好的，今晚我们将继续之前开始的讨论，因为我们之前谈到了修道主义。 Okay, so tonight we're going to continue actually a discussion we started earlier, because we had talked earlier about monasticism.
在我们之前关于修道主义的讨论中，我们探讨了修道主义的起源、早期沙 漠修道主义，并且我们看到了禁欲主义和修道主义如何发展到某个程度。 And in our earlier discussions about monasticism, we looked at the origins of monasticism, early desert monasticism, and we saw the way that asceticism and monasticism evolved up to a point.
我们现在要继续那个讨论，当我们深入探讨时，我 将用一位特定的修士作为中世纪修道主义的例子。 We're going to kind of pick up that discussion now, and when we get into it, I'm going to use one particular monastic as an example of medieval monasticism.
我们将讨论亚西西的方济各。 We're going to talk about Francis of Assisi.
根据我的经验，方济各，通常被称为圣方济各，是许多人最喜 爱的圣人，不仅是天主教徒和东正教徒，新教徒也是如此。 In my experience, Francis, often known as Saint Francis, is the favorite saint of a lot of people, not just Catholics and Orthodox, but Protestants too.
所以我们会把他作为一个例子。 So we'll kind of use him as an example.
大约9世纪左右，亚略主义终于消失了，不仅在东方，在西方也是如此。 After about the 9th century or so, Arianism finally goes away, not only in the East, but also in the West.
现在请记住，亚略主义的威胁在于它削弱了基督的神性。 Now remember, the threat of Arianism was that it diminished the divinity of Christ.
那么为了对抗亚略主义，你会怎么做？ So in order to combat Arianism, what did you do?
你强调基督的神性。 You emphasized the divinity of Christ.
我们谈到了「和子」条款，这是添加到信经中的。 And we talked about the filioque, the clause that's added to the Creed.
其中圣灵从圣父和圣子而出，这是为了强调圣父和圣子之间的平等。 where the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as a way to emphasize the equality between Father and Son.
然而，一旦亚略主义消失，现在就可以重新思考耶稣的人性了。 Once Arianism kind of goes away, though, it becomes okay now to go back to thinking about the humanity of Jesus.
当我们进入中世纪，生活是艰难的。 And as we move into the Middle Ages, life was hard.
事实上，生命可能非常脆弱。 In fact, life could be downright fragile.
因此，人们开始以他们能够理解的方式转向耶稣，他 们能够认同的耶稣，那个贫穷、谦卑、受苦的耶稣。 And so people started turning to Jesus in a way that they could relate to, the Jesus they could identify with, the poor, humble, suffering Jesus.
所以为了帮助他们在贫穷和苦难中找到安慰，他们转向了贫穷和受苦的耶稣。 So to help them find comfort in their poverty and their suffering, they turned to the poor and suffering Jesus.
事实上，这就是你看到十字架变得非常生动和血腥的时候。 In fact, this is when you see crucifixes become very graphic and bloody.
你知道，早期教会的十字架一开始使用时，通常是耶稣在十字架上还活着，眼睛睁开。 You know, the crucifixes in the early church Once they start using crucifixes, usually have Jesus alive on the cross at first, eyes open.
最终，你看到耶稣在十字架上死去，眼睛闭上，头垂下。 Eventually, you see Jesus dead on the cross, eyes closed, head hanging over.
但随着时间进入中世纪，晚期中世纪，耶稣不仅仅是死 了，而且变得非常凄惨，随着时间的推移越来越血腥。 But as time you get into the Middle Ages, late medieval period, Jesus becomes not just dead, but really beat up, bloodier and bloodier as time goes on.
为什么？ Why?
因为人们想在他们的苦难中与耶稣认同。 Because people want to identify with Jesus in their suffering.
因此，基督徒的生活越来越被认为是对基督的效法。 And so the Christian life comes to be thought of more and more as an imitation of Christ.
现在，再次提醒，不要在意耶稣本人在历史上可能并不真的贫穷这个 事实，按我们的定义，贫穷是指生活在某个生存水平以下并且挨饿。 Now, again, never mind the fact that Jesus himself probably historically was not really poor, as we might define it in the sense of living below a certain subsistence level and starving.
但那些人想要那样看待耶稣。 But those who were wanted to look at Jesus that way.
他们想要看到自己的生命有意义和目的，他们在跟随耶稣的脚步中找到了那种意义和目的。 And they wanted to see their lives as having meaning and purpose And they found that meaning and purpose in terms of following in the footsteps of Jesus.
因此修道主义也会这样做。 And so monasticism will do this too.
除此之外，那些太穷而无法去任何地方朝圣的人，发展出了苦路十四站的传统。 In addition to that, people who were too poor to go anywhere, to go on a pilgrimage, developed the tradition of the Stations of the Cross.
苦路十四站是一种你可以在小范围内或甚至在教堂内进行的微型朝圣， 走过并在耶稣前往各各他的旅程中的某些点停留在他的圣像或雕像前。 Stations of the Cross was sort of a mini-pilgrimage you could make within a small, confined area, or within even a church, walking through and stopping at icons or statues of Jesus at certain points in his journey to Calvin.
讲道越来越强调圣人的生平作为应当效法的榜样，这些人都是跟随耶稣脚步的典范。 Sermons more and more emphasized The lives of the saints as examples to be followed, examples of people who followed in the footsteps of Jesus.
