- start: 2.371
  end: 11.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, so tonight we're going to continue actually a discussion we started earlier, because we had talked earlier about monasticism.
  zh: 好的，今晚我们将继续之前开始的讨论，因为我们之前谈到了修道主义。
- start: 11.98
  end: 27.398
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in our earlier discussions about monasticism, we looked at the origins of monasticism, early desert monasticism, and we saw the way that asceticism and monasticism evolved up to a point.
  zh: 在我们之前关于修道主义的讨论中，我们探讨了修道主义的起源、早期沙漠修道主义，并且我们看到了禁欲主义和修道主义如何发展到某个程度。
- start: 27.398
  end: 39.606
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to kind of pick up that discussion now, and when we get into it, I'm going to use one particular monastic as an example of medieval monasticism.
  zh: 我们现在要继续那个讨论，当我们深入探讨时，我将用一位特定的修士作为中世纪修道主义的例子。
- start: 39.606
  end: 41.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to talk about Francis of Assisi.
  zh: 我们将讨论亚西西的方济各。
- start: 41.667
  end: 53.075
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In my experience, Francis, often known as Saint Francis, is the favorite saint of a lot of people, not just Catholics and Orthodox, but Protestants too.
  zh: 根据我的经验，方济各，通常被称为圣方济各，是许多人最喜爱的圣人，不仅是天主教徒和东正教徒，新教徒也是如此。
- start: 53.075
  end: 55.496
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we'll kind of use him as an example.
  zh: 所以我们会把他作为一个例子。
- start: 57.458
  end: 65.76
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: After about the 9th century or so, Arianism finally goes away, not only in the East, but also in the West.
  zh: 大约9世纪左右，亚略主义终于消失了，不仅在东方，在西方也是如此。
- start: 65.86
  end: 73.301
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now remember, the threat of Arianism was that it diminished the divinity of Christ.
  zh: 现在请记住，亚略主义的威胁在于它削弱了基督的神性。
- start: 73.442
  end: 76.842
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in order to combat Arianism, what did you do?
  zh: 那么为了对抗亚略主义，你会怎么做？
- start: 76.842
  end: 78.883
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You emphasized the divinity of Christ.
  zh: 你强调基督的神性。
- start: 78.883
  end: 84.484
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we talked about the filioque, the clause that's added to the Creed.
  zh: 我们谈到了「和子」条款，这是添加到信经中的。
- start: 84.554
  end: 92.438
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: where the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as a way to emphasize the equality between Father and Son.
  zh: 其中圣灵从圣父和圣子而出，这是为了强调圣父和圣子之间的平等。
- start: 92.538
  end: 103.264
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Once Arianism kind of goes away, though, it becomes okay now to go back to thinking about the humanity of Jesus.
  zh: 然而，一旦亚略主义消失，现在就可以重新思考耶稣的人性了。
- start: 103.264
  end: 109.228
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And as we move into the Middle Ages, life was hard.
  zh: 当我们进入中世纪，生活是艰难的。
- start: 109.228
  end: 112.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, life could be downright fragile.
  zh: 事实上，生命可能非常脆弱。
- start: 112.372
  end: 123.318
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so people started turning to Jesus in a way that they could relate to, the Jesus they could identify with, the poor, humble, suffering Jesus.
  zh: 因此，人们开始以他们能够理解的方式转向耶稣，他们能够认同的耶稣，那个贫穷、谦卑、受苦的耶稣。
- start: 123.318
  end: 130.002
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So to help them find comfort in their poverty and their suffering, they turned to the poor and suffering Jesus.
  zh: 所以为了帮助他们在贫穷和苦难中找到安慰，他们转向了贫穷和受苦的耶稣。
- start: 130.002
  end: 135.584
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, this is when you see crucifixes become very graphic and bloody.
  zh: 事实上，这就是你看到十字架变得非常生动和血腥的时候。
- start: 136.065
  end: 147.331
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You know, the crucifixes in the early church  Once they start using crucifixes, usually have Jesus alive on the cross at first, eyes open.
  zh: 你知道，早期教会的十字架一开始使用时，通常是耶稣在十字架上还活着，眼睛睁开。
- start: 147.452
  end: 152.055
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eventually, you see Jesus dead on the cross, eyes closed, head hanging over.
  zh: 最终，你看到耶稣在十字架上死去，眼睛闭上，头垂下。
- start: 152.055
  end: 161.583
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But as time you get into the Middle Ages, late medieval period, Jesus becomes not just dead, but really beat up, bloodier and bloodier as time goes on.
  zh: 但随着时间进入中世纪，晚期中世纪，耶稣不仅仅是死了，而且变得非常凄惨，随着时间的推移越来越血腥。
- start: 161.583
  end: 161.784
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Why?
  zh: 为什么？
- start: 161.784
  end: 166.327
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because people want to identify with Jesus in their suffering.
  zh: 因为人们想在他们的苦难中与耶稣认同。
- start: 166.565
  end: 174.43
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the Christian life comes to be thought of more and more as an imitation of Christ.
  zh: 因此，基督徒的生活越来越被认为是对基督的效法。
- start: 174.951
  end: 187.98
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, again, never mind the fact that Jesus himself probably historically was not really poor, as we might define it in the sense of living below a certain subsistence level and starving.
  zh: 现在，再次提醒，不要在意耶稣本人在历史上可能并不真的贫穷这个事实，按我们的定义，贫穷是指生活在某个生存水平以下并且挨饿。
- start: 188.981
  end: 191.843
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But those who were wanted to look at Jesus that way.
  zh: 但那些人想要那样看待耶稣。
- start: 192.384
  end: 201.157
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they wanted to see their lives as having meaning and purpose  And they found that meaning and purpose in terms of following in the footsteps of Jesus.
  zh: 他们想要看到自己的生命有意义和目的，他们在跟随耶稣的脚步中找到了那种意义和目的。
- start: 201.157
  end: 203.66
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so monasticism will do this too.
  zh: 因此修道主义也会这样做。
- start: 203.66
  end: 215.113
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In addition to that, people who were too poor to go anywhere, to go on a pilgrimage, developed the tradition of the Stations of the Cross.
  zh: 除此之外，那些太穷而无法去任何地方朝圣的人，发展出了苦路十四站的传统。
- start: 215.282
  end: 234.349
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Stations of the Cross was sort of a mini-pilgrimage you could make within a small, confined area, or within even a church, walking through and stopping at icons or statues of Jesus at certain points in his journey to Calvin.
  zh: 苦路十四站是一种你可以在小范围内或甚至在教堂内进行的微型朝圣，走过并在耶稣前往各各他的旅程中的某些点停留在他的圣像或雕像前。
- start: 236.37
  end: 248.828
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Sermons more and more emphasized  The lives of the saints as examples to be followed, examples of people who followed in the footsteps of Jesus.
  zh: 讲道越来越强调圣人的生平作为应当效法的榜样，这些人都是跟随耶稣脚步的典范。
- start: 248.828
  end: 271.023
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to probably mention this again later, but in the Middle Ages you get a lot of sermons that aren't so much about preaching the gospel as we would think of it, you know, a gospel text that has been unpacked or explained, but preaching the gospel as in the lives of people who lived the gospel.
