- start: 1.995
  end: 18.328
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, so welcome back to the early church, and tonight in our first hour we're talking about the great persecution and the rise of the Emperor Constantine, arguably the first Christian Emperor, and we will talk about that question before we're done.
  zh: 好的，欢迎回到早期教会的话题。今晚第一个小时我们将讨论大迫害和君士坦丁大帝的崛起，他可以说是第一位基督徒皇帝，我们稍后会讨论这个问题。
- start: 18.388
  end: 25.494
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, just to catch you up, it's been about 40 years since the last real persecution.
  zh: 简单回顾一下，距离上一次真正的迫害已经过去了大约40年。
- start: 25.794
  end: 30.837
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christians and non-Christians have found a way to get along in a lot of the cities of the empire.
  zh: 在帝国的许多城市中，基督徒和非基督徒已经找到了和平共处的方式。
- start: 31.178
  end: 35.981
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Non-Christians, in fact, are getting used to actually seeing church buildings.
  zh: 事实上，非基督徒已经开始习惯看到教会建筑。
- start: 36.021
  end: 40.605
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember when we started this course, I said at the beginning of the church, Christians met in homes.
  zh: 还记得我们开始这门课程时，我说过在教会初期，基督徒是在家中聚会的。
- start: 40.605
  end: 48.24
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You couldn't walk down the street and see a church as in a church building, but now that's starting to happen.
  zh: 你过去在街上走不会看到教堂建筑，但现在这种情况开始出现了。
- start: 48.24
  end: 73.214
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: because homes became converted into being worship spaces and then later on other buildings were used for worship and eventually we've gotten to the point now where even though Christianity is technically still not a legal religion, there are buildings that are designated only for Christian worship and pretty much everybody knows where they are and what they're for.
  zh: 因为住宅被改造成敬拜场所，后来其他建筑也被用于敬拜。现在我们已经到了这样一个地步：尽管基督教在技术上仍不是合法宗教，但已经有专门用于基督徒敬拜的建筑，而且几乎每个人都知道这些建筑在哪里，用来做什么。
- start: 74.973
  end: 80.637
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Many of the Romans are becoming more accepting of various forms of monotheism.
  zh: 许多罗马人开始更加接受各种形式的一神教。
- start: 80.637
  end: 88.562
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the idea of Christians worshipping only one God is not so unheard of as it used to be.
  zh: 因此，基督徒只敬拜一位神的观念不像过去那样闻所未闻了。
- start: 88.562
  end: 95.846
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in fact, there are some cities in the Roman Empire that actually have a majority Christian population.
  zh: 事实上，罗马帝国中有些城市的基督徒人口已经占多数。
- start: 96.146
  end: 109.197
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In some places, it's thought that only the people who live out in the rural areas  and people who have government jobs are the only ones that still cling to the old, traditional Greco-Roman mythologies.
  zh: 在一些地方，人们认为只有住在乡村地区的人和政府工作人员才仍然坚持古老的希腊罗马神话传统。
- start: 109.197
  end: 116.661
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, our word pagan comes from the Latin pagani, meaning the country dwellers, the people who live out in the rural areas.
  zh: 事实上，我们的「异教徒」一词来自拉丁语pagani，意思是乡村居民，指生活在农村地区的人。
- start: 116.661
  end: 124.266
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, in some places, in some of the bigger cities, there's a feeling like, well, you know, it's only the rural people who still hold on to the old myths.
  zh: 因此，在一些地方，特别是一些大城市，人们感觉只有乡村人还在坚持古老的神话。
- start: 125.487
  end: 129.99
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: All of this allows a church to get comfortable in the empire.
  zh: 这一切使教会在帝国中变得安逸。
- start: 130.311
  end: 134.553
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Some people would say that the church got too comfortable.
  zh: 有人会说教会变得过于安逸了。
- start: 135.833
  end: 149.638
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even during this time, some Christians critiqued the rest of the church for becoming lax, in a sense, no longer feeling the need to live counter-culturally.
  zh: 即使在这个时期，一些基督徒也批评教会其他人变得松懈，在某种意义上不再感到有必要过与世俗文化相对的生活。
- start: 151.519
  end: 157.003
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Also, the lack of persecution  brought factions out into the open.
  zh: 此外，缺乏迫害使教会内部的派系公开化。
- start: 157.003
  end: 169.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So there were factions within the church that now came into the open and began arguing amongst themselves now that they no longer had a prominent common enemy in the persecutors.
  zh: 因此，教会内部的派系现在公开化了，并开始互相争论，因为他们不再有迫害者这个显著的共同敌人。
- start: 170.108
  end: 174.029
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, bottom line is, they can't see what's coming.
  zh: 总之，他们看不到即将到来的事。
- start: 174.07
  end: 183.59
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What's coming is the last and greatest and worst persecution of the church by the Romans  We refer to it as the Great Persecution.
  zh: 即将到来的是罗马人对教会最后、最大、最严重的迫害。我们称之为大迫害。
- start: 183.59
  end: 202.006
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, some early Christian writers would even eventually say that the Great Persecution was God's punishment on the Church for becoming lax in its living, its morals, and for allowing these factions to develop within the Church.
  zh: 事实上，一些早期基督教作家最终甚至会说，大迫害是神对教会的惩罚，因为教会在生活和道德上变得松懈，并允许这些派系在教会内部发展。
- start: 202.067
  end: 206.935
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, in the year 285,  A new emperor came to the throne.
  zh: 所以，在285年，一位新皇帝登上了王位。
- start: 206.935
  end: 208.416
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His name was Diocletian.
  zh: 他的名字是戴克里先。
- start: 208.416
  end: 211.359
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I put his name up here, and this chart will make sense to you in a minute.
  zh: 我把他的名字写在这里，这个图表很快就会让你明白。
- start: 211.359
  end: 220.207
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But Diocletian becomes emperor in the year 285. And one of the things he did was he moved his capital to the east.
  zh: 戴克里先在285年成为皇帝。他做的一件事就是把首都迁到了东方。
- start: 220.348
  end: 249.261
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, those of us who are from the west have this idea in our minds  that the West is more developed and more economically sound and we have this idea that we are from the first world and that there are these third world countries and, you know, again, those of us who have grown up in the West, you know, live with this sort of prejudice that somehow, you know, in the East are all these places that are backwards and, you know, not as well developed as the West.
  zh: 现在，我们这些来自西方的人心中有这样一种观念：西方更发达，经济更稳健，我们来自第一世界，而有些国家是第三世界。再次强调，我们这些在西方长大的人带有这样的偏见，认为东方的地方都很落后，不如西方发达。
- start: 249.261
  end: 250.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's what we think.
  zh: 这就是我们的想法。
- start: 250.021
  end: 252.022
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Whether that's true, different story.
  zh: 这是否属实，那是另一回事。
- start: 252.022
  end: 276.707
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what you need to know about the ancient world is  You have to reverse that, because in the ancient world, it's the East that is thought to be more developed, more economically sound, there's more wealth in the East, and so we're moving into an era of history when the East is becoming the desirable place to be, as opposed to the West.
  zh: 但你需要了解的是，在古代世界，情况恰恰相反。因为在古代世界，东方被认为更发达，经济更稳健，东方更富裕。所以我们正在进入一个历史时期，东方正成为令人向往的地方，而不是西方。
- start: 276.707
  end: 278.588
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So what does Diocletian want to do?
  zh: 那么戴克里先想做什么呢？
- start: 278.588
  end: 285.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to move his capital, and in fact his court, to the East,  to the city of Nicomedia.
  zh: 他想把首都，实际上是他的朝廷，迁到东方的尼科米底亚城。
- start: 290.31
  end: 294.372
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Nicomedia is over there in Asia Minor in what is now Turkey.
  zh: 尼科米底亚位于小亚细亚，也就是现在的土耳其。
- start: 294.473
  end: 299.937
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, the Diocesan Legion has two main goals for his reign as emperor.
  zh: 现在，戴克里先作为皇帝统治有两个主要目标。
- start: 299.937
  end: 306.122
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to stabilize the borders, and he wants to get back to traditional religion.
  zh: 他想稳定边境，并恢复传统宗教。
- start: 306.122
  end: 310.665
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to bring back the glory days of the empire, very much like Theseus did.
  zh: 他想重现帝国的辉煌时代，很像忒修斯所做的那样。
- start: 310.665
  end: 312.206
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember, we learned about him.
  zh: 记得吗，我们学过他。
- start: 312.444
  end: 316.285
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so he wants to bring back traditional religion.
  zh: 所以他想恢复传统宗教。
- start: 317.926
  end: 324.408
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To accomplish the first goal, stabilizing the borders, he created what's called a tetrarchy.
  zh: 为了实现第一个目标，即稳定边境，他创立了所谓的四帝共治制。
- start: 324.408
  end: 327.929
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Tetrarchy is a word that means the rule of four.
  zh: 四帝共治制是指由四个人统治。
- start: 327.929
  end: 329.87
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There are four rulers.
  zh: 有四个统治者。
- start: 330.05
  end: 336.332
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so what he did was he divvied up the empire among four emperors, in a sense.
  zh: 所以他在某种意义上把帝国分给了四位皇帝。
- start: 336.652
  end: 340.573
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the empire is split between east and west.
  zh: 因此，帝国被分为东西两部分。
- start: 340.632
  end: 349.338
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then within each of the East and West, there's a senior emperor called the Augustus, and a junior emperor called the Caesar.
  zh: 然后在东西两部分中，各有一位称为奥古斯都的高级皇帝，和一位称为凯撒的低级皇帝。
- start: 349.598
  end: 356.804
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now before this time, those titles have become pretty much synonymous, or part of the multiple titles of every emperor.
  zh: 在此之前，这些头衔几乎是同义词，或者是每个皇帝多个头衔中的一部分。
- start: 356.804
  end: 360.106
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But now the titles come to mean different things.
  zh: 但现在这些头衔有了不同的含义。
- start: 360.106
  end: 364.289
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Augustus is the senior emperor, the Caesar is the junior emperor.
  zh: 奥古斯都是高级皇帝，凯撒是低级皇帝。
- start: 364.289
  end: 369.332
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So obviously Diocletian reserves for himself the best position.
  zh: 所以显然戴克里先为自己保留了最好的位置。
- start: 370.143
  end: 372.624
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Eastern Augustus.
  zh: 东部的奥古斯都。
- start: 372.624
  end: 379.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he's the highest emperor in the best part of the empire in the East, with his new capital in Nicomedia.
  zh: 所以他是帝国最好的东部地区的最高皇帝，新都在尼科米底亚。
- start: 379.508
  end: 383.749
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, his second in command in the East is his son-in-law, Galerius.
  zh: 现在，他在东部的第二把手是他的女婿加列里乌斯。
- start: 384.73
  end: 399.737
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, what you have to remember is that when an emperor wants to choose a successor or a second in command, often the way they cement that choice is by marrying their daughter to that person.
  zh: 你要记住，当一个皇帝想选择继承人或第二把手时，他们常用的方法是把女儿嫁给那个人来巩固这个选择。
- start: 400.273
  end: 406.115
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Galerius is Diocletian's son-in-law because Galerius married Diocletian's daughter.
  zh: 加列里乌斯是戴克里先的女婿，因为加列里乌斯娶了戴克里先的女儿。
- start: 406.115
  end: 407.716
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you get that.
  zh: 所以你明白了。
- start: 407.716
  end: 418.239
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, in the West, the Augustus chosen was a guy named Maxinian, and the Caesar is the general Constantius.
  zh: 现在，在西部，被选为奥古斯都的是一个叫马克西米安的人，而凯撒是将军康斯坦提乌斯。
- start: 419.179
  end: 426.462
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, spoiler alert, Constantius is Constantine's father, just so you see where the story is going here.
  zh: 现在，剧透一下，康斯坦提乌斯是君士坦丁的父亲，这样你就知道故事要往哪里发展了。
- start: 427.253
  end: 431.617
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Western capital is actually going to be in the city of Milan.
  zh: 西部的首都实际上将设在米兰城。
- start: 431.617
  end: 433.078
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You know where Milan is, right?
  zh: 你知道米兰在哪里，对吧？
- start: 433.078
  end: 434.258
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Northern Italy?
  zh: 意大利北部？
- start: 434.479
  end: 444.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Milan is becoming more important than Rome, and will continue to do so for a while, because it's more centrally located in what we now call Europe.
  zh: 米兰变得比罗马更重要，并将持续一段时间，因为它在我们现在称为欧洲的地方更居中。
- start: 444.367
  end: 447.189
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They didn't call it Europe then, but you get the idea.
  zh: 他们那时候不叫它欧洲，但你明白我的意思。
- start: 447.189
  end: 452.713
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Milan is more centrally located, so the Western capital is shifting more towards Milan.