我们可能稍后会再次提到这一点，但在中世纪，你会听到很多 讲道并不像我们想象的那样宣讲福音，你知道，解释或阐述福 音经文，而是通过讲述那些活出福音的人的生平来宣讲福音。 And we're going to probably mention this again later, but in the Middle Ages you get a lot of sermons that aren't so much about preaching the gospel as we would think of it, you know, a gospel text that has been unpacked or explained, but preaching the gospel as in the lives of people who lived the gospel.
因此，讲道越来越多地讲述圣人的生平故事，以及会众如何效法圣人，从而效法耶稣。 So sermons became more and more about telling the stories of the lives of the saints, and how the congregation can then imitate the saints, and by doing that, imitate Jesus.
除此之外，越来越多的人搬到城市，这使人们聚集在一起 ，带来了各种福与祸，其中包括疾病的快速传播等祸患。 On top of that, more and more people are moving into the cities, which brings people together in close proximity with all the blessings and curses that come with that, curses including things like the rapid spread of disease.
重点是，随着贫困和疾病的增加，如果你想要喂养饥饿的人 或照顾病人，你会去的地方越来越多地集中在城市地区。 The point is that as poverty and disease increases, the place where you would go if you want to feed the hungry or care for the sick becomes more and more the urban areas.
因此，修道主义开始从修道院走向街头。 So monasticism begins to move out of the monasteries and into the streets.
我们将看到在多明我和方济各这样的人身上出现的 修道主义，是一种我们称之为托钵的修道主义。 And the kind of monasticism that we're going to see emerge in people like Dominic and Francis is a kind of monasticism that we call mendicant.
托钵，从某种意义上说，就是成为乞丐。 Mendicant, meaning, well, it means to be a beggar, in a sense.
所以，通过过乞丐的生活来效法基督。 So, imitating Christ by taking on the life of a beggar.
但它的含义不止于此，因为我们看到早期教会的修道 主义有一种演变，从隐居沙漠的想法到群居生活。 But it means more than that, because we saw a kind of an evolution of monasticism in the early church, going from the idea of being a hermit, In the deserts to living in community.
但那些团体或多或少是与世隔绝的，对吧？ But those communities are more or less cloistered, right?
因此，许多团体都是自给自足的，其理念是修士生活在修道院或修道所的围墙之内。 And so many of the communities were self-sufficient and the idea was that the monastic lived behind the walls of a convent or a monastery.
现在我们将看到这种演变更进一步，修士们将走出 修道院，所以这不是逃离世界，而是走进世界。 Now we're going to see that evolution take one step farther where the friars will move out of the monasteries So it's not an escape from the world, it's moving into the world.
所以，正如我所说，我想用亚西西的方济各作为这种修道主义的例子。 And so, as I said, what I want to do is use as an example of this kind of monasticism, Francis of Assisi.
亚西西是意大利的一个相对较小的城镇。 Assisi is a relatively small town in Italy.
直到今天你仍然可以去那里，尽管总是有许多朝圣者，但它仍然保留了许多中世纪的氛围。 And you can still go there to this day and it retains a lot of its medieval feel in spite of the many pilgrims that are there all the time.
方济各出生于1181年或1182年。他出生时名叫乔瓦尼·贝尔纳多内。 So, Francis is born in 1181 or 1182. And he is born Giovanni Bernardone.
你可能会想，怎么从这个名字得到方济各呢？ And you're thinking to yourself, how do you get Francis out of that?
嗯，他的父亲是个商人，实际上是做纺织品生意的，经常去法国。 Well, his father was a merchant, textiles, in fact, and traveled to France a lot.
他在法国遇到了他的母亲，他的母亲是法国人，他的 父亲是我们所说的法国迷，喜欢一切法国的东西。 Met his mother in France, his mother was French, and his father was what we would call a Francophile, loved all things French.
事实上，他的父亲当时在法国，如果你看电影的话，不要 指望「太阳兄弟月亮姐妹」这部电影在历史上是准确的。 And, in fact, his father was in France, If you see the film, don't look for the film Brother Sun and Sister Moon to be historically accurate.
父亲彼得被描绘成一个不会说法语的人，当方济 各和他的母亲说法语时，他感到沮丧和被排斥。 Pietro, the father, is depicted as someone who can't speak French and gets frustrated and feels left out when Francis and his mother speak French.
实际上，事实并非如此。 Actually, that's not the way it was.
他的父亲确实会说法语，以确保方济各学会法语。 His father did speak French to make sure that Francis learned it.
方济各是在亚西西富有的商人阶层中长大的。 Francis was raised among the wealthy merchant class of Assisi.
现在，你必须记住的是，在历史上的这个时期， 像亚西西这样的城市都是一些小型的独立国家。 Now, what you've got to remember is that at this time in history, these cities Like Assisi, are kind of little states unto themselves.
因此，这些城市之间会爆发战争。 And so you have these wars that break out between the cities.
1202年，当方济各大约20岁时，亚西西和佩鲁贾之间 爆发了战争，现在佩鲁贾是制作非常好的巧克力的地方。 And in 1202, when Francis was about 20, there was a war going on between Assisi and Perugia, which is now where they make really good chocolate.
但是，你知道，这些地方离得很近。 But, you know, these things are close enough together.
这就像说，你知道，埃文斯顿与埃尔姆赫斯特开战之类的。 It would be like saying, you know, Evanston goes to war against Elmhurst or something.
它们离得并不远。 They're not that far apart.