  zh: 我们可能稍后会再次提到这一点，但在中世纪，你会听到很多讲道并不像我们想象的那样宣讲福音，你知道，解释或阐述福音经文，而是通过讲述那些活出福音的人的生平来宣讲福音。
- start: 271.581
  end: 282.563
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So sermons became more and more about telling the stories of the lives of the saints, and how the congregation can then imitate the saints, and by doing that, imitate Jesus.
  zh: 因此，讲道越来越多地讲述圣人的生平故事，以及会众如何效法圣人，从而效法耶稣。
- start: 283.984
  end: 298.107
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On top of that, more and more people are moving into the cities, which brings people together in close proximity with all the blessings and curses that come with that, curses including things like the rapid spread of disease.
  zh: 除此之外，越来越多的人搬到城市，这使人们聚集在一起，带来了各种福与祸，其中包括疾病的快速传播等祸患。
- start: 298.608
  end: 313.093
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The point is that as poverty and disease increases, the place where you would go if you want to feed the hungry or care for the sick becomes more and more the urban areas.
  zh: 重点是，随着贫困和疾病的增加，如果你想要喂养饥饿的人或照顾病人，你会去的地方越来越多地集中在城市地区。
- start: 313.934
  end: 320.216
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So monasticism begins to move out of the monasteries and into the streets.
  zh: 因此，修道主义开始从修道院走向街头。
- start: 320.896
  end: 331.992
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the kind of monasticism that we're going to see emerge in people like Dominic and Francis  is a kind of monasticism that we call mendicant.
  zh: 我们将看到在多明我和方济各这样的人身上出现的修道主义，是一种我们称之为托钵的修道主义。
- start: 336.874
  end: 343.776
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Mendicant, meaning, well, it means to be a beggar, in a sense.
  zh: 托钵，从某种意义上说，就是成为乞丐。
- start: 343.776
  end: 348.198
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, imitating Christ by taking on the life of a beggar.
  zh: 所以，通过过乞丐的生活来效法基督。
- start: 348.198
  end: 362.459
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it means more than that, because we saw a kind of an evolution of monasticism in the early church, going from the idea of being a hermit,  In the deserts to living in community.
  zh: 但它的含义不止于此，因为我们看到早期教会的修道主义有一种演变，从隐居沙漠的想法到群居生活。
- start: 363.08
  end: 366.822
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But those communities are more or less cloistered, right?
  zh: 但那些团体或多或少是与世隔绝的，对吧？
- start: 366.822
  end: 378.41
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so many of the communities were self-sufficient and the idea was that the monastic lived behind the walls of a convent or a monastery.
  zh: 因此，许多团体都是自给自足的，其理念是修士生活在修道院或修道所的围墙之内。
- start: 378.631
  end: 394.23
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now we're going to see that evolution take one step farther where the friars will move out of the monasteries  So it's not an escape from the world, it's moving into the world.
  zh: 现在我们将看到这种演变更进一步，修士们将走出修道院，所以这不是逃离世界，而是走进世界。
- start: 394.911
  end: 402.496
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, as I said, what I want to do is use as an example of this kind of monasticism, Francis of Assisi.
  zh: 所以，正如我所说，我想用亚西西的方济各作为这种修道主义的例子。
- start: 410.162
  end: 415.766
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Assisi is a relatively small town in Italy.
  zh: 亚西西是意大利的一个相对较小的城镇。
- start: 416.125
  end: 430.435
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you can still go there to this day and it retains a lot of its medieval feel in spite of the many pilgrims that are there all the time.
  zh: 直到今天你仍然可以去那里，尽管总是有许多朝圣者，但它仍然保留了许多中世纪的氛围。
- start: 432.256
  end: 436.219
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Francis is born in 1181 or 1182. And he is born Giovanni Bernardone.
  zh: 方济各出生于1181年或1182年。他出生时名叫乔瓦尼·贝尔纳多内。
- start: 453.415
  end: 457.557
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you're thinking to yourself, how do you get Francis out of that?
  zh: 你可能会想，怎么从这个名字得到方济各呢？
- start: 457.757
  end: 464.201
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, his father was a merchant, textiles, in fact, and traveled to France a lot.
  zh: 嗯，他的父亲是个商人，实际上是做纺织品生意的，经常去法国。
- start: 464.501
  end: 475.548
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Met his mother in France, his mother was French, and his father was what we would call a Francophile, loved all things French.
  zh: 他在法国遇到了他的母亲，他的母亲是法国人，他的父亲是我们所说的法国迷，喜欢一切法国的东西。
- start: 476.048
  end: 487.97
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, in fact, his father was in France,  If you see the film, don't look for the film Brother Sun and Sister Moon to be historically accurate.
  zh: 事实上，他的父亲当时在法国，如果你看电影的话，不要指望「太阳兄弟月亮姐妹」这部电影在历史上是准确的。
- start: 507.309
  end: 516.933
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Pietro, the father, is depicted as someone who can't speak French and gets frustrated and feels left out when Francis and his mother speak French.
  zh: 父亲彼得被描绘成一个不会说法语的人，当方济各和他的母亲说法语时，他感到沮丧和被排斥。
- start: 516.933
  end: 518.874
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Actually, that's not the way it was.
  zh: 实际上，事实并非如此。
- start: 518.874
  end: 523.896
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His father did speak French to make sure that Francis learned it.
  zh: 他的父亲确实会说法语，以确保方济各学会法语。
- start: 523.896
  end: 530.239
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Francis was raised among the wealthy merchant class of Assisi.
  zh: 方济各是在亚西西富有的商人阶层中长大的。
- start: 530.399
  end: 538.913
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, what you've got to remember is that at this time in history, these cities  Like Assisi, are kind of little states unto themselves.
  zh: 现在，你必须记住的是，在历史上的这个时期，像亚西西这样的城市都是一些小型的独立国家。
- start: 539.934
  end: 545.397
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so you have these wars that break out between the cities.
  zh: 因此，这些城市之间会爆发战争。
- start: 546.318
  end: 561.349
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in 1202, when Francis was about 20, there was a war going on between Assisi and Perugia, which is now where they make really good chocolate.
  zh: 1202年，当方济各大约20岁时，亚西西和佩鲁贾之间爆发了战争，现在佩鲁贾是制作非常好的巧克力的地方。
- start: 562.296
  end: 564.697
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, you know, these things are close enough together.
  zh: 但是，你知道，这些地方离得很近。
- start: 564.697
  end: 572.118
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It would be like saying, you know, Evanston goes to war against Elmhurst or something.
  zh: 这就像说，你知道，埃文斯顿与埃尔姆赫斯特开战之类的。
- start: 572.979
  end: 577.12
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They're not that far apart.
  zh: 它们离得并不远。
- start: 577.12
  end: 587.862
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Francis goes to war and is captured and thrown in prison in Perugia and has to be ransomed by his father.
  zh: 所以方济各参战后被俘虏，被关在佩鲁贾的监狱里，不得不由他的父亲赎回。
- start: 588.162
  end: 590.943
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Upon his return, he was sick for a long time.
  zh: 回来后，他病了很长时间。
- start: 591.237
  end: 596.058
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But when he got better, he set out to join the Crusades.
  zh: 但当他康复后，他决定加入十字军东征。
- start: 596.058
  end: 599.839
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we haven't talked about the Crusades, and we won't, in class.
  zh: 我们还没有讨论过十字军东征，在课堂上也不会讨论。
- start: 600.479
  end: 602.76
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There's some readings on that.