  zh: 米兰位置更加居中，所以西部的首都正在向米兰转移。
- start: 453.134
  end: 461.804
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantius  Also became the son-in-law of Maximian by marrying Maximian's daughter.
  zh: 康斯坦提乌斯也通过娶马克西米安的女儿成为了马克西米安的女婿。
- start: 461.804
  end: 469.21
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But in order to do that, Constantius had to divorce Constantine's mother, Helena.
  zh: 但为了做到这一点，康斯坦提乌斯不得不与君士坦丁的母亲海伦娜离婚。
- start: 469.23
  end: 470.811
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember her for later.
  zh: 记住她，稍后会提到。
- start: 470.811
  end: 472.492
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: She's going to be important.
  zh: 她将会很重要。
- start: 472.753
  end: 475.455
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: She is, by the way, Saint Helena.
  zh: 顺便说一下，她就是圣海伦娜。
- start: 475.635
  end: 481.74
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But she is Constantius' original wife and the mother of Constantine.
  zh: 但她是康斯坦提乌斯的原配妻子，也是君士坦丁的母亲。
- start: 481.74
  end: 483.201
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So keep that in mind.
  zh: 所以请记住这一点。
- start: 483.462
  end: 484.342
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 485.117
  end: 500.404
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When the Tetrarchy is created, Constantius' son, Constantine, moves to the east basically to be a general in Diocletian's army and to live in the eastern capital and in the eastern court.
  zh: 当四帝共治制建立时，康斯坦提乌斯的儿子君士坦丁基本上是搬到东方，在戴克里先的军队中担任将军，并住在东部首都和东部宫廷。
- start: 500.404
  end: 508.027
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's the organizational structure that Diocletian set up in order to try and stabilize the borders.
  zh: 这就是戴克里先为了稳定边境而设立的组织结构。
- start: 508.027
  end: 509.748
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it's actually kind of brilliant.
  zh: 这其实是相当高明的。
- start: 509.748
  end: 512.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it actually kind of worked for a while.
  zh: 而且它确实在一段时间内起了作用。
- start: 513.277
  end: 517.578
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, on the second goal, to bring back the traditional religion.
  zh: 现在，关于第二个目标，恢复传统宗教。
- start: 518.539
  end: 527.742
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember that I said that by this time, Christians have become somewhat acceptable in Roman culture.
  zh: 记得我说过，到这个时候，基督徒在罗马文化中已经变得有些可以接受了。
- start: 527.763
  end: 532.284
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so that means that they're not afraid to speak up at the group.
  zh: 这意味着他们不再害怕在群体中发声。
- start: 532.704
  end: 536.226
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they don't really see any more persecution coming.
  zh: 他们也不认为还会有更多的迫害。
- start: 536.226
  end: 538.767
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They've started to think that maybe that's all behind them.
  zh: 他们开始认为也许那些都已经过去了。
- start: 538.767
  end: 549.796
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so when Diocletian proposes  This agenda of bringing back traditional religion, he was openly criticized by the Christians.
  zh: 所以当戴克里先提出恢复传统宗教的议程时，他受到了基督徒的公开批评。
- start: 550.616
  end: 554.157
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This brought back some anti-Christian feelings.
  zh: 这引发了一些反基督教的情绪。
- start: 554.738
  end: 559.819
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We also have certain philosophers who are writing anti-Christian documents.
  zh: 我们还有一些哲学家在写反基督教的文章。
- start: 560.599
  end: 572.7
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And even though the average person was not necessarily opposed to the Christians, the elite, like the philosophers and the emperors,  They would have seen even that as a dangerous thing.
  zh: 尽管普通人不一定反对基督徒，但精英阶层，如哲学家和皇帝，他们甚至会认为这是一件危险的事。
- start: 572.7
  end: 577.943
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, it's dangerous that the average person doesn't realize how dangerous these Christians are.
  zh: 换句话说，普通人没有意识到这些基督徒有多危险，这本身就是危险的。
- start: 579.265
  end: 603.599
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Christians are still considered to be, in a sense, subversive and anti-Roman because even though a lot of the old rumors of cannibalism and incest have sort of gone by the wayside, there are still aspects of Christianity that are seen as  against Roman culture.
  zh: 所以，在某种意义上，基督徒仍被认为是颠覆性的和反罗马的，因为尽管许多关于食人和乱伦的旧谣言已经被搁置一边，但基督教的某些方面仍被视为与罗马文化相悖。
- start: 604.12
  end: 614.066
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Like, for example, the way the Christians are now blessing unions that are not legal marriages.
  zh: 比如，基督徒现在祝福那些不是合法婚姻的结合。
- start: 615.187
  end: 627.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the way that the Christian church is using certain corporation laws like, you know, the way you might create a funeral society or something as a corporation.
  zh: 还有基督教会利用某些公司法律的方式，就像你可能创建一个殡葬协会或类似的公司那样。
- start: 627.854
  end: 629.38
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I believe we talked about that.
  zh: 我想我们讨论过这个。
- start: 629.38
  end: 637.343
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Christians are using that to own buildings for Christian worship, so to have church buildings.
  zh: 基督徒利用这一点来拥有基督教崇拜的建筑，也就是拥有教堂建筑。
- start: 637.403
  end: 648.828
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, in the capital of Nicomedia, Diocletian could look out of his balcony from his palace and see the Christian church, and that bothered him.
  zh: 事实上，在尼科米底亚的首都，戴克里先可以从他宫殿的阳台上看到基督教堂，这让他感到不安。
- start: 649.749
  end: 660.251
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On top of that, Diocletian's wife and daughter, so Diocletian's wife and then his daughter, who is Galerius' wife,  We're probably Christians.
  zh: 除此之外，戴克里先的妻子和女儿，也就是戴克里先的妻子和他的女儿，也就是加列里乌斯的妻子，很可能是基督徒。
- start: 660.772
  end: 667.236
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If they weren't Christians, they were highly sympathetic to the church, but I would go so far as to say that they probably were Christians.
  zh: 如果她们不是基督徒，也对教会非常同情，但我甚至可以说她们很可能就是基督徒。
- start: 667.236
  end: 670.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so this bothered Diocletian and Galerius.
  zh: 这让戴克里先和加列里乌斯感到不安。
- start: 670.478
  end: 673.32
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It especially bothered Galerius.
  zh: 这尤其让加列里乌斯感到不安。
- start: 673.42
  end: 681.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Galerius has what we might call pressure from two sides.
  zh: 所以加列里乌斯面临我们可能称之为两面压力的情况。
- start: 681.866
  end: 688.83
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's got a Christian wife, and he's got a Christian rival in Constantius.
  zh: 他有一个基督徒妻子，还有一个基督徒对手康斯坦提乌斯。
- start: 689.127
  end: 705.234
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, there's debate over whether Constantius was in fact a Christian, but it seems pretty clear because whenever there's going to be persecution, Constantius almost never allows it to be enforced in the areas that he's in charge of.
  zh: 现在，关于康斯坦提乌斯是否真的是基督徒还有争议，但似乎很明显，因为每当要进行迫害时，康斯坦提乌斯几乎从不允许在他负责的地区执行。
- start: 705.334
  end: 707.735
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we'll talk about that in a bit.
  zh: 我们稍后会讨论这一点。
- start: 707.735
  end: 728.954
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But probably because Galerius saw Constantius as a rival and because of conflict in his own home,  Galerius seems to have been the one who instigated the persecution and pressured Diocletian to really begin persecuting the church again.
  zh: 但可能因为加列里乌斯将康斯坦提乌斯视为对手，加上他自己家中的冲突，加列里乌斯似乎是煽动迫害并压迫戴克里先再次开始迫害教会的人。
- start: 729.494
  end: 744.841
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: According to the story, in the year 299, one of the eastern armies was planning to go into battle, and you know what they always did before they went into battle was they consulted the augurs, the soothsayers.
  zh: 据说，在299年，东部的一支军队计划出战，你知道他们在战斗前总是做什么吗？他们会咨询占卜师，也就是预言家。
- start: 744.841
  end: 755.487
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: who then opened up the entrails of some poor sacrificial animals, and they would read the entrails and try to discern whether this was a good day to go into battle.
  zh: 他们会剖开一些可怜的祭祀动物的内脏，然后阅读内脏，试图判断这是否是一个适合战斗的好日子。
- start: 755.487
  end: 767.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The problem was, on this particular occasion, it was noticed that when the soothsayers were trying to read the entrails, there was a bunch of Christians in the legions who were crossing themselves.
  zh: 问题是，在这个特殊场合，人们注意到当占卜师试图阅读内脏时，军团中有一群基督徒在画十字。
- start: 768.515
  end: 772.717
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now back then, crossing yourself probably meant doing like this.
  zh: 那时候，画十字可能是这样做的。
- start: 772.777
  end: 778.442
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The cross on the forehead,  Not necessarily the big one like this, but either way it means the same thing.
  zh: 在额头上画十字，不一定是这样的大动作，但无论如何意思是一样的。
- start: 778.442
  end: 787.027
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's like, here's a bunch of Christians who don't want to have anything to do with this pagan sacrifice that's going on, so they cross themselves.
  zh: 就像这里有一群基督徒，他们不想与正在进行的异教祭祀有任何关系，所以他们画十字。
- start: 787.027
  end: 795.212
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this is seen as the kind of lack of faith that would interfere with the soothsaying or the augury.
  zh: 但这被视为一种缺乏信仰的表现，会干扰占卜或预言。
- start: 795.212
  end: 805.271
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, when the pagan priests who were trying to read the entrails couldn't do it,  Yes, they blamed the Christians.
  zh: 所以，当试图阅读内脏的异教祭司无法做到时，是的，他们责怪基督徒。
- start: 805.371
  end: 813.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the persecution, the great persecution, begins originally with an attempt to purge the legions of Christians.
  zh: 因此，迫害，即大迫害，最初是从试图清除军团中的基督徒开始的。
- start: 813.693
  end: 821.814
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to get all the Christians out of the army because if we don't, how are we ever going to know whether we're supposed to march into battle or not?
  zh: 我们要把所有的基督徒都赶出军队，因为如果不这样做，我们怎么知道是否应该出战呢？
- start: 822.334
  end: 832.616
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so eventually, so originally what they did was they said, well, all soldiers have to make a pagan sacrifice.
  zh: 所以最终，他们最初的做法是说，所有士兵都必须进行异教祭祀。
- start: 832.864
  end: 835.465
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To prove their loyalty to the legions.
  zh: 以证明他们对军团的忠诚。
- start: 835.785
  end: 839.747
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And if they don't, they have to quit the military.
  zh: 如果他们不这样做，就必须退出军队。
- start: 839.787
  end: 843.129
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So originally it was just sacrifice or quit.
  zh: 所以最初只是祭祀或退出。
- start: 843.129
  end: 847.431
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But before too long it evolved into sacrifice or die.
  zh: 但不久之后，这就演变成了祭祀或死亡。
- start: 848.172
  end: 849.892
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But see what's happening here.
  zh: 但看看这里发生了什么。
- start: 849.892
  end: 856.676
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The participation in a pagan sacrifice is used as a test of loyalty.
  zh: 参与异教祭祀被用作忠诚度的测试。
- start: 856.756
  end: 864.985
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And to fail to perform that test of loyalty is  Admitting that you're guilty of treason, basically.
  zh: 而未能通过这个忠诚度测试基本上就是承认你犯了叛国罪。
- start: 865.305
  end: 879.67
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, treason is a capital offense, and so anyone who refused to make the sacrifices could be at least imprisoned and or tortured, but probably also could be executed as well.
  zh: 叛国罪是死罪，所以任何拒绝祭祀的人至少可能被监禁或酷刑，但也可能被处决。
- start: 879.67
  end: 884.532
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the other hand, all you had to do was make the sacrifice to earn your pardon.
  zh: 另一方面，你只需要进行祭祀就可以获得赦免。
- start: 885.578
  end: 896.223
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, from there it went to the demolition of churches, and Diocletian and Galerius watched from that same balcony while the church at Nicomedia was ransacked.
  zh: 从那里开始，他们开始拆毁教堂，戴克里先和加列里乌斯从同一个阳台上看着尼科米底亚的教堂被洗劫。
- start: 896.543
  end: 909.469
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Praetorian Guard, the emperor's elite corps of soldiers, the Praetorian Guard broke down the doors and entered the church to find the statue of God.
  zh: 禁卫军，皇帝的精锐士兵，禁卫军破门而入，进入教堂寻找神的雕像。
- start: 910.129
  end: 914.022
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because they just assumed, well, there's obviously going to be a statue of the Christian God in there.
  zh: 因为他们就是这么假设的，认为里面显然会有一个基督教神的雕像。
- start: 914.022
  end: 922.228
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When they didn't find the statue of God, they did confiscate and burn scriptures, and then the church was torn down.