所以方济各参战后被俘虏，被关在佩鲁贾的监狱里，不得不由他的父亲赎回。 So Francis goes to war and is captured and thrown in prison in Perugia and has to be ransomed by his father.
回来后，他病了很长时间。 Upon his return, he was sick for a long time.
但当他康复后，他决定加入十字军东征。 But when he got better, he set out to join the Crusades.
我们还没有讨论过十字军东征，在课堂上也不会讨论。 And we haven't talked about the Crusades, and we won't, in class.
有一些关于这方面的阅读材料。 There's some readings on that.
但如果你对十字军东征有所了解，方济各打算加入的这次十字军东征 是命运多舛的第四次十字军东征，君士坦丁堡在这次东征中被洗劫。 But if you know anything about the Crusades, this particular Crusade that Francis intended to join up with was the ill-fated Fourth Crusade, where Constantinople was sacked.
所以，基督徒决定攻击其他基督徒，因为他们，嗯，他们 有他们的理由，但东方基督徒有时仍然对此感到不安。 So, Christians decided to attack other Christians because they, well, they had their reasons, but the Eastern Christians are sometimes still upset about that.
因此，西方教会不得不为此道歉。 So, the Western Church has had to apologize for this.
但无论如何，我的意思是，如果你认为十字军东征是基督教历 史上的一个低谷，那么第四次十字军东征就是低谷中的低谷。 But at any rate, so this was, I mean, if you can consider the Crusades a kind of a low point in Christian history, the Fourth Crusade was the low point of the low point.
但方济各从未真正到达那里。 But Francis never really got there.
他从未加入，因为根据故事，他有一个异象。 He never joined up because, according to the story, he had a vision.
在这个异象中，神告诉他，加入十字军东征不是神对他的旨意。 And in this vision, God told him that this was not God's will for him to join up with the Crusades.
于是他转身回家，开始了一个不同的使命。 And so he turned around and he went home and took up a different vocation.
他开始施舍给穷人。 He started giving to the poor.
然后他开始给麻风病人送食物。 And then he started giving food to the lepers.
最后，当他开始接触麻风病人时，其他人都开始避开他，他被人们和海边的人嘲笑和排斥。 And finally, when he started touching the levers, everybody else started avoiding him, and he became sort of shunned and mocked by the people and the sea people.
于是他独自离开了。 And so he goes off by himself.
现在，注意他开始像一个隐士一样，试图在洞穴和废弃的教堂中寻找神。 Now, notice he starts out as a kind of a hermit, trying to find God living in caves and in abandoned churches.
在1205年，他在一个破旧的教堂里徘徊，那就是圣达米亚诺教堂。 And in the year 1205, he's hanging out in a broken-down church The church of San Damiano.
它大约在山腰上。 It's about halfway up the hill.
亚西西在山顶上。 Assisi is on the top of the hill.
圣达米亚诺大约在山腰上。 San Damiano is about halfway up the hill.
顺便说一下，你不能用50人座的大巴士到那里。 And by the way, you can't get in there with a 50 passenger bus.
你得坐小巴，仅供参考。这是我通过反复尝试才发现的。 You gotta take a smaller bus, just FYI. Found that out by trial and error.
总之，方济各在圣达米亚诺教堂里，他在十字架前祈祷。 So anyway, Francis is hanging out in San Damiano and he is praying before the crucifix.
他听到十字架在对他说话。 And he hears the crucifix speaking to him.
他听到耶稣在对他说话。 He hears Jesus speaking to him.
耶稣说，去修复我的房子。 And Jesus says, go repair my house.
于是他把这当作修复圣达米亚诺教堂的使命。 And so he takes this as a mandate to fix up the church of San Damiano.
换句话说，就好像耶稣在说，字面意思上的修复我的房子。 In other words, like as if Jesus is saying, Repair my house, literally.
于是他去了亚西西，从父亲的商店里拿了纺织品 和布料，卖掉后拿着钱开始用这些钱修复教堂。 And so he goes into Assisi, takes the textiles, the cloth from his father's shop, sells it, takes the money, and starts using that money to fix up the church.
当他的父亲发现后，勃然大怒，把他拉到主教面前，要求方济各把钱还给他。 When his father finds out, his father throws a fit and drags him before the bishop, demanding that Francis pay him back the money.
因此，主教应该在这个案件中充当法官。 And so the bishop is supposed to be the judge in this case.
问题是，也许你曾经听过自己的父母这样说，方济各的 父亲打出了这张牌，说：「我给了你所拥有的一切。」 And the issue is, and maybe you've heard your own parents say this at one time or another, but Francis' father plays the card that says, I gave you everything you have.
「你所拥有的一切都是我给的，你就是这样报答我的？」 Everything you have is from me, and this is how you repay me?
方济各的回应是说：「你知道吗，你说得对。」 Francis' response is to say, you know what, you're right.
「我所拥有的一切都是你给的，所以我要把它们还给你。」 Everything I have is from you, so I'm going to give it back to you.
他当着所有人的面脱下所有衣服，把它们还给父亲，然后赤身裸体地走开了。 He takes off all his clothes right there in front of everybody, hands them back to his father, and walks away naked.
通过这样做，他基本上是在放弃自己的继承权，为了天父而否认 自己的地上的父亲，他字面上过上了无家可归者的生活，如他所 说的乞丐生活，并开始了照顾麻风病人和修复破旧教堂的事工。 By doing this, he's basically denouncing his own inheritance, denouncing his earthly father in favor of his heavenly father, He literally takes on the life of a homeless person, a beggar as he would say, and begins a ministry of taking care of lepers and repairing broken down churches.