  zh: 有一些关于这方面的阅读材料。
- start: 602.8
  end: 615.923
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But if you know anything about the Crusades, this particular Crusade that Francis intended to join up with was the ill-fated Fourth Crusade, where Constantinople was sacked.
  zh: 但如果你对十字军东征有所了解，方济各打算加入的这次十字军东征是命运多舛的第四次十字军东征，君士坦丁堡在这次东征中被洗劫。
- start: 616.658
  end: 629.663
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Christians decided to attack other Christians because they, well, they had their reasons, but the Eastern Christians are sometimes still upset about that.
  zh: 所以，基督徒决定攻击其他基督徒，因为他们，嗯，他们有他们的理由，但东方基督徒有时仍然对此感到不安。
- start: 629.663
  end: 633.404
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, the Western Church has had to apologize for this.
  zh: 因此，西方教会不得不为此道歉。
- start: 633.404
  end: 644.868
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at any rate, so this was, I mean, if you can consider the Crusades a kind of a low point in Christian history, the Fourth Crusade was the low point of the low point.
  zh: 但无论如何，我的意思是，如果你认为十字军东征是基督教历史上的一个低谷，那么第四次十字军东征就是低谷中的低谷。
- start: 647.078
  end: 649.679
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But Francis never really got there.
  zh: 但方济各从未真正到达那里。
- start: 649.859
  end: 654.86
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He never joined up because, according to the story, he had a vision.
  zh: 他从未加入，因为根据故事，他有一个异象。
- start: 655.04
  end: 662.122
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in this vision, God told him that this was not God's will for him to join up with the Crusades.
  zh: 在这个异象中，神告诉他，加入十字军东征不是神对他的旨意。
- start: 662.602
  end: 667.663
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he turned around and he went home and took up a different vocation.
  zh: 于是他转身回家，开始了一个不同的使命。
- start: 667.663
  end: 669.384
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He started giving to the poor.
  zh: 他开始施舍给穷人。
- start: 670.024
  end: 674.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then he started giving food to the lepers.
  zh: 然后他开始给麻风病人送食物。
- start: 676.265
  end: 688.19
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And finally, when he started touching the levers, everybody else started avoiding him, and he became sort of shunned and mocked by the people and the sea people.
  zh: 最后，当他开始接触麻风病人时，其他人都开始避开他，他被人们和海边的人嘲笑和排斥。
- start: 688.57
  end: 690.531
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he goes off by himself.
  zh: 于是他独自离开了。
- start: 690.751
  end: 699.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, notice he starts out as a kind of a hermit, trying to find God living in caves and in abandoned churches.
  zh: 现在，注意他开始像一个隐士一样，试图在洞穴和废弃的教堂中寻找神。
- start: 700.435
  end: 707.692
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in the year 1205, he's hanging out in a broken-down church  The church of San Damiano.
  zh: 在1205年，他在一个破旧的教堂里徘徊，那就是圣达米亚诺教堂。
- start: 707.692
  end: 715.855
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's about halfway up the hill.
  zh: 它大约在山腰上。
- start: 716.096
  end: 719.097
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Assisi is on the top of the hill.
  zh: 亚西西在山顶上。
- start: 720.077
  end: 723.059
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: San Damiano is about halfway up the hill.
  zh: 圣达米亚诺大约在山腰上。
- start: 723.059
  end: 726.48
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And by the way, you can't get in there with a 50 passenger bus.
  zh: 顺便说一下，你不能用50人座的大巴士到那里。
- start: 726.48
  end: 732.163
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You gotta take a smaller bus, just FYI. Found that out by trial and error.
  zh: 你得坐小巴，仅供参考。这是我通过反复尝试才发现的。
- start: 732.163
  end: 743.568
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So anyway,  Francis is hanging out in San Damiano and he is praying before the crucifix.
  zh: 总之，方济各在圣达米亚诺教堂里，他在十字架前祈祷。
- start: 744.729
  end: 748.23
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he hears the crucifix speaking to him.
  zh: 他听到十字架在对他说话。
- start: 748.23
  end: 750.13
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He hears Jesus speaking to him.
  zh: 他听到耶稣在对他说话。
- start: 751.63
  end: 756.112
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And Jesus says, go repair my house.
  zh: 耶稣说，去修复我的房子。
- start: 757.452
  end: 762.714
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he takes this as a mandate to fix up the church of San Damiano.
  zh: 于是他把这当作修复圣达米亚诺教堂的使命。
- start: 762.714
  end: 766.675
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, like as if Jesus is saying,  Repair my house, literally.
  zh: 换句话说，就好像耶稣在说，字面意思上的修复我的房子。
- start: 766.675
  end: 781.686
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he goes into Assisi, takes the textiles, the cloth from his father's shop, sells it, takes the money, and starts using that money to fix up the church.
  zh: 于是他去了亚西西，从父亲的商店里拿了纺织品和布料，卖掉后拿着钱开始用这些钱修复教堂。
- start: 783.808
  end: 793.256
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When his father finds out, his father throws a fit and drags him before the bishop, demanding that Francis pay him back the money.
  zh: 当他的父亲发现后，勃然大怒，把他拉到主教面前，要求方济各把钱还给他。
- start: 795.217
  end: 801.2
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the bishop is supposed to be the judge in this case.
  zh: 因此，主教应该在这个案件中充当法官。
- start: 802.941
  end: 820.288
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the issue is, and maybe you've heard your own parents say this at one time or another, but Francis' father plays the card that says, I gave you everything you have.
  zh: 问题是，也许你曾经听过自己的父母这样说，方济各的父亲打出了这张牌，说：「我给了你所拥有的一切。」
- start: 820.688
  end: 824.27
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Everything you have is from me, and this is how you repay me?
  zh: 「你所拥有的一切都是我给的，你就是这样报答我的？」
- start: 825.362
  end: 828.804
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Francis' response is to say, you know what, you're right.
  zh: 方济各的回应是说：「你知道吗，你说得对。」
- start: 829.064
  end: 833.627
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Everything I have is from you, so I'm going to give it back to you.
  zh: 「我所拥有的一切都是你给的，所以我要把它们还给你。」
- start: 833.767
  end: 839.691
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He takes off all his clothes right there in front of everybody, hands them back to his father, and walks away naked.
  zh: 他当着所有人的面脱下所有衣服，把它们还给父亲，然后赤身裸体地走开了。
- start: 841.152
  end: 865.51
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: By doing this, he's basically denouncing his own inheritance, denouncing his earthly father in favor of his heavenly father,  He literally takes on the life of a homeless person, a beggar as he would say, and begins a ministry of taking care of lepers and repairing broken down churches.
  zh: 通过这样做，他基本上是在放弃自己的继承权，为了天父而否认自己的地上的父亲，他字面上过上了无家可归者的生活，如他所说的乞丐生活，并开始了照顾麻风病人和修复破旧教堂的事工。
- start: 866.97
  end: 870.511
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to imitate Jesus as perfectly as he can.
  zh: 他想尽可能完美地效法耶稣。
- start: 871.432
  end: 876.173
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this drives his life from then on for the rest of his life.
  zh: 从那时起，这成为他余生的动力。
- start: 876.727
  end: 879.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to imitate Jesus as perfectly as he can.
  zh: 他想尽可能完美地效法耶稣。
- start: 879.789
  end: 884.352
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, of course, this is based on that assumption that Jesus was poor.