  zh: 当他们没有找到神的雕像时，他们确实没收并焚烧了经文，然后拆毁了教堂。
- start: 922.228
  end: 929.492
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Galerius wanted it burned down, but Diocletian was afraid that the fire might spread, so it was only torn down.
  zh: 加列里乌斯想把它烧掉，但戴克里先担心火势可能会蔓延，所以只是拆毁了它。
- start: 929.693
  end: 956.059
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then the next day came the first of four imperial edicts, the first one coming shortly before Easter in the year 303.  So in the years 303 and 304, we get four imperial edicts that essentially emphasize that Christianity is outlawed and promote the persecution and execution of Christians.
  zh: 然后第二天，四道帝国诏书中的第一道颁布了，第一道诏书是在303年复活节前不久颁布的。所以在303年和304年，我们得到了四道帝国诏书，基本上强调基督教是非法的，并促进对基督徒的迫害和处决。
- start: 956.42
  end: 967.565
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It begins basically by mandating that all Christian churches are to be burned down and Christian property confiscated.
  zh: 它基本上是从命令焚毁所有基督教堂和没收基督徒财产开始的。
- start: 967.565
  end: 974.269
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So if you find any chalices or plates or anything,  has to do with worship, that is all to be confiscated.
  zh: 所以如果你发现任何圣杯、盘子或任何与崇拜有关的东西，都要被没收。
- start: 974.269
  end: 981.412
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any books that are found that are thought to be Christian holy books or sacred writings are to be burned.
  zh: 任何被认为是基督教圣书或圣文的书籍都要被焚烧。
- start: 981.872
  end: 992.536
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If any of these things are found in a private home, that private home is to be seen as a church and it's going to be burned down as well.
  zh: 如果在私人住宅中发现任何这些东西，那么这个私人住宅就会被视为教堂，也会被烧毁。
- start: 994.277
  end: 1001.87
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This led to some demonstrations, some protests by Christians  which in turn led to more edicts.
  zh: 这导致了一些示威，一些基督徒的抗议，进而导致了更多的诏书。
- start: 1002.671
  end: 1004.712
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christian worship was forbidden.
  zh: 基督教崇拜被禁止。
- start: 1005.673
  end: 1008.174
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christian meetings declared illegal.
  zh: 基督徒聚会被宣布为非法。
- start: 1008.315
  end: 1012.317
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now they really kind of already were, but they had been tolerated.
  zh: 实际上它们本来就是非法的，但之前一直被容忍。
- start: 1013.598
  end: 1026.265
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christians who admitted to be so could be stripped of any social rank they had, and anyone of a high social rank could be sent into servitude in the sweatshops.
  zh: 承认自己是基督徒的人可能会被剥夺他们所拥有的任何社会地位，任何高社会地位的人都可能被送到血汗工厂做苦工。
- start: 1028.123
  end: 1032.204
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: that were run by the imperial court.
  zh: 这些血汗工厂是由帝国宫廷经营的。
- start: 1032.825
  end: 1035.545
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Church leaders were imprisoned and tortured.
  zh: 教会领袖被监禁和酷刑。
- start: 1037.086
  end: 1048.05
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the law was made that if you wanted to appear in court, you had to first make a pagan sacrifice.
  zh: 法律规定，如果你想出庭，你必须先进行异教祭祀。
- start: 1048.05
  end: 1061.895
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in other words, by saying that pagan sacrifices are required to be heard in court meant that no Christian  Now, remember when we talked about the persecution under the Emperor Decius?
  zh: 换句话说，规定必须进行异教祭祀才能在法庭上发言，意味着没有基督徒能够这样做。现在，还记得我们讨论过德西乌斯皇帝统治下的迫害吗？
- start: 1081.943
  end: 1082.924
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Music will be omitted.
  zh: 音乐将被省略。
- start: 1082.924
  end: 1084.284
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Music will be omitted.
  zh: 音乐将被省略。
- start: 1110.933
  end: 1118.374
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: far fewer people sacrificed, thousands were martyred, and the prisons were full to capacity.
  zh: 很少有人进行祭祀，成千上万的人殉道，监狱人满为患。
- start: 1118.734
  end: 1123.115
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Of course, remember, in the ancient world, a prison is not a place where you hold somebody long-term.
  zh: 当然，要记住，在古代世界，监狱不是长期关押人的地方。
- start: 1123.115
  end: 1128.076
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A prison is a place where people wait to either be released or executed.
  zh: 监狱是人们等待被释放或处决的地方。
- start: 1128.196
  end: 1134.337
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so they don't have huge prisons, they just have what we might think of as county jail.
  zh: 所以他们没有大型监狱，他们只有我们可能认为的县级监狱。
- start: 1134.337
  end: 1137.437
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so those filled up pretty fast.
  zh: 所以这些监狱很快就满了。
- start: 1138.538
  end: 1141.374
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the year 304,  Two more edicts.
  zh: 在304年，又有两道诏书。
- start: 1141.995
  end: 1151.278
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Basically, all inhabitants of the empire must make pagan sacrifice or die, or be sent to work in the mines, which was basically a slow death sentence.
  zh: 基本上，帝国的所有居民都必须进行异教祭祀，否则就会被处死，或被送去矿山做工，这基本上就是一个缓慢的死刑判决。
- start: 1151.858
  end: 1157.84
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any whole town thought to be Christian were burned to the ground with the people in them.
  zh: 任何被认为是基督教的整个城镇都会被烧成平地，连同里面的人一起。
- start: 1157.84
  end: 1163.382
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the executions of Christians became increasingly, shall we say, creative.
  zh: 对基督徒的处决变得越来越，我们可以说，富有创意。
- start: 1164.242
  end: 1170.064
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, they were meant to be more and more horrible, to be more and more of a deterrent.
  zh: 换句话说，它们被设计得越来越可怕，以起到越来越大的威慑作用。
- start: 1170.485
  end: 1175.449
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: because really what the Empire wanted was apostates, not martyrs.
  zh: 因为帝国真正想要的是叛教者，而不是殉道者。
- start: 1176.77
  end: 1180.172
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The use of propaganda becomes part of the persecution.
  zh: 宣传的使用成为迫害的一部分。
- start: 1180.253
  end: 1183.154
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There was a document called the Acts of Pilate.
  zh: 有一份文件叫做《彼拉多行传》。
- start: 1183.195
  end: 1184.155
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now think about this.
  zh: 现在想想这个。
- start: 1184.155
  end: 1185.156
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Acts of Pilate.
  zh: 《彼拉多行传》。
- start: 1185.156
  end: 1189.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Imagine a version of the Gospel story where Pontius Pilate is the hero.
  zh: 想象一个福音故事的版本，其中本丢彼拉多是英雄。
- start: 1190.14
  end: 1191.861
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's basically what it was.
  zh: 基本上就是这样。
- start: 1191.861
  end: 1195.884
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so the Acts of Pilate became required reading in all the grammar schools.
  zh: 因此，《彼拉多行传》成为所有文法学校的必读材料。
- start: 1196.725
  end: 1207.103
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now remember, while all this is going on,  Constantine, the son of Constantius, is in the East, and he's seeing all this firsthand.
  zh: 现在记住，当这一切发生的时候，康斯坦提乌斯的儿子君士坦丁在东方，他亲眼目睹了这一切。
- start: 1207.924
  end: 1218.868
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: According to the story, the persecution wasn't moving along fast enough for old Galerius, so what he did was, Galerius set part of the palace on fire and blamed the Christians.
  zh: 据说，迫害对老加列里乌斯来说进展不够快，所以他做了什么呢，加列里乌斯放火烧了部分宫殿，然后嫁祸给基督徒。
- start: 1219.369
  end: 1221.23
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, we can't be sure if this really happened.
  zh: 现在，我们不能确定这是否真的发生了。
- start: 1221.23
  end: 1224.911
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It sounds a lot like the scapegoating that went on during Nero's time.
  zh: 这听起来很像尼禄时期发生的替罪羊事件。
- start: 1224.911
  end: 1226.545
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But anyway, that's the story.
  zh: 但无论如何，这就是这个故事。
- start: 1226.545
  end: 1235.791
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the upshot of that was that Diocletian became so angry that he forced his own wife and daughter to also participate in the pagan sacrifice.
  zh: 结果是戴克里先变得如此愤怒，以至于他强迫自己的妻子和女儿也参与异教祭祀。
- start: 1236.912
  end: 1243.876
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now in the year 305, when Diocletian's health failed, Galerius forced him to retire.
  zh: 在305年，当戴克里先的健康状况恶化时，加列里乌斯强迫他退位。
- start: 1245.157
  end: 1251.961
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When Diocletian steps down, Maximian was also forced to retire as well.
  zh: 当戴克里先下台时，马克西米安也被迫退位。
- start: 1252.802
  end: 1274.08
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so what we're going to have here is the two Caesars  move up into the position of, I'm just going to actually erase this to avoid confusion, but the two Caesars will move up into the highest position, and then the idea would be that two new Caesars would be chosen to be their right-hand men.
  zh: 所以我们这里将会看到两位凯撒晋升到最高位置，我实际上要擦掉这个以避免混淆，但两位凯撒将晋升到最高位置，然后的想法是选择两位新的凯撒作为他们的得力助手。
- start: 1274.981
  end: 1280.404
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so basically, here's the problem though.
  zh: 但基本上，问题就在这里。
- start: 1280.404
  end: 1291.205
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You want to choose a new Caesar, a new second-in-command for the West,  But both Maximian and Constantius have sons.
  zh: 你想为西部选择一个新的凯撒，一个新的第二把手，但马克西米安和康斯坦提乌斯都有儿子。
- start: 1291.826
  end: 1295.729
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantius' son, as you know, is Constantine.
  zh: 康斯坦提乌斯的儿子，如你所知，是君士坦丁。
- start: 1297.732
  end: 1301.475
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Maximian's son is Maxentius.
  zh: 马克西米安的儿子是马克森提乌斯。
- start: 1301.915
  end: 1305.298
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I'm sorry about the similarity of names, I can't help it.
  zh: 我很抱歉这些名字如此相似，我也无能为力。
- start: 1306.339
  end: 1308.901
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this is the situation.
  zh: 但这就是当时的情况。
- start: 1309.582
  end: 1319.347
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Both of these sons of the emperors  would want to be the next in line, but they can't both be next in line.
  zh: 这两位皇帝的儿子都想成为下一个继承人，但他们不可能同时成为继承人。
- start: 1319.347
  end: 1325.788
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Galerius tried to avoid conflict by choosing another man, a third guy.
  zh: 所以加列里乌斯试图通过选择另一个人，第三个人来避免冲突。
- start: 1325.808
  end: 1328.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're not going to worry about his name right now.
  zh: 我们现在不用担心他的名字。
- start: 1329.929
  end: 1340.971
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what happened was is that Constantius died in the year 306. And before he died, Constantine went to the West to be with him.
  zh: 但发生的事是康斯坦提乌斯在306年去世。在他去世之前，君士坦丁去了西方陪伴他。
- start: 1341.212
  end: 1357.135
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And when Constantius died, his troops, his legions, said, oh, our great leader Constantius is dead, there's his son, and the son, Constantine, was proclaimed, not Caesar, but Augustus.
  zh: 当康斯坦提乌斯去世时，他的军队，他的军团说，哦，我们伟大的领袖康斯坦提乌斯死了，这是他的儿子，于是儿子君士坦丁被宣布为奥古斯都，而不是凯撒。
- start: 1357.235
  end: 1365.557
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the legions now proclaimed our friend Constantine as the highest ruler in the West.
  zh: 所以军团现在宣布我们的朋友君士坦丁为西方的最高统治者。
- start: 1367.437
  end: 1373.143
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the first thing Constantine did when he gained power in the West  It ended persecution.
  zh: 而君士坦丁在西方获得权力后做的第一件事就是结束迫害。
- start: 1373.304
  end: 1374.704
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: No more persecution in the West.
  zh: 西方不再有迫害。
- start: 1374.704
  end: 1378.265
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he gave restitutions to the Christians.
  zh: 事实上，他对基督徒进行了赔偿。
- start: 1379.345
  end: 1384.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was willing to give back property and rebuild buildings.
  zh: 他愿意归还财产并重建建筑。
- start: 1385.527
  end: 1393.549
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The significant thing about this is, theoretically, there is still a higher emperor in the East.
  zh: 这件事的重要之处在于，理论上东方仍有一位更高级的皇帝。
- start: 1393.689
  end: 1406.709
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But here, Constantine is willing to overrule the Eastern emperor's edict  No, for my rule, for my area in the West, I am going to overrule that.