他想尽可能完美地效法耶稣。 He wants to imitate Jesus as perfectly as he can.
从那时起，这成为他余生的动力。 And this drives his life from then on for the rest of his life.
他想尽可能完美地效法耶稣。 He wants to imitate Jesus as perfectly as he can.
当然，这是基于耶稣贫穷的假设。 Now, of course, this is based on that assumption that Jesus was poor.
记住，我们在福音书中有那段经文，耶稣说，你知道的，这就成为假设耶稣贫穷的基础。 And remember, we have that passage in the Gospels where Jesus says, you know, And so that becomes the basis for the assumption that Jesus was poor.
虽然，你知道，这可能说得太过了。 Although, you know, that may be saying too much.
但是…… But...
但这些修道士确实是这样假设的，他们认为如果你想跟随耶稣的脚步，你也必须变得贫穷。 But these monastics did assume that, and they did assume that if you wanted to follow in the footsteps of Jesus, you also had to become poor.
于是他放弃了隐士的生活，开始四处传道。 And so he gave up the life of a hermit and began preaching, just walking around preaching.
现在记住，他没有受过圣职，但他就这样走上街头和田野传道。 Now remember, he's not ordained, but he would just go out into the streets and the fields and preach.
他的信息主要是关于悔改罪过，以及通过简单的生活获得平安。 And his message was mostly about repentance of sin, and peace through simplicity of life.
有几本关于方济各简单生活信息的好书，值得一读。 And there are several good books out there on Francis' message of living simply, which are worth reading.
一旦他这样做，其他人开始加入他，其中一些是他的朋友。 Once he does this, other people start to join him, and some of them are his friends.
现在记住，他很富有，所以他的朋友也很富有。 Now remember, he's wealthy, so his friends are wealthy too.
所以亚西西的其他几个年轻富人加入了他，放弃了他们的 财产，放弃了自己的继承权，他们成为了一个小团体。 So several other young wealthy men of Assisi Join up with him, give up their possessions, denounce their own inheritances, and they become a little community.
到1209年，这个团体中有足够多的人，方济各决定为他的团体写一个生活规则。 So by 1209, there's enough men in this community that Francis decides he needs to write up a rule of life for his community.
于是他这样做了，然后他去罗马获得教宗的批准，让他的团体成为一个新的修道会。 So he does, and then he goes to Rome to get the Pope's approval For his community to become a new monastic order.
在罗马，他见到了教宗英诺森三世。稍后我们会讨论教宗制度，所以我们 会谈到英诺森三世。在电影中，英诺森三世由艾利克·吉尼斯爵士扮演。 And in Rome, he meets Pope Innocent III. And later on we're going to talk about the papacy, so we'll talk about Innocent III. In the film, Innocent III is played by Sir Alec Guinness.
这部电影在《星球大战》之前不久上映，所以如果你记得原版《 星球大战》，艾利克·吉尼斯爵士扮演的是谁，有人知道吗？ And this movie came out not too long before Star Wars, so if you remember the original Star Wars, Sir Alec Guinness plays, anyone?
欧比旺·肯诺比，对吧？ Obi-Wan Kenobi, right?
所以，你知道，方济各走向他，当英诺森三世对方济各 说「你想要我们做什么」时，有一个很有力的时刻。 So, you know, Francis goes up to him and there's this powerful moment when Innocent III says to Francis, what would you ask of us?
而我能听到的只有「救救我，欧比旺·肯诺比，你是我唯一的希望」。 And all I can hear is, help me, Obi-Wan Kenobi, you're my only hope.
但无论如何，这仍然是一部很棒的电影。 But anyway, It's still a great movie.
我推荐它。 I recommend it.
所以方济各确实得到了教宗的批准，让他的团体成为一个修道会。 So Francis does get the Pope's approval for his community to become a monastic order.
在1212年，第一位女性加入。 And in 1212, the first woman joins.
这位女性被教会称为圣嘉勒。 This is the woman known to the Church as St. Clare.
她的名字是基亚拉·迪·帕瓦罗内。 Her name is Chiara di Pavarone.
或亚西西的嘉勒。 or Claire of Assisi.
所以在1212年，她加入了，当然她不能和男性一起生活 ，所以她成为了一个被称为贫穷姐妹会的女性团体的开始。 So in 1212, she joins, and of course she can't live with the men, so she becomes the beginning of a women's community known as the Poor Clares.
现在，除了过着贫穷的生活，我说的贫穷是指穿着，你知道，类似麻布袋的 东西，方济各过着禁欲的生活，对自己特别严格，不允许自己有任何身体上 的快乐，甚至还有肉体的苦修，认为折磨自己的身体会帮助你抵抗诱惑。 Now, in addition to taking on a life of poverty, and by poverty I mean like wearing, you know, whatabouts of burlap sacks, Francis lived an ascetic life and was particularly hard on himself in terms of not allowing himself any physical pleasures, but also even the mortification of the flesh in the sense of assuming that beating up your body would help you resist temptation.
他只允许自己很少的睡眠。 He allowed himself very little sleep.
当他睡觉时，他经常坐着睡或躺在石头上。 When he did sleep, he often slept sitting up or laying on a rock.
他害怕受到性的诱惑，所以他从不直视女性的眼睛。 He was afraid of being tempted sexually, so he would never look a woman in the eye.