  zh: 当然，这是基于耶稣贫穷的假设。
- start: 884.352
  end: 896.901
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And remember, we have that passage in the Gospels where Jesus says, you know, And so that becomes the basis for the assumption that Jesus was poor.
  zh: 记住，我们在福音书中有那段经文，耶稣说，你知道的，这就成为假设耶稣贫穷的基础。
- start: 896.901
  end: 899.702
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Although, you know, that may be saying too much.
  zh: 虽然，你知道，这可能说得太过了。
- start: 900.763
  end: 901.464
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But...
  zh: 但是……
- start: 902.745
  end: 911.188
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But these monastics did assume that, and they did assume that if you wanted to follow in the footsteps of Jesus, you also had to become poor.
  zh: 但这些修道士确实是这样假设的，他们认为如果你想跟随耶稣的脚步，你也必须变得贫穷。
- start: 911.429
  end: 919.672
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he gave up the life of a hermit and began preaching, just walking around preaching.
  zh: 于是他放弃了隐士的生活，开始四处传道。
- start: 919.672
  end: 928.076
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now remember, he's not ordained, but he would just go out into the streets and the fields and preach.
  zh: 现在记住，他没有受过圣职，但他就这样走上街头和田野传道。
- start: 928.076
  end: 936.231
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And his message was mostly about repentance of sin,  and peace through simplicity of life.
  zh: 他的信息主要是关于悔改罪过，以及通过简单的生活获得平安。
- start: 937.992
  end: 947.533
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And there are several good books out there on Francis' message of living simply, which are worth reading.
  zh: 有几本关于方济各简单生活信息的好书，值得一读。
- start: 948.994
  end: 953.775
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Once he does this, other people start to join him, and some of them are his friends.
  zh: 一旦他这样做，其他人开始加入他，其中一些是他的朋友。
- start: 953.775
  end: 957.015
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now remember, he's wealthy, so his friends are wealthy too.
  zh: 现在记住，他很富有，所以他的朋友也很富有。
- start: 957.135
  end: 970.457
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So several other young wealthy men of Assisi  Join up with him, give up their possessions, denounce their own inheritances, and they become a little community.
  zh: 所以亚西西的其他几个年轻富人加入了他，放弃了他们的财产，放弃了自己的继承权，他们成为了一个小团体。
- start: 971.117
  end: 983.727
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So by 1209, there's enough men in this community that Francis decides he needs to write up a rule of life for his community.
  zh: 到1209年，这个团体中有足够多的人，方济各决定为他的团体写一个生活规则。
- start: 983.987
  end: 993.597
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he does, and then he goes to Rome to get the Pope's approval  For his community to become a new monastic order.
  zh: 于是他这样做了，然后他去罗马获得教宗的批准，让他的团体成为一个新的修道会。
- start: 995.138
  end: 1008.201
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in Rome, he meets Pope Innocent III. And later on we're going to talk about the papacy, so we'll talk about Innocent III. In the film, Innocent III is played by Sir Alec Guinness.
  zh: 在罗马，他见到了教宗英诺森三世。稍后我们会讨论教宗制度，所以我们会谈到英诺森三世。在电影中，英诺森三世由艾利克·吉尼斯爵士扮演。
- start: 1008.505
  end: 1017.807
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this movie came out not too long before Star Wars, so if you remember the original Star Wars, Sir Alec Guinness plays, anyone?
  zh: 这部电影在《星球大战》之前不久上映，所以如果你记得原版《星球大战》，艾利克·吉尼斯爵士扮演的是谁，有人知道吗？
- start: 1018.147
  end: 1019.288
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Obi-Wan Kenobi, right?
  zh: 欧比旺·肯诺比，对吧？
- start: 1019.288
  end: 1028.71
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, Francis goes up to him and there's this powerful moment when Innocent III says to Francis, what would you ask of us?
  zh: 所以，你知道，方济各走向他，当英诺森三世对方济各说「你想要我们做什么」时，有一个很有力的时刻。
- start: 1028.93
  end: 1032.091
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And all I can hear is, help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi, you're my only hope.
  zh: 而我能听到的只有「救救我，欧比旺·肯诺比，你是我唯一的希望」。
- start: 1032.091
  end: 1038.259
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But anyway,  It's still a great movie.
  zh: 但无论如何，这仍然是一部很棒的电影。
- start: 1038.259
  end: 1039.38
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I recommend it.
  zh: 我推荐它。
- start: 1040.661
  end: 1047.186
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Francis does get the Pope's approval for his community to become a monastic order.
  zh: 所以方济各确实得到了教宗的批准，让他的团体成为一个修道会。
- start: 1047.707
  end: 1052.251
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in 1212, the first woman joins.
  zh: 在1212年，第一位女性加入。
- start: 1052.972
  end: 1057.515
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is the woman known to the Church as St. Clare.
  zh: 这位女性被教会称为圣嘉勒。
- start: 1058.496
  end: 1064.181
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Her name is Chiara di Pavarone.
  zh: 她的名字是基亚拉·迪·帕瓦罗内。
- start: 1068.396
  end: 1069.837
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: or Claire of Assisi.
  zh: 或亚西西的嘉勒。
- start: 1069.837
  end: 1082.566
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in 1212, she joins, and of course she can't live with the men, so she becomes the beginning of a women's community known as the Poor Clares.
  zh: 所以在1212年，她加入了，当然她不能和男性一起生活，所以她成为了一个被称为贫穷姐妹会的女性团体的开始。
- start: 1086.289
  end: 1117.909
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, in addition to taking on a life of poverty, and by poverty I mean like wearing, you know, whatabouts of burlap sacks,  Francis lived an ascetic life and was particularly hard on himself in terms of not allowing himself any physical pleasures, but also even the mortification of the flesh in the sense of assuming that beating up your body would help you resist temptation.
  zh: 现在，除了过着贫穷的生活，我说的贫穷是指穿着，你知道，类似麻布袋的东西，方济各过着禁欲的生活，对自己特别严格，不允许自己有任何身体上的快乐，甚至还有肉体的苦修，认为折磨自己的身体会帮助你抵抗诱惑。
- start: 1117.909
  end: 1120.37
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He allowed himself very little sleep.
  zh: 他只允许自己很少的睡眠。
- start: 1120.37
  end: 1125.573
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When he did sleep, he often slept sitting up or laying on a rock.
  zh: 当他睡觉时，他经常坐着睡或躺在石头上。
- start: 1127.588
  end: 1133.011
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was afraid of being tempted sexually, so he would never look a woman in the eye.
  zh: 他害怕受到性的诱惑，所以他从不直视女性的眼睛。
- start: 1133.372
  end: 1155.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And if he ever was tempted in his thoughts, like I imagine at night he's sleeping or whatever, he would get up out of bed and throw himself into the river, or if it was winter, throw himself into a snowbank, or he would throw himself into the rose bushes.
  zh: 如果他在思想上受到诱惑，比如我想象他在晚上睡觉或其他时候，他会从床上起来把自己扔进河里，如果是冬天，就把自己扔进雪堆里，或者他会把自己扔进玫瑰丛中。
- start: 1156.887
  end: 1162.128
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the rose bushes are actually still there in Assisi.
  zh: 那些玫瑰丛实际上现在还在亚西西。
- start: 1162.448
  end: 1170.03
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And these are, I'm told, the only roses in the world that to this day grow without thorns.
  zh: 我被告知，这些是世界上唯一至今不长刺的玫瑰。
- start: 1170.31
  end: 1171.771
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, then they had thorns.