  zh: 但在这里，君士坦丁愿意推翻东方皇帝的诏书。不，对于我的统治，对于我在西方的地区，我要推翻那个。
- start: 1409.051
  end: 1426.024
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What that does is, not only is he overruling the eastern emperor, but he is now giving the subjects of the eastern emperor a reason to hope that maybe their emperor will die and Constantine will be their liberator.
  zh: 这样做不仅是推翻东方皇帝，而且现在给了东方皇帝的臣民一个希望，也许他们的皇帝会死，而君士坦丁将成为他们的解放者。
- start: 1426.67
  end: 1431.352
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because the Christian subjects of Galerius are still suffering under persecution.
  zh: 因为加列里乌斯的基督徒臣民仍在遭受迫害。
- start: 1432.053
  end: 1436.955
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And Constantine is now the guy who relieves the persecution.
  zh: 而君士坦丁现在是解除迫害的人。
- start: 1437.376
  end: 1443.839
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, he quickly becomes a rival to the Eastern Emperor, and you can see where that's going to go.
  zh: 因此，他很快成为东方皇帝的对手，你可以看到事情会如何发展。
- start: 1443.839
  end: 1455.37
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now look, we're not going to go into detail about all the imperial wrangling that go on for a while, because it's very complicated and it's not necessary for you to know it right now.
  zh: 现在看，我们不会详细讨论一段时间内发生的所有帝国纷争，因为那很复杂，而且你现在也不需要知道。
- start: 1455.37
  end: 1465.856
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Suffice to say that it includes wars, battles, marriages, murder plots, betrayals, and all of that sex and violence that you would expect from real life.
  zh: 只需说它包括战争、战斗、婚姻、谋杀阴谋、背叛，以及你在现实生活中所能预期的所有性和暴力。
- start: 1467.337
  end: 1470.859
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: For our purposes, though, it's enough for you to know this.
  zh: 不过，就我们的目的而言，你只需要知道这些就够了。
- start: 1472.06
  end: 1480.025
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Maxentius is not happy with Constantine as the self-proclaimed Emperor of the West.
  zh: 马克森提乌斯对君士坦丁自封为西方皇帝并不满意。
- start: 1480.185
  end: 1486.189
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in 307,  Maxentius went to Rome and took the city of Rome.
  zh: 所以在307年，马克森提乌斯去了罗马并占领了罗马城。
- start: 1488.45
  end: 1490.111
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he was being quite the tyrant.
  zh: 他表现得相当暴虐。
- start: 1490.111
  end: 1505.536
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now he didn't specifically persecute the Christians, but he really pretty much persecuted everybody, because anyone who had anything he wanted, he created a trumped up treason charge, had them executed and took their stuff.
  zh: 他并没有特别迫害基督徒，但他实际上迫害了所有人，因为只要有人拥有他想要的东西，他就会捏造叛国罪名，处决他们并夺取他们的财产。
- start: 1505.697
  end: 1542.316
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, in the year 312, Constantine has moved down through Italy,  and is camped outside of Rome, to the north of Rome, on the other side of the river.
  zh: 所以，在312年，君士坦丁已经南下穿过意大利，在罗马城外，罗马北部，河的另一边扎营。
- start: 1542.316
  end: 1548.74
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, you may know that the river Tiber runs through Rome, but at the north side it becomes a kind of a border.
  zh: 你可能知道台伯河流经罗马，但在北边它成为了一种边界。
- start: 1548.84
  end: 1555.243
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And there's a bridge that goes across the Tiber called the Milvian Bridge.
  zh: 有一座跨越台伯河的桥叫做米尔维安桥。
- start: 1558.545
  end: 1559.586
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Milvian Bridge.
  zh: 米尔维安桥。
- start: 1559.586
  end: 1565.949
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, Maxentius had destroyed the Milvian Bridge, so Constantine couldn't use it to get into Rome.
  zh: 马克森提乌斯已经摧毁了米尔维安桥，所以君士坦丁无法利用它进入罗马。
- start: 1567.403
  end: 1571.185
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that's the spot where Constantine was encamped outside the city.
  zh: 但那就是君士坦丁在城外扎营的地方。
- start: 1572.466
  end: 1584.572
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Inside Rome, the people of Rome are rioting and rising up against Maxentius because he's a tyrant and they want to get rid of him, and they actually want Constantine to win this battle.
  zh: 在罗马城内，罗马人民正在暴动并起来反对马克森提乌斯，因为他是个暴君，他们想摆脱他，他们实际上希望君士坦丁赢得这场战斗。
- start: 1585.733
  end: 1594.017
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then we get this great story of Constantine's vision, and there are different versions of the story, but basically it goes something like this.
  zh: 然后我们听到了君士坦丁异象的伟大故事，这个故事有不同的版本，但基本上是这样的。
- start: 1594.39
  end: 1608.414
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Either the night before battle or that morning in the twilight, either in a dream or in a vision, Constantine sees this vision of a symbol emblazoned on the sky.
  zh: 要么是战斗前夜，要么是那天早晨的黎明时分，无论是在梦中还是在异象中，君士坦丁看到天空中闪耀着一个符号的异象。
- start: 1609.194
  end: 1614.576
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the symbol is the monogram of Christ.
  zh: 这个符号是基督的字母组合。
- start: 1615.316
  end: 1616.497
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it looks like this.
  zh: 它看起来像这样。
- start: 1616.497
  end: 1621.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It looks like a P with an X. You've seen that before, right?
  zh: 它看起来像一个P和一个X。你以前见过，对吧？
- start: 1621.547
  end: 1626.511
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is actually the two Greek letters chi and rho.
  zh: 这实际上是两个希腊字母chi和rho。
- start: 1627.392
  end: 1630.954
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The x is the letter p, or sometimes pronounced chi.
  zh: X是字母p，有时发音为chi。
- start: 1632.235
  end: 1641.202
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the p is the letter rho, which is actually like our letter r. But these are the first two letters in the Greek word or name Christos.
  zh: 而p是字母rho，实际上像我们的字母r。但这些是希腊词或名字Christos的前两个字母。
- start: 1641.603
  end: 1645.145
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So this is the initials of Christ, in a sense.
  zh: 所以从某种意义上说，这是基督的首字母。
- start: 1645.226
  end: 1647.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we sometimes call it the chi rho.
  zh: 我们有时称之为希罗标志。
- start: 1648.692
  end: 1651.994
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is also called the lavarum.
  zh: 它也被称为拉巴鲁姆。
- start: 1655.898
  end: 1662.263
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the point is that this is a symbol that would have been recognized as relating to the person of Christ.
  zh: 但关键是，这是一个会被认为与基督有关的符号。
- start: 1662.263
  end: 1669.189
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, in some versions of the story, it says Constantine saw a cross emblazoned on the sky.
  zh: 现在，在一些版本的故事中，说君士坦丁看到天空中闪耀着一个十字架。
- start: 1669.429
  end: 1675.394
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It could very well be that the key can also be called a cross.
  zh: 很可能这个符号也可以被称为十字架。
- start: 1675.592
  end: 1681.034
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But you can see how it also relates to the method of execution by which Jesus died, right?
  zh: 但你可以看到它也与耶稣死亡的处决方式有关，对吧？
- start: 1681.034
  end: 1682.135
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He hung on a cross.
  zh: 他被钉在十字架上。
- start: 1682.135
  end: 1691.959
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The only thing is that at this time in history, the Christian church is not yet using the cross as a symbol of Christianity, because people are still getting executed on crosses.
  zh: 唯一的问题是，在历史的这个时期，基督教会还没有使用十字架作为基督教的象征，因为人们仍在被钉在十字架上处决。
- start: 1692.199
  end: 1693.88
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that comes in a little bit later.
  zh: 所以那要稍晚一些才出现。
- start: 1693.88
  end: 1700.002
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at any rate, the idea is, and the story is, that this is the vision that Constantine saw.
  zh: 但无论如何，这个想法和故事是，这就是君士坦丁看到的异象。
- start: 1700.522
  end: 1707.937
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And when he saw this, he heard a heavenly voice say,  In this sign, you will conquer.
  zh: 当他看到这个时，他听到一个天上的声音说，「凭此标记，你将征服。」
- start: 1708.538
  end: 1711.9
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In this sign, conquer.
  zh: 凭此标记，征服。
- start: 1713.482
  end: 1721.148
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine had the symbol put on his own helmet and on the standard of his legions.
  zh: 君士坦丁把这个符号放在他自己的头盔上和他军团的军旗上。
- start: 1721.148
  end: 1722.108
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You know what a standard is?
  zh: 你知道军旗是什么吗？
- start: 1722.108
  end: 1723.429
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's like a banner.
  zh: 它就像一面旗帜。
- start: 1723.429
  end: 1729.234
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Imagine it's a pole with a crossbeam and a banner.
  zh: 想象它是一根带有横梁和旗帜的杆子。
- start: 1731.556
  end: 1736.933
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Somewhere on these banners,  Constantine had the soldiers put the symbol of Christ.
  zh: 在这些旗帜的某处，君士坦丁让士兵们放上基督的符号。
- start: 1736.933
  end: 1743.516
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So when they went into war, they went into war literally marching under the banner of Christ.
  zh: 所以当他们出征时，他们实际上是在基督的旗帜下行军。
- start: 1743.917
  end: 1747.719
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the sign will come to be called the sign of salvation.
  zh: 这个标记后来被称为救恩的标记。
- start: 1748.98
  end: 1756.584
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, if Maxentius had just stayed inside the city walls, he might have been okay.
  zh: 现在，如果马克森提乌斯只是待在城墙内，他可能还好。
- start: 1756.984
  end: 1760.486
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the people are rioting, they're rising up against him.
  zh: 但人民正在暴动，他们正在起来反对他。
- start: 1760.743
  end: 1766.387
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he goes and consults an oracle, another pagan soothsayer.
  zh: 他去咨询了一个神谕，另一个异教预言家。
- start: 1766.387
  end: 1768.008
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what does the oracle say?
  zh: 神谕说了什么？
- start: 1768.008
  end: 1773.571
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: According to the story, the oracle says, today the enemy of Rome will die.
  zh: 据说，神谕说，今天罗马的敌人将会死去。
- start: 1774.352
  end: 1781.076
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And of course, Maxentius thinks, great, they must be talking about Constantine, so I'm going to go out into battle.
  zh: 当然，马克森提乌斯想，太好了，他们一定是在说君士坦丁，所以我要出去战斗。
- start: 1781.076
  end: 1782.097
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But guess what?
  zh: 但你猜怎么着？
- start: 1782.097
  end: 1786.259
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The enemy of Rome is Maxentius himself.
  zh: 罗马的敌人就是马克森提乌斯自己。
- start: 1789.411
  end: 1793.135
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Maxentius actually went out to meet Constantine.
  zh: 所以马克森提乌斯实际上出去迎战君士坦丁。
- start: 1793.135
  end: 1798.08
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They built a makeshift bridge of boats tied together.
  zh: 他们用船只绑在一起建造了一座临时桥梁。
- start: 1798.661
  end: 1808.41
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But when Constantine was winning the battle and Maxentius wanted to retreat, the bridge of boats collapsed and he fell into the Tiber River and drowned.
  zh: 但当君士坦丁正在赢得战斗而马克森提乌斯想要撤退时，船桥崩塌了，他掉进台伯河淹死了。
- start: 1808.871
  end: 1815.679
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And later Christian writers will compare this to  Pharaoh trying to chase Moses through the Red Sea, right?
  zh: 后来的基督教作家将此比作法老试图追赶摩西穿过红海，对吧？
- start: 1815.679
  end: 1820.323
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Horse and rider cast into the sea, the song of Miriam, right?
  zh: 马和骑马的被抛入海中，米利暗之歌，对吧？
- start: 1821.364
  end: 1835.66
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, Maxentius drowns in the Tiber, Constantine is received in Rome as a liberator, and at this point, we'll get around to the question of his Christianity, his faith.
  zh: 所以，马克森提乌斯在台伯河中溺水，君士坦丁在罗马被视为解放者，在这一点上，我们将讨论他的基督教信仰问题。
- start: 1835.66
  end: 1839.762
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at this point, Constantine marches into the city of Rome.
  zh: 但此时，君士坦丁进入罗马城。
- start: 1839.762
  end: 1843.443
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's already got Christian bishops in his entourage.
  zh: 他的随行人员中已经有基督教主教。
- start: 1845.885
  end: 1847.965
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what is the first thing he did?
  zh: 他做的第一件事是什么？
- start: 1847.966
  end: 1851.067
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, let me tell you the first thing he didn't do.
  zh: 好吧，让我告诉你他没有做的第一件事。
- start: 1851.067
  end: 1855.329
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He didn't thank the gods for his victory.