如果他在思想上受到诱惑，比如我想象他在晚上睡觉或其他时候，他会从床上起来把 自己扔进河里，如果是冬天，就把自己扔进雪堆里，或者他会把自己扔进玫瑰丛中。 And if he ever was tempted in his thoughts, like I imagine at night he's sleeping or whatever, he would get up out of bed and throw himself into the river, or if it was winter, throw himself into a snowbank, or he would throw himself into the rose bushes.
那些玫瑰丛实际上现在还在亚西西。 And the rose bushes are actually still there in Assisi.
我被告知，这些是世界上唯一至今不长刺的玫瑰。 And these are, I'm told, the only roses in the world that to this day grow without thorns.
事实上，当时它们是有刺的。 In fact, then they had thorns.
但现在它们没有了。你可以自己判断这意味着什么。 But now they don't. So take that for what you will.
但这就是他的修行。 But this was his practice.
如果他曾屈服于诱惑，比如吃得比他认为应该吃的多，现在，关于方济各有很多传奇故事。 And if he ever gave into a temptation, like eating more than he thought he should, Now, there's a lot of legendary material about Francis.
再说一次，对很多人来说，方济各是他们最喜欢的圣人，即使他们不是天主教徒。 Again, for a lot of people Francis is their favorite saint, even if they're not Catholic.
但有很多精彩的故事。 But there's a lot of great stories.
据说他对野生动物有影响，使它们在他周围变得温顺。 He is said to have had an effect on wild animals, so that they became tame around him.
这就是为什么如果你看到方济各的雕像，你经常会看到他和动物在一起。 This is why if you see statues of Francis, you will often see him with animals.
在圣方济各瞻礼日，也就是10月，我想说是10月4日，但是 在10月初，许多公教会教堂会举行动物祝福仪式，所以你可以 带你的宠物到教堂，他们会在方济各瞻礼日祝福你的宠物。 On the feast of St. Francis, which is in October, I want to say October 4th, but it's early October, A lot of Catholic churches will have a blessing of the animals, so you bring your pets to church and they will bless your pets on the Feast of Francis.
据说方济各会向鸟儿传道，所以一群鸟会坐在地上，他会开始讲道，讲述神给予它 们飞翔和歌唱的礼物是多么美妙，据说它们耐心地等待并听他讲道，直到他讲完。 It is said that Francis would preach to the birds, so a flock of birds would be sitting on the ground and he would launch into a sermon about how Wonderful is that God gave them the gift of flight and the gift of song, and they are said to have waited patiently and listened to his sermon until he was done.
直到他讲完，它们才飞走。 They didn't fly away until he was done.
但方济各也有阴暗面，因为方济各的灵修…… But there's a dark side to Francis, too, because the Franciscan spirituality...
这边有问题吗？ Do you have a question over here?
方济各的灵修有一点阴暗面。 The Franciscan spirituality has a bit of a dark side.
他在信件上签名时会画一个骷髅。 Signed his correspondence with a drawing of a skull.
骷髅是中世纪提醒人们自身死亡的象征，也提醒人 类的死亡，以及基督在各各他（骷髅地）的死亡。 The skull is the medieval reminder of your mortality, the mortality of humanity, and also of the death of Christ at Golgotha, the place of the skull.
所以这代表我们的死亡和基督为我们所做的牺牲。 So our mortality and Christ's sacrifice for us.
1215年，方济各开始了后来被称为圣体十字军的运动。 In 1215, Francis begins what came to be called the Eucharistic Crusade.
现在记住当我们谈论圣餐时，我说过因为人们对圣餐元素极为敬畏，许多人担心自己不配领 受，所以他们就不领。他们觉得只是观看奇迹发生就足够了，但他们并不领受圣餐元素。 Now remember when we were talking about the Eucharist, I said that because of the great reverence for the elements, a lot of people worried that they weren't worthy to receive them, and so they just didn't. They felt like it was enough just to watch the miracle happen, but they did not receive the elements.
所以方济各传道说人们不应忽视圣餐桌，而应该到圣餐桌前领受圣餐元素。 And so Francis preached that people should not neglect the table, but they should go to the table and they should receive the elements.
这实际上是第四次拉特兰会议的同一年。 And this is actually the same year of the Fourth Lateran Council.
拉特兰指的是举行会议的罗马大教堂。 Lateran refers to the cathedral in Rome where the council was held.
1215年的第四次拉特兰会议确认了圣体转化说为正确的圣餐神学。 The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215, confirmed the doctrine of transubstantiation as the correct theology of communion.
所以我们已经讨论过这个。 So we've talked about that.
但再次强调，所有这些都在某种程度上汇聚在一起。 But again, all this is kind of coming together.
两年后，也就是获得教宗批准成为修道会仅仅八年后，方济 各会决定举行他们的第一次会议，欧洲所有的修士都参加。 Two years later, and only eight years after gaining the Pope's approval to become a monastic order, the Franciscans decided to have their first meeting All the Friars of Europe.
消息传出去，指定了一个地方，5000人出现了。 So word goes out, a place is designated, and 5,000 people show up.
5000名方济各会修士。 5,000 Franciscan brothers.
方济各鼓励他们出去做传教士。 Francis encouraged them to go out as missionaries.
他们确实出去了。 And they did go out.
他们去了德国、北非、叙利亚、西班牙和英国。 They went into Germany, North Africa, Syria, Spain, and England.
1219年，一些方济各会传教士在摩洛哥被杀。 In 1219, Some Franciscan missionaries were killed in Morocco.