  zh: 事实上，当时它们是有刺的。
- start: 1172.811
  end: 1176.452
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But now they don't. So take that for what you will.
  zh: 但现在它们没有了。你可以自己判断这意味着什么。
- start: 1176.752
  end: 1178.292
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this was his practice.
  zh: 但这就是他的修行。
- start: 1178.292
  end: 1186.889
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And if he ever gave into a temptation, like eating more than he thought he should,  Now, there's a lot of legendary material about Francis.
  zh: 如果他曾屈服于诱惑，比如吃得比他认为应该吃的多，现在，关于方济各有很多传奇故事。
- start: 1211.761
  end: 1217.783
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Again, for a lot of people Francis is their favorite saint, even if they're not Catholic.
  zh: 再说一次，对很多人来说，方济各是他们最喜欢的圣人，即使他们不是天主教徒。
- start: 1217.783
  end: 1219.623
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But there's a lot of great stories.
  zh: 但有很多精彩的故事。
- start: 1219.623
  end: 1224.705
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He is said to have had an effect on wild animals, so that they became tame around him.
  zh: 据说他对野生动物有影响，使它们在他周围变得温顺。
- start: 1224.705
  end: 1229.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is why if you see statues of Francis, you will often see him with animals.
  zh: 这就是为什么如果你看到方济各的雕像，你经常会看到他和动物在一起。
- start: 1231.307
  end: 1250.436
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the feast of St. Francis, which is in October, I want to say October 4th, but it's early October,  A lot of Catholic churches will have a blessing of the animals, so you bring your pets to church and they will bless your pets on the Feast of Francis.
  zh: 在圣方济各瞻礼日，也就是10月，我想说是10月4日，但是在10月初，许多公教会教堂会举行动物祝福仪式，所以你可以带你的宠物到教堂，他们会在方济各瞻礼日祝福你的宠物。
- start: 1250.697
  end: 1269.212
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is said that Francis would preach to the birds, so a flock of birds would be sitting on the ground and he would launch into a sermon about how  Wonderful is that God gave them the gift of flight and the gift of song, and they are said to have waited patiently and listened to his sermon until he was done.
  zh: 据说方济各会向鸟儿传道，所以一群鸟会坐在地上，他会开始讲道，讲述神给予它们飞翔和歌唱的礼物是多么美妙，据说它们耐心地等待并听他讲道，直到他讲完。
- start: 1269.212
  end: 1274.793
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They didn't fly away until he was done.
  zh: 直到他讲完，它们才飞走。
- start: 1275.074
  end: 1280.055
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But there's a dark side to Francis, too, because the Franciscan spirituality...
  zh: 但方济各也有阴暗面，因为方济各的灵修……
- start: 1280.055
  end: 1281.395
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Do you have a question over here?
  zh: 这边有问题吗？
- start: 1282.316
  end: 1285.396
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Franciscan spirituality has a bit of a dark side.
  zh: 方济各的灵修有一点阴暗面。
- start: 1287.244
  end: 1290.707
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Signed his correspondence with a drawing of a skull.
  zh: 他在信件上签名时会画一个骷髅。
- start: 1291.448
  end: 1301.698
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The skull is the medieval reminder of your mortality, the mortality of humanity, and also of the death of Christ at Golgotha, the place of the skull.
  zh: 骷髅是中世纪提醒人们自身死亡的象征，也提醒人类的死亡，以及基督在各各他（骷髅地）的死亡。
- start: 1301.919
  end: 1308.065
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So our mortality and Christ's sacrifice for us.
  zh: 所以这代表我们的死亡和基督为我们所做的牺牲。
- start: 1309.966
  end: 1314.389
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In 1215, Francis begins what came to be called the Eucharistic Crusade.
  zh: 1215年，方济各开始了后来被称为圣体十字军的运动。
- start: 1314.389
  end: 1334.164
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now remember when we were talking about the Eucharist, I said that because of the great reverence for the elements, a lot of people worried that they weren't worthy to receive them, and so they just didn't. They felt like it was enough just to watch the miracle happen, but they did not receive the elements.
  zh: 现在记住当我们谈论圣餐时，我说过因为人们对圣餐元素极为敬畏，许多人担心自己不配领受，所以他们就不领。他们觉得只是观看奇迹发生就足够了，但他们并不领受圣餐元素。
- start: 1335.625
  end: 1346.954
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Francis preached  that people should not neglect the table, but they should go to the table and they should receive the elements.
  zh: 所以方济各传道说人们不应忽视圣餐桌，而应该到圣餐桌前领受圣餐元素。
- start: 1347.835
  end: 1352.559
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is actually the same year of the Fourth Lateran Council.
  zh: 这实际上是第四次拉特兰会议的同一年。
- start: 1353.16
  end: 1359.404
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Lateran refers to the cathedral in Rome where the council was held.
  zh: 拉特兰指的是举行会议的罗马大教堂。
- start: 1359.645
  end: 1376.254
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,  confirmed the doctrine of transubstantiation as the correct theology of communion.
  zh: 1215年的第四次拉特兰会议确认了圣体转化说为正确的圣餐神学。
- start: 1376.254
  end: 1377.575
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we've talked about that.
  zh: 所以我们已经讨论过这个。
- start: 1377.575
  end: 1379.957
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But again, all this is kind of coming together.
  zh: 但再次强调，所有这些都在某种程度上汇聚在一起。
- start: 1383.22
  end: 1400.646
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Two years later, and only eight years after gaining the Pope's approval to become a monastic order, the Franciscans decided to have their first meeting  All the Friars of Europe.
  zh: 两年后，也就是获得教宗批准成为修道会仅仅八年后，方济各会决定举行他们的第一次会议，欧洲所有的修士都参加。
- start: 1400.646
  end: 1408.392
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So word goes out, a place is designated, and 5,000 people show up.
  zh: 消息传出去，指定了一个地方，5000人出现了。
- start: 1408.392
  end: 1409.853
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: 5,000 Franciscan brothers.
  zh: 5000名方济各会修士。
- start: 1410.934
  end: 1414.516
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Francis encouraged them to go out as missionaries.
  zh: 方济各鼓励他们出去做传教士。
- start: 1414.917
  end: 1415.918
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they did go out.
  zh: 他们确实出去了。
- start: 1415.918
  end: 1421.442
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They went into Germany, North Africa, Syria, Spain, and England.
  zh: 他们去了德国、北非、叙利亚、西班牙和英国。
- start: 1422.683
  end: 1428.765
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In 1219,  Some Franciscan missionaries were killed in Morocco.
  zh: 1219年，一些方济各会传教士在摩洛哥被杀。
- start: 1429.806
  end: 1436.25
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this seems to be what prompted Francis to make a trip to the Muslim Sultan.
  zh: 这似乎是促使方济各前往拜访穆斯林苏丹的原因。
- start: 1437.852
  end: 1440.814
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, this is still during the Crusade.
  zh: 现在，这仍然是在十字军东征期间。
- start: 1440.814
  end: 1442.694
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is during the Fifth Crusade.
  zh: 这是在第五次十字军东征期间。
- start: 1443.575
  end: 1455.303
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Francis decides, in the middle of the Crusade, there was a bit of a ceasefire, but he decides he's going to go visit the person who is effectively the commander-in-chief of the Islamic forces.