  zh: 他没有感谢众神赐予他胜利。
- start: 1855.569
  end: 1870.065
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Normally what you do is,  You have a victory, you march into Rome, you go right up the hill to the temple of Jupiter, and you make your sacrifices to Jupiter in thanksgiving for the victory.
  zh: 通常你会这样做：你取得胜利，进入罗马，直接上山到朱庇特神庙，向朱庇特献祭以感谢胜利。
- start: 1870.065
  end: 1873.067
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine intentionally did not do that.
  zh: 君士坦丁故意没有这样做。
- start: 1873.067
  end: 1876.929
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it made some people angry, but he was able to smooth it over.
  zh: 这让一些人感到愤怒，但他能够平息这种情绪。
- start: 1878.298
  end: 1890.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, what he did was he immediately undid all the things that Maxentius had done, and he immediately restored civil rights to the Christians.
  zh: 但是，他所做的是立即撤销马克森提乌斯所做的一切，并立即恢复了基督徒的公民权。
- start: 1890.825
  end: 1898.429
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he took as his most trusted advisor, one of the bishops in his entourage, a guy named Osius.
  zh: 他选择了他随行人员中的一位主教作为他最信任的顾问，一个名叫奥西乌斯的人。
- start: 1900.39
  end: 1917.806
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Osius, sometimes you'll see it spelled Posius, like with the letter H. Osius of Cordova,  And you'll see this spelled various ways too, but Osius was a confessor from Spain, and he became Constantine's right-hand man, his most trusted advisor.
  zh: 奥西乌斯，有时你会看到它拼写为波西乌斯，像带字母H一样。科尔多瓦的奥西乌斯，你也会看到这个名字有各种拼写方式，但奥西乌斯是一位来自西班牙的忏悔师，他成为了君士坦丁的得力助手，他最信任的顾问。
- start: 1917.806
  end: 1919.586
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, look at what's happening here.
  zh: 现在，看看这里发生了什么。
- start: 1919.786
  end: 1925.388
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And a Roman emperor who chooses as his closest advisor a Christian bishop.
  zh: 一位罗马皇帝选择一位基督教主教作为他最亲密的顾问。
- start: 1926.928
  end: 1936.591
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The very next year was 313. In the year 313, Constantine issued an edict of his own, the Edict of Milan.
  zh: 紧接着的第二年是313年。在313年，君士坦丁颁布了他自己的诏书，米兰诏书。
- start: 1938.146
  end: 1948.133
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Edict of Milan, 313. It's really more of a letter to the Senate and to the governors of provinces, but it granted freedom of worship for Christians.
  zh: 313年的米兰诏书。它实际上更像是一封给元老院和各省总督的信，但它赋予了基督徒宗教崇拜的自由。
- start: 1948.133
  end: 1954.517
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, the letter actually says that it's meant to grant freedom of worship to everyone.
  zh: 事实上，这封信实际上说它旨在赋予每个人宗教崇拜的自由。
- start: 1956.519
  end: 1960.402
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, by doing that, Christianity becomes a legal religion.
  zh: 所以，通过这样做，基督教成为了一个合法的宗教。
- start: 1960.402
  end: 1963.403
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it is not the only legal religion.
  zh: 但它不是唯一的合法宗教。
- start: 1963.904
  end: 1967.226
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It simply becomes legal like the other religions.
  zh: 它只是像其他宗教一样变得合法。
- start: 1967.914
  end: 1997.633
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it also becomes legal to will money to the church and for the church to own property because now the church as a legal entity can exist as kind of a corporate corporation and own property, receive wills, etc. And then Constantine says that all church property that was taken during the persecutions must be returned  without payment.
  zh: 而且现在也合法地可以遗赠财产给教会，教会也可以拥有财产，因为现在教会作为一个合法实体可以像公司一样存在并拥有财产、接受遗嘱等。然后君士坦丁说，在迫害期间被夺走的所有教会财产必须无偿归还。
- start: 1997.633
  end: 2006.259
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in other words, if you're a non-Christian and you've gotten a hold of some land or some Christian property, you have to give it back and don't expect us to pay you for it.
  zh: 换句话说，如果你是非基督徒，并且你获得了一些土地或一些基督教财产，你必须归还它，而且不要指望我们会为此付钱给你。
- start: 2008.942
  end: 2023.273
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine also invented the tax-exempt status for clergy, basically exempting clergy from certain taxes and from certain civic responsibilities like, for example, having to participate in pagan ceremonies.
  zh: 君士坦丁还发明了神职人员的免税地位，基本上免除了神职人员的某些税收和某些公民责任，例如必须参加异教仪式。
- start: 2023.894
  end: 2029.143
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he used imperial money  To build and rebuild churches.
  zh: 他还用帝国的钱来建造和重建教堂。
- start: 2029.143
  end: 2037.929
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, this is when the first of the Christian basilicas in Rome are built.
  zh: 事实上，这就是罗马第一批基督教大教堂建造的时候。
- start: 2037.97
  end: 2043.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The buildings that were built over the graves of the martyrs in the city of Rome.
  zh: 这些建筑建在罗马城殉道者的坟墓上。
- start: 2045.456
  end: 2048.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Constantine paid to have these built.
  zh: 所以君士坦丁出钱建造了这些。
- start: 2048.478
  end: 2086.668
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in some cases,  In the year 314, Constantine has become aware  of a schism in the church in the West, and it's the schism of the Donatists.
  zh: 在某些情况下，到了314年，君士坦丁意识到西方教会出现了一个分裂，这就是多纳徒派的分裂。
- start: 2086.668
  end: 2089.891
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we haven't talked about these folks yet, but we will.
  zh: 我们还没有讨论过这些人，但我们会的。
- start: 2090.171
  end: 2091.813
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We just haven't gotten around to it yet.
  zh: 我们只是还没有谈到这个。
- start: 2091.813
  end: 2109.046
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, for the sake of spelling, the Donatists are a rigorous faction that started in North Africa.
  zh: 为了拼写的缘故，多纳徒派是一个起源于北非的严格派别。
- start: 2109.481
  end: 2126.707
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Constantine becomes now, with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and taking Rome in 312 and then going to Milan in 313, Constantine has become the Emperor of the West, undisputed Emperor of the West.
  zh: 因此，随着米尔维安桥之战和312年占领罗马，然后在313年前往米兰，君士坦丁现在成为了西方的皇帝，无可争议的西方皇帝。
- start: 2126.707
  end: 2134.49
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he has become aware that the Church has factioning in it, and one of these factions is the Donatists.
  zh: 但他意识到教会内部存在派系，其中一个派系就是多纳徒派。
- start: 2135.214
  end: 2141.797
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In 314, Constantine ordered the bishops to have a council.
  zh: 314年，君士坦丁命令主教们召开一次会议。
- start: 2143.277
  end: 2148.84
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so this is the first council of the Christian church convened by an emperor.
  zh: 这是第一次由皇帝召集的基督教会议。
- start: 2148.84
  end: 2158.444
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Council of Arles.
  zh: 阿尔勒会议。
- start: 2158.444
  end: 2161.305
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: First church council called by an emperor.
  zh: 第一次由皇帝召集的教会会议。
- start: 2161.305
  end: 2164.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in doing this, he set some important precedents.
  zh: 通过这样做，他设立了一些重要的先例。
- start: 2165.046
  end: 2169.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He paid for the bishops to get there, from wherever they were coming from.
  zh: 他支付了主教们从各地赶来的费用。
- start: 2169.169
  end: 2186.361
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Roman Empire had a kind of public transportation system, kind of imagine a pony express, but he allowed the Christian bishops to use that for free, which in effect makes them privileged on the same level as government officials.
  zh: 罗马帝国有一种公共交通系统，可以想象成一种驿马快递，但他允许基督教主教们免费使用，这实际上使他们享有与政府官员同等的特权。
- start: 2187.463
  end: 2193.607
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He gave Christian bishops the same authority as civil judges.
  zh: 他赋予基督教主教与民事法官同等的权力。
- start: 2195.479
  end: 2201.702
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: so that they would have the authority to decide issues at these councils.
  zh: 这样他们就有权在这些会议上决定问题。
- start: 2202.862
  end: 2213.847
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, as I said, we're going to talk about the Donatists later, but I'll just give you the spoiler that at the Council of Arles, Donatism, along with rebaptism, will be condemned.
  zh: 正如我所说，我们稍后会讨论多纳徒派，但我先透露一下，在阿尔勒会议上，多纳徒主义和重洗礼都将被谴责。
- start: 2214.468
  end: 2229.092
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, from now on, when the emperor is involved in a council, whatever the council decides,  Does not only have the authority of the group of bishops, but it has the backing of the government now.
  zh: 因此，从现在开始，当皇帝参与一个会议时，无论会议决定什么，不仅有主教团的权威，现在还有政府的支持。
- start: 2230.253
  end: 2269.056
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, by participating in this, and by being a part of this council that decides that Donatism is condemned as a form of heresy, and by specifying that when imperial money is given to the church, it's not given to the Donatists,  By doing all that, Constantine has, in effect, reinforced the definition of the Church as the Catholic Church, not the Donatists or any other schismatic or heretical faction.
  zh: 因此，通过参与这个会议，成为决定将多纳徒主义定为异端的一部分，并明确规定当帝国的钱给予教会时，不会给予多纳徒派，通过做这一切，君士坦丁实际上强化了教会作为公教会的定义，而不是多纳徒派或任何其他分裂或异端派别。
- start: 2269.577
  end: 2276.719
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now just remember, when I use the term Catholic here, I'm using it in the same way as I might use the word the mainstream or the majority.
  zh: 现在请记住，当我在这里使用「公教会」这个词时，我使用它的方式就像我可能使用「主流」或「多数」这个词一样。
- start: 2276.719
  end: 2281.94
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that sort of begs the question.
  zh: 但这有点儿回避问题。
- start: 2282.039
  end: 2295.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The word Catholic, as you know, means universal, but we know that the Catholic Church, as I'm defining it here, isn't really the universal Church because there are Donatist Christians who aren't included.
  zh: 你知道，「公教会」这个词意味着普世的，但我们知道，我在这里定义的公教会并不是真正的普世教会，因为还有没有被包括在内的多纳徒派基督徒。
- start: 2295.667
  end: 2310.155
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, while the word Catholic has come to, it means originally universal, it's come to mean a specific expression of the Church so that, you know, it's a way of saying we're Catholic and you are not.
  zh: 因此，虽然「公教会」这个词原本意味着普世的，但它已经变成了教会的一种特定表达，你知道，这是一种说法，我们是公教会，而你不是。
- start: 2310.618
  end: 2316.222
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It still means the majority, it still means the mainstream, but the Stoicist issue is not going to go away.
  zh: 它仍然意味着多数，仍然意味着主流，但多纳徒派的问题不会消失。
- start: 2316.222
  end: 2324.328
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, I just want to show you how, from the very beginning of Constantine's reign, he's involved in the Church.
  zh: 所以，我只是想向你展示，从君士坦丁统治的一开始，他就参与了教会事务。
- start: 2324.928
  end: 2331.273
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, now, the thing is that Constantine is only the Emperor of the West.
  zh: 好的，现在，问题是君士坦丁只是西方的皇帝。
- start: 2331.273
  end: 2333.815
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There is another Emperor in the East.
  zh: 东方还有另一位皇帝。
- start: 2333.815
  end: 2335.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's not Galerius anymore.
  zh: 不再是加列里乌斯了。
- start: 2335.376
  end: 2337.317
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Galerius died a horrible death.
  zh: 加列里乌斯死得很惨。
- start: 2338.519
  end: 2343.823
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the Christian writers were very happy to describe just how horrible it was.
  zh: 基督教作家们很乐意描述它有多么可怕。
- start: 2345.024
  end: 2351.428
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at any rate, the new emperor of the East is this guy named Licinius.
  zh: 但无论如何，东方的新皇帝是一个叫利西尼乌斯的人。
- start: 2353.35
  end: 2364.217
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Ironically, Licinius was in Milan with Constantine, and technically speaking, they issued the Edict of Milan together, although it's really from Constantine.
  zh: 讽刺的是，利西尼乌斯当时和君士坦丁一起在米兰，从技术上讲，他们共同颁布了米兰诏书，尽管这实际上是来自君士坦丁。
- start: 2365.099
  end: 2370.182
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But now Licinius is in the East and now he's persecuting Christians.
  zh: 但现在利西尼乌斯在东方，他正在迫害基督徒。
- start: 2371.763
  end: 2378.946
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And one of the ways he persecuted the church in the East was he prevented or made it illegal for bishops to meet together.
  zh: 他迫害东方教会的一种方式是阻止或使主教们聚会成为非法。
- start: 2380.027
  end: 2382.408
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which meant you can't have any councils.
  zh: 这意味着你不能召开任何会议。
- start: 2382.868
  end: 2388.031
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The East has its own issues, which we'll talk about later.