这似乎是促使方济各前往拜访穆斯林苏丹的原因。 And this seems to be what prompted Francis to make a trip to the Muslim Sultan.
现在，这仍然是在十字军东征期间。 Now, this is still during the Crusade.
这是在第五次十字军东征期间。 This is during the Fifth Crusade.
所以方济各决定，在十字军东征的中期，虽然有短暂的停 火，但他决定去拜访实际上是伊斯兰军队总司令的人。 So Francis decides, in the middle of the Crusade, there was a bit of a ceasefire, but he decides he's going to go visit the person who is effectively the commander-in-chief of the Islamic forces.
所以他越过战线，被俘虏，被殴打，但他实际上见到了苏丹。 So he crosses the battle lines, he's captured, beaten up, but he actually got to see the Sultan.
于是他向苏丹传讲福音。 And so he preached the Gospel to the Sultan.
苏丹并没有皈依基督教，但对他印象深刻，让他活着离开。 The Sultan did not convert to Christianity, but was impressed enough with him to let him go alive.
方济各另一个著名的事迹是我们所称的圣诞马槽场景或耶稣诞生场景。 Another thing Francis is famous for is what we call the nativity scene or the creche.
记住，他们那时还没有圣诞树。 Remember, they didn't have Christmas trees yet.
但在1223年，方济各在一个马厩里举行的崇拜仪式中重现了圣诞故事。 But in the year 1223, Francis reenacted the Christmas story in a worship service held in a stable.
这成为了第一个活的圣诞场景，也是后来圣诞马槽场景的灵感来源。 And this became the first living nativity and was the inspiration for the nativity scene in the creche.
他也以作家和诗人的身份闻名。 He's also known as a writer, a poet.
在补充读物中有几篇很短的文章，我要求你们阅读。 There's a couple of Very short documents that I'm asking you to read that are in the supplemental book.
「太阳兄弟颂」，电影「太阳兄弟月亮姐妹」的标题就来源于此。 The Canticle of Brother Sun, where the title of the film Brother Sun, Sister Moon comes from.
还有一篇被认为是他所作的祷文。 And the prayer that's attributed to him as well.
但「太阳兄弟颂」实际上是第一首用意大利语写成的诗。 But the Canticle of Brother Sun is actually the first poem ever written in Italian.
现在想想这个。 Now think about this.
这是拉丁语正在演变成我们所称的罗曼语族的时期。 This is the time when Latin Latin is evolving into what we call the Romance languages.
所以在意大利，拉丁语正在演变成意大利语。 So in Italy, Latin is evolving into Italian.
在法国，它正在演变成法语，等等。但是再次强调，大多数人仍然在用拉丁语写作。 In France, it's evolving into French, etc. But again, most people are still writing in Latin.
如果有人用意大利语写作，那也不被认为是文学。 And if anyone's writing in Italian, it's not literature.
直到方济各出现。 Until Francis comes along.
为什么？ Why?
因为重要的是人们能够读懂这个。 Because it's important that people can read this.
再说一次，如果你看这部电影，电影在某个点结束了。 Again, if you watch the film, the film ends at a certain point.
它没有讲到方济各生命的终点。 It doesn't go to the end of Francis' life.
但也许方济各最著名的事情之一是，他是第一个被记录下来拥有所谓圣痕的人。 But perhaps one of the things that Francis is most famous for is that he is the first person documented to have what's called a stigmata.
1224年，大约42岁时，方济各去一座山上祷告。 In 1224, at the age of about 42, Francis went to a mountain to pray.
记住他作为修士生活背后的驱动力，对吧？ And remember the driving force behind his life as a prior, right?
他想尽可能完美地效法基督。 He wants to imitate Christ as perfectly as possible.
所以这就是他的祷告，希望他能最大程度地效法基督。 So this is his prayer, that he might imitate Christ to the utmost.
显然，他因这种渴望而获得了圣痕的恩赐。 He was apparently rewarded for that desire with the gifts of the stigmata.
圣痕就是基督的伤痕出现在他自己的身体上。 And the stigmata are the wounds of Christ in his own body.
所以，手上、身侧和脚上都有伤痕。 So, wounds in the hands, the side, the feet.
从方济各之后也有其他人出现过这种情况，我们不会深入 探讨这所有的含义，因为这对这门课程来说不是必要的。 Now there have been others who have had this since Francis, and we're not going to go into All the implications of that, because it's not necessary for this course.
虽然我会提到，当我之前谈到圣帕德雷·科夫时 ，他是最近的一个，是最近一个拥有圣痕的人。 Although I will mention, when I talked about St. Padre Keogh a while back, he is the most recent one, the most recent person to have the stigmata.
他生活在19……嗯，他在1960年代去世。 He lived in the 19... well, he died in the 1960s.
但许多人认为这是效法基督受难的奇迹。 But it is considered by many to be a miracle of the imitation of Christ's suffering.
现在，教会，即使是罗马公教会，也不强调这一点，不把它当作大事。 Now, the church, even the Roman Catholic Church, does not emphasize this, does not make a big deal out of it.
甚至方济各的封圣文件都没有提到它。 Even the document of canonization for Francis doesn't even mention it.
所以，他不是因为这个成为圣人，但他因此而闻名。 So, he doesn't become a saint because of this, but he is known for it.
1226年，方济各因多种健康问题，可能包括麻风病，去世了。 In 1226, Suffering from multiple health issues, including probably leprosy, Francis died.