  zh: 所以方济各决定，在十字军东征的中期，虽然有短暂的停火，但他决定去拜访实际上是伊斯兰军队总司令的人。
- start: 1455.913
  end: 1464.499
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he crosses the battle lines, he's captured, beaten up, but he actually got to see the Sultan.
  zh: 所以他越过战线，被俘虏，被殴打，但他实际上见到了苏丹。
- start: 1465.86
  end: 1468.402
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he preached the Gospel to the Sultan.
  zh: 于是他向苏丹传讲福音。
- start: 1468.402
  end: 1477.068
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Sultan did not convert to Christianity, but was impressed enough with him to let him go alive.
  zh: 苏丹并没有皈依基督教，但对他印象深刻，让他活着离开。
- start: 1479.69
  end: 1487.109
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Another thing Francis is famous for is  what we call the nativity scene or the creche.
  zh: 方济各另一个著名的事迹是我们所称的圣诞马槽场景或耶稣诞生场景。
- start: 1487.169
  end: 1489.21
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember, they didn't have Christmas trees yet.
  zh: 记住，他们那时还没有圣诞树。
- start: 1489.951
  end: 1498.458
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But in the year 1223, Francis reenacted the Christmas story in a worship service held in a stable.
  zh: 但在1223年，方济各在一个马厩里举行的崇拜仪式中重现了圣诞故事。
- start: 1498.898
  end: 1504.822
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this became the first living nativity and was the inspiration for the nativity scene in the creche.
  zh: 这成为了第一个活的圣诞场景，也是后来圣诞马槽场景的灵感来源。
- start: 1506.524
  end: 1510.487
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's also known as a writer, a poet.
  zh: 他也以作家和诗人的身份闻名。
- start: 1510.487
  end: 1517.114
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There's a couple of  Very short documents that I'm asking you to read that are in the supplemental book.
  zh: 在补充读物中有几篇很短的文章，我要求你们阅读。
- start: 1517.114
  end: 1523.299
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Canticle of Brother Sun, where the title of the film Brother Sun, Sister Moon comes from.
  zh: 「太阳兄弟颂」，电影「太阳兄弟月亮姐妹」的标题就来源于此。
- start: 1524.02
  end: 1530.805
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the prayer that's attributed to him as well.
  zh: 还有一篇被认为是他所作的祷文。
- start: 1530.805
  end: 1536.01
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the Canticle of Brother Sun is actually the first poem ever written in Italian.
  zh: 但「太阳兄弟颂」实际上是第一首用意大利语写成的诗。
- start: 1536.01
  end: 1538.411
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now think about this.
  zh: 现在想想这个。
- start: 1539.412
  end: 1545.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is the time when Latin  Latin is evolving into what we call the Romance languages.
  zh: 这是拉丁语正在演变成我们所称的罗曼语族的时期。
- start: 1545.021
  end: 1548.043
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in Italy, Latin is evolving into Italian.
  zh: 所以在意大利，拉丁语正在演变成意大利语。
- start: 1548.624
  end: 1554.909
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In France, it's evolving into French, etc. But again, most people are still writing in Latin.
  zh: 在法国，它正在演变成法语，等等。但是再次强调，大多数人仍然在用拉丁语写作。
- start: 1555.21
  end: 1558.413
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And if anyone's writing in Italian, it's not literature.
  zh: 如果有人用意大利语写作，那也不被认为是文学。
- start: 1558.413
  end: 1559.694
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Until Francis comes along.
  zh: 直到方济各出现。
- start: 1559.694
  end: 1559.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Why?
  zh: 为什么？
- start: 1559.914
  end: 1563.457
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because it's important that people can read this.
  zh: 因为重要的是人们能够读懂这个。
- start: 1569.392
  end: 1573.235
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Again, if you watch the film, the film ends at a certain point.
  zh: 再说一次，如果你看这部电影，电影在某个点结束了。
- start: 1573.235
  end: 1576.277
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It doesn't go to the end of Francis' life.
  zh: 它没有讲到方济各生命的终点。
- start: 1576.678
  end: 1587.786
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But perhaps one of the things that Francis is most famous for is that he is the first person documented to have what's called a stigmata.
  zh: 但也许方济各最著名的事情之一是，他是第一个被记录下来拥有所谓圣痕的人。
- start: 1594.885
  end: 1602.711
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In 1224, at the age of about 42, Francis went to a mountain to pray.
  zh: 1224年，大约42岁时，方济各去一座山上祷告。
- start: 1603.793
  end: 1608.557
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And remember the driving force behind his life as a prior, right?
  zh: 记住他作为修士生活背后的驱动力，对吧？
- start: 1608.557
  end: 1612.5
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to imitate Christ as perfectly as possible.
  zh: 他想尽可能完美地效法基督。
- start: 1612.5
  end: 1616.543
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So this is his prayer, that he might imitate Christ to the utmost.
  zh: 所以这就是他的祷告，希望他能最大程度地效法基督。
- start: 1619.045
  end: 1624.97
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was apparently rewarded for that desire with the gifts of the stigmata.
  zh: 显然，他因这种渴望而获得了圣痕的恩赐。
- start: 1624.97
  end: 1630.675
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the stigmata are the wounds of Christ in his own body.
  zh: 圣痕就是基督的伤痕出现在他自己的身体上。
- start: 1630.735
  end: 1635.739
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, wounds in the hands, the side, the feet.
  zh: 所以，手上、身侧和脚上都有伤痕。
- start: 1636.42
  end: 1648.117
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now there have been others who have had this since Francis, and we're not going to go into  All the implications of that, because it's not necessary for this course.
  zh: 从方济各之后也有其他人出现过这种情况，我们不会深入探讨这所有的含义，因为这对这门课程来说不是必要的。
- start: 1648.117
  end: 1657.161
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Although I will mention, when I talked about St. Padre Keogh a while back, he is the most recent one, the most recent person to have the stigmata.
  zh: 虽然我会提到，当我之前谈到圣帕德雷·科夫时，他是最近的一个，是最近一个拥有圣痕的人。
- start: 1657.421
  end: 1663.744
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He lived in the 19... well, he died in the 1960s.
  zh: 他生活在19……嗯，他在1960年代去世。
- start: 1663.744
  end: 1669.646
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it is considered by many to be a miracle of the imitation of Christ's suffering.
  zh: 但许多人认为这是效法基督受难的奇迹。
- start: 1670.703
  end: 1676.346
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, the church, even the Roman Catholic Church, does not emphasize this, does not make a big deal out of it.
  zh: 现在，教会，即使是罗马公教会，也不强调这一点，不把它当作大事。
- start: 1676.907
  end: 1683.371
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even the document of canonization for Francis doesn't even mention it.
  zh: 甚至方济各的封圣文件都没有提到它。
- start: 1683.371
  end: 1688.574
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, he doesn't become a saint because of this, but he is known for it.
  zh: 所以，他不是因为这个成为圣人，但他因此而闻名。
- start: 1688.574
  end: 1705.391
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In 1226,  Suffering from multiple health issues, including probably leprosy, Francis died.
  zh: 1226年，方济各因多种健康问题，可能包括麻风病，去世了。
- start: 1706.932
  end: 1711.295
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The very next year, a friend of his became the Pope.
  zh: 第二年，他的一个朋友成为了教宗。
- start: 1711.295
  end: 1714.917
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This was Gregory IX, in case you're keeping score.