  zh: 东方有自己的问题，我们稍后会讨论。
- start: 2388.031
  end: 2389.852
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they're not allowed to have any councils.
  zh: 他们不被允许召开任何会议。
- start: 2389.852
  end: 2394.858
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And if you can't gather bishops together in one place, you can't consecrate new bishops.
  zh: 如果你不能把主教们聚集在一起，你就不能祝圣新的主教。
- start: 2394.858
  end: 2399.499
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: because it takes at least a couple of bishops to consecrate a new bishop.
  zh: 因为至少需要几位主教来祝圣一位新主教。
- start: 2400.74
  end: 2414.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eventually, the persecution under Licinius escalates to the point where he actually ordered that all Christians should be either blinded or hobbled to mark them as criminals.
  zh: 最终，利西尼乌斯的迫害升级到了他实际上下令所有基督徒要么被弄瞎，要么被弄瘸，以标记他们为罪犯。
- start: 2415.964
  end: 2417.784
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, you know where this is going, right?
  zh: 好吧，你知道这会导向何处，对吧？
- start: 2417.784
  end: 2424.086
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Both Constantine and Licinius want to be the only emperor of the whole shebang, right?
  zh: 君士坦丁和利西尼乌斯都想成为整个帝国唯一的皇帝，对吧？
- start: 2425.088
  end: 2432.792
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: According to the story, the war between them was started when Licinius tried to assassinate Constantine.
  zh: 据说，他们之间的战争是在利西尼乌斯试图暗杀君士坦丁时开始的。
- start: 2433.213
  end: 2437.636
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Whether that's true or not is irrelevant because these guys were going to war no matter what.
  zh: 这是否属实并不重要，因为无论如何这些人都会开战。
- start: 2437.636
  end: 2439.757
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Forget the tetrarchy, that's over.
  zh: 忘掉四帝共治制吧，那已经结束了。
- start: 2439.757
  end: 2445.1
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's now going to be, somebody's going to be the sole emperor again over the whole empire.
  zh: 现在将会是，某人将再次成为整个帝国的唯一皇帝。
- start: 2446.362
  end: 2450.799
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So somewhere around 316,  The two went to war.
  zh: 所以大约在316年，两人开战了。
- start: 2450.799
  end: 2454.022
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The war lasted quite a while, off and on.
  zh: 战争断断续续持续了相当长的时间。
- start: 2454.022
  end: 2473.257
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But eventually, spoiler alert, you know where this is going, eventually Constantine became the sole emperor by defeating Licinius in 324. So 324 is the year that Constantine became the sole emperor of the whole empire.
  zh: 但最终，剧透一下，你知道结果如何，最终君士坦丁在324年击败利西尼乌斯成为唯一的皇帝。所以324年是君士坦丁成为整个帝国唯一皇帝的年份。
- start: 2474.078
  end: 2475.359
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what did he do?
  zh: 他做了什么？
- start: 2475.379
  end: 2478.101
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Immediately he stopped all persecution.
  zh: 他立即停止了所有迫害。
- start: 2479.689
  end: 2486.913
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: and instituted the restitution for the church, gave the property back, gave money to rebuild the churches.
  zh: 并为教会制定了赔偿制度，归还财产，给予资金重建教堂。
- start: 2488.414
  end: 2508.204
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he even gave money to enlarge churches that didn't need to be rebuilt because he believed that, you know, now that he was in control, people were going to be joining the church wanting to become Christians in droves, so he believed that the existing churches were too small, so he paid to have them enlarged.
  zh: 事实上，他甚至给予资金扩建不需要重建的教堂，因为他相信，你知道，现在他掌控了局面，人们会成群结队地加入教会想要成为基督徒，所以他认为现有的教堂太小了，因此他出钱让它们扩建。
- start: 2510.881
  end: 2514.343
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, Constantine's mother, remember Helena?
  zh: 现在，君士坦丁的母亲，还记得海伦娜吗？
- start: 2517.265
  end: 2539.939
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine's mother, once the East was secure, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the years 326-327. 326-327, Constantine's mother goes to the Holy Land, and she located the site of Jesus' birth, his death and resurrection, and his ascension.
  zh: 君士坦丁的母亲，一旦东方安定下来，在326-327年间朝圣圣地。326-327年，君士坦丁的母亲去了圣地，她找到了耶稣诞生、死亡和复活，以及升天的地点。
- start: 2541.614
  end: 2564.079
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And she brought back to Rome the so-called Holy Stairs, which were the stairs leading up to the Praetorium where Pilate would have made his headquarters when he was in Jerusalem, so that if you remember the Gospel story, when Jesus is being tried and he meets Pilate, he's got to go up these stairs.
  zh: 她带回罗马所谓的圣阶，这是通往总督府的台阶，彼拉多在耶路撒冷时会在那里设立他的总部，所以如果你记得福音故事，当耶稣受审并见到彼拉多时，他必须上这些台阶。
- start: 2564.079
  end: 2571.871
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Those, apparently, were the stairs that were then removed  From Jerusalem and brought back to Rome where Helena was currently living.
  zh: 显然，这些就是从耶路撒冷移除并带回海伦娜当时居住的罗马的台阶。
- start: 2573.353
  end: 2585.982
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the important part here is that on the sites that Helena designated as the sites of the birth and death and ascension of Jesus, Constantine built churches there.
  zh: 但这里重要的部分是，在海伦娜指定为耶稣诞生、死亡和升天地点的地方，君士坦丁建造了教堂。
- start: 2586.023
  end: 2594.049
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he built the Church of the Nativity over the cave in Bethlehem where Jesus was said to have been born.
  zh: 所以他在伯利恒的洞穴上建造了圣诞教堂，据说耶稣就是在那里出生的。
- start: 2594.049
  end: 2603.048
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, remember,  Whether or not you believe these are the actual sites of Jesus' birth, these sites were not arbitrarily picked.
  zh: 现在，记住，无论你是否相信这些是耶稣诞生的实际地点，这些地点并不是随意选择的。
- start: 2603.088
  end: 2610.37
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, she was able to ask people who had been living there, whose families had been living there for generations.
  zh: 我的意思是，她能够询问那些一直生活在那里的人，那些家族世代生活在那里的人。
- start: 2610.73
  end: 2616.011
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine built the Church of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives, where Jesus is said to have ascended.
  zh: 君士坦丁在橄榄山上建造了升天教堂，据说耶稣就是在那里升天的。
- start: 2616.251
  end: 2620.211
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He built a church at the site of the visitation to Abraham.
  zh: 他在亚伯拉罕接受访问的地方建造了一座教堂。
- start: 2620.291
  end: 2623.392
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You remember the three angelic visitors.
  zh: 你还记得那三位天使访客吧。
- start: 2623.482
  end: 2626.323
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The temple was torn down and underneath it was excavated.
  zh: 圣殿被拆除，并对其下方进行了挖掘。
- start: 2626.323
  end: 2677.22
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The excavators found a tomb and some wood, which  So on that site, Constantine built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which if you know anything about the tradition in Jerusalem, the idea is that that church encompasses not only the site of the crucifixion, but the site of the tomb, and think about it, the tomb is the site of the resurrection.
  zh: 挖掘者发现了一座坟墓和一些木头，所以在那个地方，君士坦丁建造了圣墓教堂，如果你了解耶路撒冷的传统，这座教堂不仅包括了耶稣被钉十字架的地点，还包括了坟墓的地点，想想看，坟墓就是复活的地点。
- start: 2677.298
  end: 2683.803
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, in a sense, that church encompasses the site of both the death and resurrection of Jesus.
  zh: 所以，从某种意义上说，这座教堂包含了耶稣死亡和复活的地点。
- start: 2683.803
  end: 2690.648
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, there's another site that competes, that claims to be the site of the tomb, the so-called Garden Tomb, but that's separate.
  zh: 现在，还有另一个竞争的地点，声称是坟墓的所在地，所谓的花园坟墓，但那是另一回事。
- start: 2692.229
  end: 2693.47
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But here's the point.
  zh: 但重点是这个。
- start: 2694.951
  end: 2718.076
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine's biographer, a bishop named Eusebius, Eusebius of Caesarea,  Caesarea is the port city on the coast of Israel now.
  zh: 君士坦丁的传记作者，一位名叫优西比乌的主教，凯撒利亚的优西比乌，凯撒利亚现在是以色列沿海的一个港口城市。
- start: 2718.076
  end: 2724.158
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eusebius is the one who writes about Constantine's life.
  zh: 优西比乌是写君士坦丁生平的人。
- start: 2724.158
  end: 2742.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In talking about Constantine building these churches, the Church of the Nativity, and especially in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Church of the Ascension,  Eusebius says, this is the new Jerusalem of the book of Revelation.
  zh: 在谈到君士坦丁建造这些教堂时，圣诞教堂，特别是在耶路撒冷的圣墓教堂，升天教堂，优西比乌说，这就是启示录中的新耶路撒冷。
- start: 2742.407
  end: 2750.591
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So when the book of Revelation talks about a new Jerusalem, Eusebius is saying, there it is, Constantine has built it.
  zh: 所以当启示录谈到新耶路撒冷时，优西比乌说，就是这个，君士坦丁已经建造了它。
- start: 2750.591
  end: 2758.295
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this sort of sets the tone for Constantine's reign as emperor and the way people looked at it and looked back on it.
  zh: 这在某种程度上为君士坦丁作为皇帝的统治定下了基调，也影响了人们当时和后来如何看待它。
- start: 2760.285
  end: 2767.346
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, like Diocletian did, Constantine also wants to move the capital to the east.
  zh: 所以，就像戴克里先那样，君士坦丁也想把首都迁到东方。
- start: 2768.406
  end: 2773.247
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the existing cities, including Rome, the existing cities are too pagan.
  zh: 但现有的城市，包括罗马，这些现有的城市太异教化了。
- start: 2773.247
  end: 2775.228
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to start from scratch.
  zh: 他想从头开始。
- start: 2775.228
  end: 2780.008
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He wants to create a Christian city with no paganism in it.
  zh: 他想创建一个没有异教的基督教城市。
- start: 2780.149
  end: 2799.912
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, according to one story, he was told by God in a dream, but however it happened, he chose the city of Byzantium,  If you want to find Byzantium on a map, you aren't going to find it.
  zh: 现在，根据一个故事，他在梦中得到神的指示，但无论如何发生的，他选择了拜占庭城，如果你想在地图上找到拜占庭，你是找不到的。
- start: 2801.353
  end: 2811.577
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he chose the city of Byzantium and turned it into a new city that he called Nova Roma, New Rome.
  zh: 但他选择了拜占庭城，并将其改造成一个新城市，他称之为新罗马。
- start: 2812.637
  end: 2819.0
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eventually people just started calling it Constantine City or Constantinople.
  zh: 最终人们开始称它为君士坦丁城或君士坦丁堡。
- start: 2820.405
  end: 2828.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you want to find Constantinople on a map, you're not going to find that either, but look for Istanbul, and then you're going to be in the general vicinity.
  zh: 如果你想在地图上找到君士坦丁堡，你也找不到，但找伊斯坦布尔，那就是大致的位置。
- start: 2829.229
  end: 2835.872
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what Constantine did was, he created a city almost from scratch, because Byzantium, there wasn't much there.
  zh: 但君士坦丁所做的是，他几乎从头开始创建了一座城市，因为拜占庭那里原本没有多少东西。
- start: 2835.872
  end: 2844.476
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he created a city almost from scratch, with its own Senate and its own court, and made it a Christian city.
  zh: 所以他几乎从头开始创建了一座城市，有自己的元老院和法院，并使之成为一个基督教城市。
- start: 2844.476
  end: 2852.972
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He started building Constantinople in 326,  It was completed in 330, and no paganism would be allowed there.
  zh: 他在326年开始建造君士坦丁堡，330年完工，那里不允许有任何异教。
- start: 2852.972
  end: 2854.753
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He tore down the temples.
  zh: 他拆毁了神庙。
- start: 2855.033
  end: 2856.454
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He built churches.
  zh: 他建造了教堂。
- start: 2857.895
  end: 2868.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any statues of pagan gods or mythic heroes were either torn down or they were turned into the statues of saints by, you know, chiseling.
  zh: 任何异教神或神话英雄的雕像要么被拆除，要么通过雕刻被改造成圣徒的雕像。
- start: 2868.423
  end: 2870.485
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, they do a little plastic surgery on the face, right?
  zh: 我的意思是，他们对面部做了一点整形手术，对吧？
- start: 2870.485
  end: 2877.45
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They chisel off some cheekbones and chisel off some nose and, oh, now it's a statue of Constantine, or whatever.