第二年，他的一个朋友成为了教宗。 The very next year, a friend of his became the Pope.
这位是格里高利九世，以防你在记录。 This was Gregory IX, in case you're keeping score.
因此，方济各在1228年被册封为圣人，这是在他去世仅两年后，这是非常快的。 And so Francis was canonized a saint in 1228, only two years after he died, which is extremely fast.
他被重新安葬，或者说，抱歉，是的，他在那时被重新安葬。 And he was reburied, or I'm sorry, he was Yeah, he was reburied at that time.
他去世时被埋葬，两年后在现在以他名字命名的大教堂下被重新安葬。 He had been buried when he died and was reburied two years later under what is now the Basilica named after him.
他在1230年3月12日被重新安葬。现在，为什么要移动他的遗体？ He was reburied the 12th of March, in the year 1230. Now, why was his body moved?
因为他作为圣人已经非常受欢迎，人们担心有人会试图偷走他的遗体，偷走圣骨。 Because he was already so popular as a saint, it was feared that someone would try to steal his remains, steal the relics.
当他的遗体被转移到大教堂并被埋在大教堂下时，他们非常害怕他的遗体会被 偷走，所以他们把它埋在400磅重的岩石和铁条下，并用一块花岗岩覆盖。 When his body was transferred to the basilica and he was buried under the basilica, they were so afraid that his body would be stolen that they had it buried under 400 pounds of rock and iron bars and covered with a slab of granite.
事实上，如果你今天去亚西西，你可以实际进入大教堂下面，大教 堂实际上有两层，你可以进入下层以下，你可以看到方济各的墓。 So in fact, if you go to Assisi today, You can actually go below the Basilica, there's actually two levels of the Basilica, and you go below the lower level, and you can see the tomb of Francis.
基本上，你知道，你下楼梯，那里有一个包含方济各墓的小教堂，但 有这样一个土石和砾石的柱子，所以方济各的墓就像这样突出来。 And basically, you know, you come down the staircase, and there's a chapel that includes the tomb of Francis, but there's this sort of column of earth and rock and gravel, and so Francis' tomb is kind of sticking out like this.
但在上面你可以看到所有的岩石和铁条，你知道， 他们放在上面的一切，这样就没有人能够下去。 But above it you can see all the rocks and the iron bars and just, you know, everything they put on top of that so no one would be able to get down.
所以他们把他埋在所有那些东西下面，这样就没有人能偷走遗体。 So they buried him under all that stuff so that no one could steal the body.
但后来，当然，他们在周围挖了一条路，这样就可以变成一个小教堂。 But then, of course, later they dug a way around the sides so that they could turn into a chapel.
你实际上可以走下去，绕着这个中心展品走。 You actually can walk down there and walk around this centerpiece.
今天，方济各会是世界上最大的修道会。 Today, the Franciscan order is the largest monastic order in the world.
实际上，我应该指出，从技术上讲，真正的修道会数量是有限的。 And actually, I should point out that technically speaking, there are a limited number of true monastic orders.
有许多宗教团体，但严格来说，并非所有的都是修道会。 There are many religious communities, but not all of them are monastic orders, strictly speaking.
尽管它是教会中最大的修道会，但它也像任何其他人类组织一样被分裂所困扰。 Even though it is the largest monastic order in the Church, it is fractured by division, like any other human organization.
最终，特别是在创始人不在之后，你会对如何最忠实地延续创始人的理想产生分歧。 Eventually, especially after the founder is no longer around, you have disagreements over how to most faithfully continue the founder's ideals.
因此，方济各会中有三个主要的分支。 And so, you have three major Divisions among the Franciscans.
你有修道院方济各会。 You have the Conventuals.
现在，正如名字所示，修道院方济各会住在修道院或修道所里。 Now, as the name suggests, the Conventuals live in convents or monasteries.
但我们说过方济各会要成为托钵修士，不住在修道院里，而是在世界上。 But we said that the Franciscans were going to be Mexicans and not live in monasteries and be out in the world.
所以有一种改革或更保守的运动，即遵行会，他们的想法是回到在世界上的理 念，成为巡回传教士，忠于方济各不被修道院墙壁束缚而在世界上的理想。 So a sort of reform or more conservative movement The observance, whose idea it was to get back to the idea of being out in the world, being itinerant, being faithful to Francis' ideals of not being behind the walls of the cloister, but being out in the world.
最后，还有一个更保守的版本，被称为卡普钦会。 Finally, there is an even more conservative version known as the Cappuccini.
我总是记不住怎么拼写，所以不要相信我的拼写。 And I never remember how to spell that, so don't trust my spelling.
但卡普钦会是遵行会的一个更保守的版本。 But the Capuchins are sort of a more conservative version of the observance.
你知道，在罗马有一个有趣的地方，我们去过，叫做卡普钦公墓。 You know, there's an interesting site in Rome that we go to called the Capuchin Cemetery.
是的，你有问题吗？ Yeah, you had a question?
更保守还是更自由？ More conservative or more liberal?
嗯，你知道，不要用现代的观念，你现在想到的保守和自由的概念来思考，因为 他们在某种意义上更保守，他们觉得自己更忠实地按照方济各设定的传统生活。 Well, you know, don't think in terms of what the modern, what you think of when you think of conservative and liberal now, because they would be more conservative in the sense that they feel that they are more faithfully living according to the tradition set out by Francis.