  zh: 这位是格里高利九世，以防你在记录。
- start: 1715.297
  end: 1722.881
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Francis was canonized a saint in 1228, only two years after he died, which is extremely fast.
  zh: 因此，方济各在1228年被册封为圣人，这是在他去世仅两年后，这是非常快的。
- start: 1724.143
  end: 1729.859
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he was reburied, or I'm sorry, he was  Yeah, he was reburied at that time.
  zh: 他被重新安葬，或者说，抱歉，是的，他在那时被重新安葬。
- start: 1729.899
  end: 1738.142
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He had been buried when he died and was reburied two years later under what is now the Basilica named after him.
  zh: 他去世时被埋葬，两年后在现在以他名字命名的大教堂下被重新安葬。
- start: 1740.584
  end: 1747.146
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was reburied the 12th of March, in the year 1230. Now, why was his body moved?
  zh: 他在1230年3月12日被重新安葬。现在，为什么要移动他的遗体？
- start: 1747.327
  end: 1755.41
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because he was already so popular as a saint, it was feared that someone would try to steal his remains, steal the relics.
  zh: 因为他作为圣人已经非常受欢迎，人们担心有人会试图偷走他的遗体，偷走圣骨。
- start: 1758.39
  end: 1773.879
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When his body was transferred to the basilica and he was buried under the basilica, they were so afraid that his body would be stolen that they had it buried under 400 pounds of rock and iron bars and covered with a slab of granite.
  zh: 当他的遗体被转移到大教堂并被埋在大教堂下时，他们非常害怕他的遗体会被偷走，所以他们把它埋在400磅重的岩石和铁条下，并用一块花岗岩覆盖。
- start: 1774.5
  end: 1801.13
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in fact, if you go to Assisi today,  You can actually go below the Basilica, there's actually two levels of the Basilica, and you go below the lower level, and you can see the tomb of Francis.
  zh: 事实上，如果你今天去亚西西，你可以实际进入大教堂下面，大教堂实际上有两层，你可以进入下层以下，你可以看到方济各的墓。
- start: 1801.13
  end: 1818.394
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And basically, you know, you come down the staircase, and there's a chapel that includes the tomb of Francis, but there's this sort of column of earth and rock and gravel, and so Francis' tomb is kind of sticking out like this.
  zh: 基本上，你知道，你下楼梯，那里有一个包含方济各墓的小教堂，但有这样一个土石和砾石的柱子，所以方济各的墓就像这样突出来。
- start: 1818.7
  end: 1827.529
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But above it you can see all the rocks and the iron bars and just, you know, everything they put on top of that so no one would be able to get down.
  zh: 但在上面你可以看到所有的岩石和铁条，你知道，他们放在上面的一切，这样就没有人能够下去。
- start: 1827.529
  end: 1831.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So they buried him under all that stuff so that no one could steal the body.
  zh: 所以他们把他埋在所有那些东西下面，这样就没有人能偷走遗体。
- start: 1831.934
  end: 1837.3
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But then, of course, later they dug a way around the sides so that they could turn into a chapel.
  zh: 但后来，当然，他们在周围挖了一条路，这样就可以变成一个小教堂。
- start: 1837.3
  end: 1841.664
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You actually can walk down there and walk around this centerpiece.
  zh: 你实际上可以走下去，绕着这个中心展品走。
- start: 1844.073
  end: 1849.316
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Today, the Franciscan order is the largest monastic order in the world.
  zh: 今天，方济各会是世界上最大的修道会。
- start: 1850.998
  end: 1859.383
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And actually, I should point out that technically speaking, there are a limited number of true monastic orders.
  zh: 实际上，我应该指出，从技术上讲，真正的修道会数量是有限的。
- start: 1859.383
  end: 1867.768
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There are many religious communities, but not all of them are monastic orders, strictly speaking.
  zh: 有许多宗教团体，但严格来说，并非所有的都是修道会。
- start: 1870.635
  end: 1880.737
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even though it is the largest monastic order in the Church, it is fractured by division, like any other human organization.
  zh: 尽管它是教会中最大的修道会，但它也像任何其他人类组织一样被分裂所困扰。
- start: 1880.917
  end: 1894.36
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eventually, especially after the founder is no longer around, you have disagreements over how to most faithfully continue the founder's ideals.
  zh: 最终，特别是在创始人不在之后，你会对如何最忠实地延续创始人的理想产生分歧。
- start: 1895.54
  end: 1903.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, you have three major  Divisions among the Franciscans.
  zh: 因此，方济各会中有三个主要的分支。
- start: 1903.274
  end: 1905.154
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You have the Conventuals.
  zh: 你有修道院方济各会。
- start: 1907.875
  end: 1916.899
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, as the name suggests, the Conventuals live in convents or monasteries.
  zh: 现在，正如名字所示，修道院方济各会住在修道院或修道所里。
- start: 1917.859
  end: 1923.902
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But we said that the Franciscans were going to be Mexicans and not live in monasteries and be out in the world.
  zh: 但我们说过方济各会要成为托钵修士，不住在修道院里，而是在世界上。
- start: 1923.902
  end: 1951.158
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So a sort of reform or more conservative movement  The observance, whose idea it was to get back to the idea of being out in the world, being itinerant, being faithful to Francis' ideals of not being behind the walls of the cloister, but being out in the world.
  zh: 所以有一种改革或更保守的运动，即遵行会，他们的想法是回到在世界上的理念，成为巡回传教士，忠于方济各不被修道院墙壁束缚而在世界上的理想。
- start: 1953.079
  end: 1958.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Finally, there is an even more conservative version known as the Cappuccini.
  zh: 最后，还有一个更保守的版本，被称为卡普钦会。
- start: 1961.263
  end: 1966.468
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I never remember how to spell that, so don't trust my spelling.
  zh: 我总是记不住怎么拼写，所以不要相信我的拼写。
- start: 1966.468
  end: 1972.193
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the Capuchins are sort of a more conservative version of the observance.
  zh: 但卡普钦会是遵行会的一个更保守的版本。
- start: 1972.193
  end: 1981.882
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You know, there's an interesting site in Rome that we go to called the Capuchin Cemetery.
  zh: 你知道，在罗马有一个有趣的地方，我们去过，叫做卡普钦公墓。
- start: 1981.882
  end: 1983.963
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yeah, you had a question?
  zh: 是的，你有问题吗？
- start: 1983.963
  end: 1986.065
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: More conservative or more liberal?
  zh: 更保守还是更自由？
- start: 1986.417
  end: 2005.669
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, you know, don't think in terms of what the modern, what you think of when you think of conservative and liberal now, because they would be more conservative in the sense that they feel that they are more faithfully living according to the tradition set out by Francis.
  zh: 嗯，你知道，不要用现代的观念，你现在想到的保守和自由的概念来思考，因为他们在某种意义上更保守，他们觉得自己更忠实地按照方济各设定的传统生活。
- start: 2006.09
  end: 2011.473
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember, the term conservative means to conserve something.
  zh: 记住，保守这个词意味着保存某些东西。
- start: 2012.085
  end: 2023.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, to be conservative in the sense that the meaning of the word means to hold on to, at least in one's own perception, to hold on to the older tradition.
  zh: 所以，保守的意思是坚持，至少在一个人的认知中，是坚持更古老的传统。
- start: 2023.914
  end: 2031.219
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They do tend to be theologically conservative as well, in terms of Orthodoxy and stuff, but at any rate.