  zh: 他们凿掉一些颧骨，凿掉一些鼻子，哦，现在它变成了君士坦丁的雕像，或者别的什么。
- start: 2879.185
  end: 2887.968
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or sometimes it was simply enough to take a statue of a deity out of the temple and stick it in a garden in the middle of a fountain.
  zh: 或者有时候，只需要把一个神祇的雕像从神庙里拿出来，插在喷泉中间的花园里就足够了。
- start: 2887.968
  end: 2894.47
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it sort of nullifies it in terms of its supposed power or whatever.
  zh: 这在某种程度上消除了它所谓的力量或其他什么。
- start: 2894.97
  end: 2897.33
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at any rate, this is what Constantine did.
  zh: 但无论如何，这就是君士坦丁所做的。
- start: 2897.33
  end: 2901.031
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He built his own Christian city in the East.
  zh: 他在东方建立了自己的基督教城市。
- start: 2901.112
  end: 2906.853
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, what that means is that Rome is no longer going to be the imperial capital.
  zh: 现在，这意味着罗马不再是帝国的首都。
- start: 2907.731
  end: 2913.316
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it also means that the most important man in Rome is not in Rome anymore.
  zh: 这也意味着罗马最重要的人不再在罗马了。
- start: 2913.316
  end: 2915.056
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The emperor is gone.
  zh: 皇帝离开了。
- start: 2915.437
  end: 2918.78
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that left a power vacuum in the city of Rome.
  zh: 这在罗马城留下了一个权力真空。
- start: 2918.78
  end: 2923.183
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, who is going to be the most important man in Rome now?
  zh: 换句话说，谁将成为罗马现在最重要的人？
- start: 2924.364
  end: 2928.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And that role is going to be fulfilled by the bishop.
  zh: 这个角色将由主教来担任。
- start: 2928.367
  end: 2933.531
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The bishop of Rome will become the most important person in the city of Rome.
  zh: 罗马主教将成为罗马城最重要的人。
- start: 2934.127
  end: 2948.197
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So keep that in mind, because we're going to track the development of the office of the papacy, from the Bishop of Rome to the Pope, and talk about what are all the stepping stones along the way.
  zh: 所以请记住这一点，因为我们将追踪教宗职位的发展，从罗马主教到教宗，并讨论这一过程中的所有关键步骤。
- start: 2948.197
  end: 2954.181
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is one of those stepping stones, this is one of the things that contributes to the increasing power of the Bishop of Rome.
  zh: 这是其中一个关键步骤，是促使罗马主教权力增加的因素之一。
- start: 2956.303
  end: 2961.106
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Let me just run down a few other things that Constantine did in his reign.
  zh: 让我简单列举一下君士坦丁在位期间做的其他几件事。
- start: 2962.367
  end: 2969.16
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine also  Ended the use of crucifixion as a method of execution.
  zh: 君士坦丁还结束了使用十字架刑作为处决方法。
- start: 2969.26
  end: 2976.882
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he discouraged all forms of capital punishment, but of course capital punishment continued, but he ended the use of crucifixion.
  zh: 事实上，他不鼓励所有形式的死刑，但当然死刑仍在继续，但他结束了十字架刑的使用。
- start: 2976.882
  end: 3005.063
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This will pave the way for the church to pick up the idea or the symbol of the cross as a symbol for the church, because once it's not being used as a method of execution, it can become a symbol of sacrifice and forgiveness, etc.  Constantine also officially ended the gladiator games, but those continued, of course, especially in places where Constantine wasn't physically present.
  zh: 这为教会采用十字架的理念或符号作为教会的象征铺平了道路，因为一旦它不再被用作处决方法，它就可以成为牺牲和宽恕等的象征。君士坦丁还正式结束了角斗士比赛，但这些当然还在继续，特别是在君士坦丁不亲自在场的地方。
- start: 3005.784
  end: 3010.267
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, it continues even in Rome and the Colosseum.
  zh: 所以，你知道，它甚至在罗马和斗兽场继续存在。
- start: 3011.848
  end: 3021.475
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the fact that the games are officially ended means that no wealthy person really wants to pay for them.
  zh: 但比赛正式结束的事实意味着没有富人真的想为它们付钱。
- start: 3022.083
  end: 3028.045
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, there's going to be far fewer of them, and what will take their place is the chariot races.
  zh: 因此，它们的数量会大大减少，取而代之的是战车比赛。
- start: 3028.745
  end: 3036.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the chariot races become sort of, you know how passionate soccer fans are in most of the world?
  zh: 战车比赛变得有点像，你知道世界上大多数地方的足球迷有多热情吗？
- start: 3036.187
  end: 3040.468
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They call it football, we call it soccer here, but you know how that is.
  zh: 他们称之为足球，我们这里叫它足球，但你知道那是怎么回事。
- start: 3040.468
  end: 3061.421
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, the horse races become that, and so people are very passionate about their favorite team, there's a green team, there's a blue team, and  You can even buy mugs with your favorite chariot race team on them and fans get into fist fights and the whole business.
  zh: 嗯，赛马就变成那样了，所以人们对自己喜欢的队伍非常热情，有绿队，有蓝队，你甚至可以买到印有你最喜欢的战车比赛队伍的杯子，球迷们会打架，整个事情都是这样。
- start: 3061.421
  end: 3067.243
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the chariot races become much more important and more popular after this time.
  zh: 所以在这之后，战车比赛变得更加重要和受欢迎。
- start: 3068.725
  end: 3077.689
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine really discouraged pagan worship as much as he could, although he didn't really try to outlaw it entirely.
  zh: 君士坦丁尽可能地不鼓励异教崇拜，尽管他并没有真的试图完全取缔它。
- start: 3077.796
  end: 3080.637
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because that might have been impossible.
  zh: 因为那可能是不可能的。
- start: 3080.637
  end: 3085.82
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But he did make temple prostitution, ritual prostitution, illegal.
  zh: 但他确实使神庙卖淫、仪式性卖淫成为非法。
- start: 3085.94
  end: 3092.643
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And as much as he could, especially out in the provinces, he stripped the pagan temples of anything valuable.
  zh: 他尽可能地，特别是在各省，剥夺了异教神庙的任何有价值的东西。
- start: 3093.283
  end: 3097.525
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in some cases, this is where he got the money to build all those churches.
  zh: 在某些情况下，这就是他获得资金来建造所有那些教堂的地方。
- start: 3098.747
  end: 3103.89
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His people would go into a temple and any gold or whatever would be taken and melted down.
  zh: 他的人会进入一座神庙，任何金子或其他东西都会被拿走并熔化。
- start: 3103.89
  end: 3107.472
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anything valuable would be taken and the rest would be left there.
  zh: 任何有价值的东西都会被拿走，剩下的就留在那里。
- start: 3108.512
  end: 3111.454
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then this money was used to pay for new churches.
  zh: 然后这些钱被用来支付新教堂的建设。
- start: 3111.454
  end: 3115.296
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A lot of it was given to the bishops to go to the poor.
  zh: 其中很大一部分被给予主教们用于帮助穷人。
- start: 3115.296
  end: 3118.157
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it was also used to stabilize the economy.
  zh: 它也被用来稳定经济。
- start: 3118.157
  end: 3133.416
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because if you remember, we talked when we were in the third century,  The economy was in a recession, and so Constantine was able to stabilize the economy by using all of that wealth that was stockpiled in the pagan temples.
  zh: 因为如果你还记得，我们谈到三世纪时，经济正处于衰退中，所以君士坦丁能够通过使用那些积存在异教神庙中的所有财富来稳定经济。
- start: 3133.676
  end: 3137.897
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And as I said, a lot of money was given to the poor as well.
  zh: 正如我所说，很多钱也被给予了穷人。
- start: 3137.938
  end: 3144.44
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine made Sunday a day of rest from work, so you had him to thank for inventing the weekend.
  zh: 君士坦丁把星期天定为休息日，所以你要感谢他发明了周末。
- start: 3144.44
  end: 3153.339
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I already mentioned that he would give Christian bishops  The same authority as civil judges.
  zh: 我已经提到过，他给予基督教主教与民事法官同等的权力。
- start: 3153.339
  end: 3165.026
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So now, if you're a Christian and you have a beef with another Christian, the two of you can go to your bishop to settle the dispute without going to the secular court.
  zh: 所以现在，如果你是基督徒，与另一个基督徒有争议，你们两个可以去找主教解决争议，而不用去世俗法庭。
- start: 3165.566
  end: 3179.894
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, if you are taken to court by a fellow Christian, at any point in the court proceedings, you can stop the court proceedings and say, I want this to go and be transferred, change of venue, to the bishop.
  zh: 事实上，如果你被一个基督徒同伴告上法庭，在法庭程序的任何时候，你都可以停止诉讼程序并说，我要求这个案件转移到主教那里。
- start: 3180.143
  end: 3181.985
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And they have to do it.
  zh: 他们必须这样做。
- start: 3181.985
  end: 3184.546
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They have to allow that.
  zh: 他们必须允许这样做。
- start: 3184.647
  end: 3189.75
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even if the judge is about to pronounce your sentence, I pronounce you, git, stop!
  zh: 即使法官正要宣布你的判决，我宣布你，停下！
- start: 3190.711
  end: 3192.613
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now it has to go to the bishop and start over.
  zh: 现在它必须转到主教那里重新开始。
- start: 3192.613
  end: 3201.399
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you get the idea that the bishops are coming to have this authority on the level of civil magistrates, judges.
  zh: 所以你明白了主教们正在获得与民事官员、法官同等级别的权力。
- start: 3203.841
  end: 3209.025
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine continued to have bishops as his closest advisors, even traveling with him.
  zh: 君士坦丁继续让主教们成为他最亲密的顾问，甚至与他一起旅行。
- start: 3209.993
  end: 3220.498
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is a two-way street because he wanted bishops' advice on how to run the empire, but he expected the bishops to want his advice on how to run the church, too.
  zh: 这是一个双向的关系，因为他想要主教们关于如何治理帝国的建议，但他也期望主教们想要他关于如何管理教会的建议。
- start: 3220.498
  end: 3227.0
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he expected to be included in those discussions, and he did have a seat at the councils.
  zh: 所以他期望被包括在这些讨论中，他确实在教会会议中有一席之地。
- start: 3228.921
  end: 3235.684
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine made divorce more difficult and made adultery illegal.
  zh: 君士坦丁使离婚变得更加困难，并使通奸成为非法。
- start: 3236.038
  end: 3248.168
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, when I say that he made adultery illegal, what that means is that it was illegal for a man to commit adultery with another man's wife.
  zh: 现在，当我说他使通奸成为非法时，这意味着一个男人与另一个男人的妻子通奸是非法的。
- start: 3249.049
  end: 3263.361
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this is going to backfire on him, because by making adultery illegal, he opens the door for Roman men to accuse their rivals of adultery and get them executed.
  zh: 但这将对他产生反效果，因为通过使通奸成为非法，他为罗马男性打开了指控他们对手通奸并使他们被处决的大门。
- start: 3264.207
  end: 3268.05
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in fact, this happened to one of Constantine's own sons.
  zh: 事实上，这种情况发生在君士坦丁自己的一个儿子身上。
- start: 3268.31
  end: 3280.359
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine's son was accused of adultery and so Constantine felt obligated to have him executed.
  zh: 君士坦丁的儿子被指控通奸，所以君士坦丁觉得有义务处决他。
- start: 3281.28
  end: 3285.963
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Problem is, the accusation probably wasn't true.
  zh: 问题是，这个指控可能并不是真的。
- start: 3286.424
  end: 3306.535
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The accusation probably came from Constantine's own wife  Not the mother of the one who was executed, but the mother of another son, and this wife of Constantine wanted to get rid of the son that wasn't hers to sort of ensure that her own son would be the heir.
  zh: 这个指控可能来自君士坦丁自己的妻子，不是被处决的那个儿子的母亲，而是另一个儿子的母亲，这个君士坦丁的妻子想要除掉不是她亲生的儿子，以确保她自己的儿子成为继承人。
- start: 3306.535
  end: 3315.361
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So when Constantine arrives in Rome the next time, he is confronted by his mother, Helena, and pretty soon his wife is dead.
  zh: 所以当君士坦丁下次到达罗马时，他被他的母亲海伦娜质问，很快他的妻子就死了。
- start: 3316.182
  end: 3328.813
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, not quite sure what went on there, but the interesting thing about this is  That wife was the one that was Maximian's daughter, right?
  zh: 所以，不太确定那里发生了什么，但有趣的是，那个妻子就是马克西米安的女儿，对吧？
- start: 3330.394
  end: 3343.176
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Maximian's land in Rome, that he had confiscated, had been owned by previous emperors, but before that it had been private land, had eventually been confiscated.