记住，保守这个词意味着保存某些东西。 Remember, the term conservative means to conserve something.
所以，保守的意思是坚持，至少在一个人的认知中，是坚持更古老的传统。 So, to be conservative in the sense that the meaning of the word means to hold on to, at least in one's own perception, to hold on to the older tradition.
他们在神学上也倾向于保守，就正统性和其他方面而言，但无论如何。 They do tend to be theologically conservative as well, in terms of Orthodoxy and stuff, but at any rate.
所以，卡普钦公墓，罗马有一个公墓，可能始于18世纪，17 00年代，它建在一块据说是来自圣地的土地上，但空间有限。 So, the Capuchin Cemetery, there's a cemetery in Rome that was started probably in the 18th century, 1700s, And it's on a plot of land that was supposed to be dirt from the Holy Land, but it's in a confined space.
所以他们最终没有空间埋葬修士了。 And so they eventually ran out of space to bury the Friars.
所以他们的解决方案是挖出最早埋葬的修士的骨头，为新 的腾出空间，并用这些骨头装饰公墓里的一系列小教堂。 And so their solution was to Dig up the bones of the earliest buried priors to make room for the new ones, and to use those bones to decorate a series of chapels that are in the cemetery.
有些人认为这是可怕的、病态的，甚至是亵渎的或不尊重的，但当你进入这些小教堂 ，墙壁，我的意思是，如果你退后看，你知道，不集中注意力，它看起来就像壁纸。 Some people think of it as macabre or morbid or even blasphemous or disrespectful or something, but you go into these chapels and The walls, I mean, if you stand back and look, you know, without focusing, it looks like wallpaper.
墙上有太多的装饰。 There's so much decoration on the wall.
但当你仔细看时，它全是用人骨做的。 But when you look at it, it's all made out of human bones.
天花板上悬挂的吊灯，是用人骨做的。 Chandeliers hanging from the ceiling, made of human bones.
墙上的图画是用人骨做的。 Pictures on the walls made of human bones.
所以最受欢迎的之一是使用，你知道，肩胛骨之类的东西来制作一个有翅膀的沙漏图像。 And so one of the favorites is using, like, you know, shoulder blade bones and things to make the image of an hourglass with wings.
现在，为什么是一个有翅膀的沙漏？ Now, why an hourglass with wings?
有人知道吗？ Anyone?
因为时光飞逝。 Because time flies.
没错。 That's right.
现在，为什么这很重要？ Now, why is that important?
因为，再次记住，这是方济各灵修的阴暗面。 Because, again, remember the dark side of the Franciscan spirituality.
它是要记住你自己的死亡，并在你活着的时候与神和好，因为时光飞逝。 It is to remember your own mortality, and to get right with God while you live, because time flies.
你不知道你的生命何时会结束。 You don't know when the end of your life will come.
所以，当你走过这一系列用人骨装饰的小教堂，你可以看到一些完整的骨架陈列其中。 And so, after you go through this series After you go through the series of chapels that are decorated with human bones, and where you can actually see some intact skeletons laid out.
哦，还有一个非常精致的，像死神一样，你知道，带着镰刀和一切。 Oh, and there's one really elaborate, like, grim reaper with, you know, the sickle and everything.
但当你走到尽头，有一个标志。 But when you get to the end, there's a sign.
这个标志是这样说的。 And the sign says this.
它说，「你现在的样子，我们曾经也是。」 It says, What you are, we once were.
「我们现在的样子，你将来也会是。」 What we are, You will be.
所以再次，你知道，这是一个提醒。 So again, you know, a reminder.
好吧，无论如何，你知道，所有这些只是中世纪修道主义的一个例子，我想向你 展示，你知道，对于方济各，这对多明我和其他一些人也是如此，但特别是对方 济各来说，理想是在世界上服务，而不是在修道院里，不是在修道院的围墙内。 Well, anyway, you know, all of that is just a kind of an example of medieval monasticism, and I wanted to show you how, you know, with Francis, and this is true of Dominic as well and some others, but with Francis especially, the ideal was to serve in the world, not in the cloister, not within the walls of a monastery.
而是要走出去，到人们所在的地方，喂养饥饿的 人，帮助病人，在他们所在的地方服务人们。 But to get out where the people are and to feed the hungry and to help the sick and serve the people where they are.
并通过过简朴的生活来效法基督。 And to imitate Christ by living a life of simplicity.
对方济各来说，这就是通往平安的道路。 And for Francis, that's the way to peace.
你想知道如何找到内心的平安吗？ You want to know how to find peace of mind?
就是放下对物质的执着，过简朴的生活。 It's by giving up attachment to material things and by living a life of simplicity.
好的，对这些有什么问题吗？ Alright, any questions about any of that?
这些都很容易理解。 Pretty self-explanatory.
那么方济各，你会称他为禁欲主义者吗？ So Francis, would you call him an aesthetic?
是的，绝对是。 Yes, absolutely.
方济各是个禁欲主义者。 Francis is an aesthetic.
是的，方济各是个禁欲主义者。 Francis is an aesthetic, yes.
因为记住他对自己的身体有多苛刻。 Because remember how hard on his own physical body he was.
还有什么问题吗？ Anything else?
好的，这就是我们第一个小时的内容。 Okay, so that's it for our first hour.
我们要休息一下。 We're gonna take a break.
是的，我知道，这不是一个小时，只有45分钟，但让我们给你 Yeah, I know, it wasn't an hour, it was 45 minutes, but let's give you