  zh: 他们在神学上也倾向于保守，就正统性和其他方面而言，但无论如何。
- start: 2031.54
  end: 2052.254
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, the Capuchin Cemetery, there's a cemetery in Rome that was started probably in the 18th century, 1700s,  And it's on a plot of land that was supposed to be dirt from the Holy Land, but it's in a confined space.
  zh: 所以，卡普钦公墓，罗马有一个公墓，可能始于18世纪，1700年代，它建在一块据说是来自圣地的土地上，但空间有限。
- start: 2052.434
  end: 2057.398
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so they eventually ran out of space to bury the Friars.
  zh: 所以他们最终没有空间埋葬修士了。
- start: 2058.059
  end: 2077.608
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so their solution was to  Dig up the bones of the earliest buried priors to make room for the new ones, and to use those bones to decorate a series of chapels that are in the cemetery.
  zh: 所以他们的解决方案是挖出最早埋葬的修士的骨头，为新的腾出空间，并用这些骨头装饰公墓里的一系列小教堂。
- start: 2077.868
  end: 2091.568
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Some people think of it as macabre or morbid or even blasphemous or disrespectful or something, but you go into these chapels and  The walls, I mean, if you stand back and look, you know, without focusing, it looks like wallpaper.
  zh: 有些人认为这是可怕的、病态的，甚至是亵渎的或不尊重的，但当你进入这些小教堂，墙壁，我的意思是，如果你退后看，你知道，不集中注意力，它看起来就像壁纸。
- start: 2091.568
  end: 2093.87
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There's so much decoration on the wall.
  zh: 墙上有太多的装饰。
- start: 2093.87
  end: 2096.751
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But when you look at it, it's all made out of human bones.
  zh: 但当你仔细看时，它全是用人骨做的。
- start: 2097.032
  end: 2101.254
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Chandeliers hanging from the ceiling, made of human bones.
  zh: 天花板上悬挂的吊灯，是用人骨做的。
- start: 2102.355
  end: 2104.857
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Pictures on the walls made of human bones.
  zh: 墙上的图画是用人骨做的。
- start: 2104.857
  end: 2115.484
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so one of the favorites is using, like, you know, shoulder blade bones and things to make the image of an hourglass with wings.
  zh: 所以最受欢迎的之一是使用，你知道，肩胛骨之类的东西来制作一个有翅膀的沙漏图像。
- start: 2116.623
  end: 2118.964
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, why an hourglass with wings?
  zh: 现在，为什么是一个有翅膀的沙漏？
- start: 2120.006
  end: 2120.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anyone?
  zh: 有人知道吗？
- start: 2121.907
  end: 2123.388
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because time flies.
  zh: 因为时光飞逝。
- start: 2123.388
  end: 2124.028
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's right.
  zh: 没错。
- start: 2124.028
  end: 2126.149
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, why is that important?
  zh: 现在，为什么这很重要？
- start: 2126.17
  end: 2131.654
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because, again, remember the dark side of the Franciscan spirituality.
  zh: 因为，再次记住，这是方济各灵修的阴暗面。
- start: 2131.654
  end: 2138.298
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is to remember your own mortality, and to get right with God while you live, because time flies.
  zh: 它是要记住你自己的死亡，并在你活着的时候与神和好，因为时光飞逝。
- start: 2138.518
  end: 2141.36
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You don't know when the end of your life will come.
  zh: 你不知道你的生命何时会结束。
- start: 2141.36
  end: 2156.82
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, after you go through this series  After you go through the series of chapels that are decorated with human bones, and where you can actually see some intact skeletons laid out.
  zh: 所以，当你走过这一系列用人骨装饰的小教堂，你可以看到一些完整的骨架陈列其中。
- start: 2156.82
  end: 2162.823
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Oh, and there's one really elaborate, like, grim reaper with, you know, the sickle and everything.
  zh: 哦，还有一个非常精致的，像死神一样，你知道，带着镰刀和一切。
- start: 2163.264
  end: 2165.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But when you get to the end, there's a sign.
  zh: 但当你走到尽头，有一个标志。
- start: 2165.866
  end: 2168.567
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the sign says this.
  zh: 这个标志是这样说的。
- start: 2168.567
  end: 2173.271
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It says, What you are, we once were.
  zh: 它说，「你现在的样子，我们曾经也是。」
- start: 2173.271
  end: 2177.002
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What we are,  You will be.
  zh: 「我们现在的样子，你将来也会是。」
- start: 2178.723
  end: 2181.084
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So again, you know, a reminder.
  zh: 所以再次，你知道，这是一个提醒。
- start: 2182.565
  end: 2203.816
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, anyway, you know, all of that is just a kind of an example of medieval monasticism, and I wanted to show you how, you know, with Francis, and this is true of Dominic as well and some others, but with Francis especially, the ideal was to serve in the world, not in the cloister, not within the walls of a monastery.
  zh: 好吧，无论如何，你知道，所有这些只是中世纪修道主义的一个例子，我想向你展示，你知道，对于方济各，这对多明我和其他一些人也是如此，但特别是对方济各来说，理想是在世界上服务，而不是在修道院里，不是在修道院的围墙内。
- start: 2204.126
  end: 2213.913
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But to get out where the people are and to feed the hungry and to help the sick and serve the people where they are.
  zh: 而是要走出去，到人们所在的地方，喂养饥饿的人，帮助病人，在他们所在的地方服务人们。
- start: 2213.913
  end: 2219.236
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And to imitate Christ by living a life of simplicity.
  zh: 并通过过简朴的生活来效法基督。
- start: 2219.337
  end: 2222.118
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And for Francis, that's the way to peace.
  zh: 对方济各来说，这就是通往平安的道路。
- start: 2222.219
  end: 2225.181
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You want to know how to find peace of mind?
  zh: 你想知道如何找到内心的平安吗？
- start: 2225.181
  end: 2232.785
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's by giving up attachment to material things and by living a life of simplicity.
  zh: 就是放下对物质的执着，过简朴的生活。
- start: 2233.629
  end: 2236.43
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, any questions about any of that?
  zh: 好的，对这些有什么问题吗？
- start: 2240.293
  end: 2241.634
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Pretty self-explanatory.
  zh: 这些都很容易理解。
- start: 2241.634
  end: 2244.735
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Francis, would you call him an aesthetic?
  zh: 那么方济各，你会称他为禁欲主义者吗？
- start: 2246.557
  end: 2247.357
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yes, absolutely.
  zh: 是的，绝对是。
- start: 2247.357
  end: 2249.498
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Francis is an aesthetic.
  zh: 方济各是个禁欲主义者。
- start: 2249.498
  end: 2256.763
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Francis is an aesthetic, yes.
  zh: 是的，方济各是个禁欲主义者。
- start: 2256.763
  end: 2260.284
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because remember how hard on his own physical body he was.
  zh: 因为记住他对自己的身体有多苛刻。
- start: 2261.826
  end: 2262.706
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anything else?
  zh: 还有什么问题吗？
- start: 2264.554
  end: 2266.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, so that's it for our first hour.
  zh: 好的，这就是我们第一个小时的内容。
- start: 2266.478
  end: 2268.442
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're gonna take a break.
  zh: 我们要休息一下。
- start: 2268.442
  end: 2274.034
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yeah, I know, it wasn't an hour, it was 45 minutes, but let's give you
  zh: 是的，我知道，这不是一个小时，只有45分钟，但让我们给你
