的争斗。
- start: 3560.542
  end: 3567.557
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we begin the history of the Church with a hierarchical structure  Music will be omitted.
  zh: 所以我们从教会的等级结构开始教会历史。音乐将被省略。
- start: 3567.557
  end: 3569.599
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Music will be omitted.
  zh: 音乐将被省略。
- start: 3581.79
  end: 3589.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, you know, I like to go back to the analogy of, you know, if you have something and you don't want to lose it, you hold on to it.
  zh: 你知道，我喜欢回到这个比喻，如果你有什么东西不想失去，你就会紧紧抓住它。
- start: 3589.274
  end: 3591.696
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But if you hold on to it too tight, you break it.
  zh: 但如果你抓得太紧，你会把它弄坏。
- start: 3591.956
  end: 3597.259
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, you know, the question becomes, you know, how tight does authority hold on?
  zh: 所以，你知道，问题就变成了，权威应该抓得多紧？
- start: 3597.259
  end: 3600.261
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How do you find that balance?
  zh: 你如何找到那个平衡？
- start: 3600.261
  end: 3604.683
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, you know, I think that is an issue you will face.
  zh: 你知道，我认为这是你们将要面对的一个问题。
- start: 3605.865
  end: 3628.264
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you become leaders in the church, I'm assuming most of you will, and when I say church, I mean the universal church, this is an issue you will face, because you will face disagreement among the people whom you serve, and I'm hoping that the lessons of history will at least give you some perspective on that.
  zh: 如果你们成为教会的领袖，我假设你们大多数人会的，当我说教会时，我指的是普世教会，这是你们将面对的一个问题，因为你们将面对你们所服事的人之间的分歧，我希望历史的教训至少能给你们一些关于这方面的视角。
- start: 3629.285
  end: 3630.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any last-minute questions?
  zh: 还有最后的问题吗？
- start: 3633.011
  end: 3634.419
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, well thanks for a good semester.
  zh: 好的，感谢你们这个学期的表现。
- start: 3634.419
  end: 3635.405
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You can turn the thing on.
  zh: 你可以打开那个东西了。