  zh: 马克西米安在罗马的土地，就是他没收的那些，曾经属于前几任皇帝，但在那之前它是私人土地，最终被没收了。
- start: 3343.176
  end: 3346.456
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Maximian had taken this land.
  zh: 马克西米安占有了这片土地。
- start: 3346.456
  end: 3349.457
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Maxentius had occupied it.
  zh: 马克森提乌斯占据了它。
- start: 3351.627
  end: 3359.852
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Anyway, now that Maximian's daughter, Constantine's wife, is dead, the land basically goes to Constantine.
  zh: 无论如何，现在马克西米安的女儿，君士坦丁的妻子死了，这片土地基本上归君士坦丁所有了。
- start: 3359.852
  end: 3360.933
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What does he do?
  zh: 他做了什么？
- start: 3360.933
  end: 3363.054
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He gives it to the church.
  zh: 他把它给了教会。
- start: 3363.054
  end: 3367.636
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it's on that land that the Cathedral of Rome would be built.
  zh: 罗马大教堂就建在那片土地上。
- start: 3367.737
  end: 3370.998
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, the Cathedral of Rome is not St. Peter's in the Vatican, that's separate.
  zh: 现在，罗马大教堂不是梵蒂冈的圣彼得大教堂，那是另一回事。
- start: 3370.998
  end: 3394.261
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The cathedral in Rome is called St. John's Lateran, and it's the Lateran land that  That is meant to sort of demonstrate that Constantine is a complicated character.
  zh: 罗马的大教堂被称为圣约翰拉特兰大教堂，它建在拉特兰的土地上。这在某种程度上表明君士坦丁是一个复杂的人物。
- start: 3395.422
  end: 3401.165
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Some Christian denominations consider him a saint, others not so much.
  zh: 一些基督教派别认为他是圣人，其他派别则不太认同。
- start: 3401.434
  end: 3408.347
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: and there are things that he did that we might think are good, and there are things that he did that we might think are not good.
  zh: 他做的有些事我们可能认为是好的，有些事我们可能认为不好。
- start: 3409.25
  end: 3422.623
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Like many men in the ancient church,  He postponed his baptism until he was on his deathbed, because he didn't want to be bound by the moral expectations of the church while he ruled as emperor.
  zh: 像古代教会中的许多人一样，他推迟了洗礼直到临终前，因为他不想在作为皇帝统治时受到教会道德期望的约束。
- start: 3422.723
  end: 3428.108
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Emperors sometimes have to have people executed, and Constantine did that.
  zh: 皇帝有时不得不处决人，君士坦丁也这样做了。
- start: 3428.108
  end: 3432.532
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He executed his rivals even when they were members of his own family.
  zh: 他甚至处决了自己家族成员中的对手。
- start: 3435.512
  end: 3456.46
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He didn't really make paganism illegal, but any non-Christian soldiers in his army, on Sunday when the Christian soldiers were in worship, the non-Christian soldiers were rounded up and made to recite a prayer to the monotheistic god, a prayer that Constantine himself had written.
  zh: 他并没有真正使异教成为非法，但在他的军队中，每个星期天当基督教士兵在做礼拜时，非基督教士兵被集中起来，被迫背诵一段向一神教神祈祷的祷文，这是君士坦丁自己写的。
- start: 3462.574
  end: 3468.736
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He allowed the Jews to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but only one day a year.
  zh: 他允许犹太人朝圣耶路撒冷，但每年只有一天。
- start: 3468.736
  end: 3473.597
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And he reinforced the old law that conversion to Judaism was illegal.
  zh: 他加强了旧法律，规定改信犹太教是非法的。
- start: 3473.597
  end: 3479.459
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So again, he didn't make Judaism illegal, but he made it more difficult to practice.
  zh: 所以再次强调，他没有使犹太教成为非法，但他使其更难实践。
- start: 3479.459
  end: 3494.898
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he made converting to Christianity from Judaism much easier, and any Jew  Caught trying to prevent another Jew from converting to Christianity could be executed for that offense.
  zh: 事实上，他使从犹太教改信基督教变得更容易，任何被抓到试图阻止另一个犹太人改信基督教的犹太人都可能因此被处决。
- start: 3495.439
  end: 3497.959
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Jews could not own Christian slaves.
  zh: 犹太人不能拥有基督教奴隶。
- start: 3498.82
  end: 3504.502
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So notice he hasn't gotten rid of slavery, he has just said Jews cannot own Christians as slaves.
  zh: 所以注意，他并没有废除奴隶制，他只是说犹太人不能拥有基督徒作为奴隶。
- start: 3506.522
  end: 3521.252
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He also made heresy illegal so that people like the Donatists, I erased them, people like the Donatists  Not only are they excommunicated from the church, but they are considered outlaws as well.
  zh: 他还使异端成为非法，所以像多纳徒派这样的人，我擦掉了他们，像多纳徒派这样的人不仅被教会开除教籍，而且还被视为罪犯。
- start: 3521.413
  end: 3528.296
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Novationists were exempted because, as we're going to find out, while they're schismatic, they're not considered heretics.
  zh: 诺瓦提安派被豁免，因为正如我们将发现的，虽然他们是分裂派，但他们不被视为异端。
- start: 3528.636
  end: 3537.261
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the point is this, he's willing to use his government to discriminate against people with differing theological views, heretics.
  zh: 但关键是，他愿意利用他的政府来歧视那些持不同神学观点的人，即异端。
- start: 3537.261
  end: 3542.199
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's willing to use his government to discriminate against non-Christians.
  zh: 他愿意利用他的政府来歧视非基督徒。
- start: 3542.199
  end: 3544.48
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, there's already a precedent for this.
  zh: 现在，这已经有了先例。
- start: 3544.48
  end: 3557.407
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You may remember when we were talking about the adoptions, and there was that one bishop in Antioch, Paul of Samosata, who they had proclaimed him a heretic, but he wouldn't vacate the church in Antioch, they couldn't get rid of him.
  zh: 你可能记得我们谈到收养时，安提阿有一位主教，萨莫萨塔的保罗，他们宣布他是异端，但他不愿离开安提阿的教会，他们无法摆脱他。
- start: 3557.407
  end: 3563.71
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So they, eventually the emperor, who was a pagan, stepped in in order to keep the peace.
  zh: 所以最终，一位异教徒皇帝为了维持和平而介入。
- start: 3563.71
  end: 3569.233
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And remember what the emperor said, the church belongs to whomever is in agreement with Rome.
  zh: 记住皇帝说的话，教会属于与罗马意见一致的人。
- start: 3569.798
  end: 3571.099
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So Paul is out.
  zh: 所以保罗被赶出去了。
- start: 3571.099
  end: 3572.861
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Paul of Samosa is out.
  zh: 萨莫萨塔的保罗被赶出去了。
- start: 3572.861
  end: 3584.071
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that also sets a precedent of an emperor stepping in and using imperial, and in fact military, force to enforce church decisions.
  zh: 但这也为皇帝介入并使用帝国，实际上是军事力量来执行教会决定设立了先例。
- start: 3584.371
  end: 3593.119
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Constantine was happy to pick up that precedent and use force to back the church.
  zh: 因此，君士坦丁很乐意采用这个先例，使用武力来支持教会。
- start: 3593.119
  end: 3595.261
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That was considered legitimate.
  zh: 这被认为是合法的。
- start: 3595.455
  end: 3609.462
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So what we have to be clear about is that Emperor Constantine never made Christianity the only legal religion, though he did not allow any new temples or statues to be put up.
  zh: 所以我们必须明确的是，君士坦丁皇帝从未使基督教成为唯一合法的宗教，尽管他不允许建造任何新的神庙或雕像。
- start: 3610.003
  end: 3620.189
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It was not until a later emperor that we have Christianity as what I would call the official religion of the empire.
  zh: 直到后来的一位皇帝，我们才有了我所称的帝国官方宗教的基督教。
- start: 3620.189
  end: 3638.241
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The later emperor was Theodosius I,  Theodosius was emperor from 379 to 395. He was the first one to rule as a baptized Christian.
  zh: 后来的皇帝是狄奥多西一世，狄奥多西在379年至395年间统治。他是第一个作为受洗基督徒统治的皇帝。
- start: 3638.241
  end: 3643.544
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But even then, he only got baptized earlier because he was sick and thought he was going to die.
  zh: 但即便如此，他早先受洗只是因为他生病了，以为自己要死了。
- start: 3643.545
  end: 3650.289
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So they thought he was on his deathbed, they baptized him, he got better, now he rules as a baptized Christian.
  zh: 所以他们以为他快死了，给他施洗，他后来康复了，现在他作为一个受洗的基督徒统治。
- start: 3650.756
  end: 3655.319
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So he would have postponed his baptism if he could as well.
  zh: 所以如果可能的话，他也会推迟受洗。
- start: 3656.52
  end: 3666.067
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it was really Theodosius who ordered that all temples should be destroyed across the empire or converted into churches or whatever.
  zh: 但真正下令在整个帝国摧毁所有神庙或将其改造成教堂或其他用途的是狄奥多西。
- start: 3666.067
  end: 3676.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And it was really Theodosius who made the pagan religions illegal and made Christianity really the only legal religion.
  zh: 真正使异教成为非法并使基督教成为唯一合法宗教的也是狄奥多西。
- start: 3677.814
  end: 3692.686
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In an edict of the year 380,  Theodosius ordered that the Christian faith would be defined as that faith delivered by Peter to the Romans.
  zh: 在380年的一项诏书中，狄奥多西命令基督教信仰应被定义为彼得传给罗马人的信仰。
- start: 3693.507
  end: 3703.051
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, that's significant, again, because this is another one of those stepping stones on the way toward the increasing power of the Bishop of Rome.
  zh: 现在，这又一次很重要，因为这是罗马主教权力不断增加过程中的又一个关键步骤。
- start: 3703.051
  end: 3711.976
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because if you want to be considered Orthodox, you have to be in agreement with the Romans, or the Bishop of Rome.
  zh: 因为如果你想被认为是正统的，你必须与罗马人或罗马主教意见一致。
- start: 3711.976
  end: 3718.359
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Bishop of Rome is thought to be  understood to be the successor of Peter.
  zh: 罗马主教被认为是彼得的继承人。
- start: 3718.699
  end: 3733.168
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then in a second edict of 381, Theodosius actually made the practice of paganism illegal, or conversion to paganism illegal, and he actually demanded that all citizens be baptized.
  zh: 然后在381年的第二项诏书中，狄奥多西实际上使异教的实践或改信异教成为非法，他还要求所有公民都必须受洗。
- start: 3733.168
  end: 3737.11
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the tables aren't fully turned until Theodosius.
  zh: 所以直到狄奥多西时局势才完全扭转。
- start: 3737.411
  end: 3746.272
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, from Constantine on, apart from one brief exception, from Constantine on,  All of the emperors are going to be Christian.
  zh: 但是，从君士坦丁开始，除了一个短暂的例外，从君士坦丁开始，所有的皇帝都将是基督徒。
- start: 3747.373
  end: 3751.675
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, we have one question we need to deal with before we quit.
  zh: 现在，在我们结束之前还有一个问题需要处理。
- start: 3752.396
  end: 3755.338
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Was Constantine really a Christian?
  zh: 君士坦丁真的是基督徒吗？
- start: 3755.759
  end: 3759.121
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And depending on what books you read, you'll get every answer under the book.
  zh: 根据你读的书不同，你会得到各种各样的答案。
- start: 3759.381
  end: 3764.985
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the first thing we have to say is that it depends on how you define the word Christian.
  zh: 但我们首先要说的是，这取决于你如何定义「基督徒」这个词。
- start: 3765.005
  end: 3772.49
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because if you define Christian as a baptized Christian, then obviously Constantine did not rule as a baptized Christian.
  zh: 因为如果你把基督徒定义为受洗的基督徒，那么显然君士坦丁并不是作为一个受洗的基督徒统治的。
- start: 3773.131
  end: 3781.496
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But if you define Christian in the sense of a believer, then the question becomes, was Constantine really a believer?
  zh: 但如果你把基督徒定义为信徒，那么问题就变成了，君士坦丁真的是信徒吗？
- start: 3781.797
  end: 3790.122
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Did he really believe in the Christian faith, or was he only faking it to use the Church to his advantage?
  zh: 他真的相信基督教信仰，还是只是假装相信以利用教会为自己谋利？
- start: 3791.863
  end: 3804.415
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, as we're going to see, he does want, or he feels he needs the Church to help him  Because remember, Diocletian had this great idea.
  zh: 现在，正如我们将看到的，他确实想要，或者他觉得他需要教会来帮助他，因为记住，戴克里先有这个伟大的想法。
- start: 3804.415
  end: 3814.6
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Here's how he's going to safeguard the unity of the empire and stabilize the borders, by creating a tetrarchy and by spreading the rule out among four emperors.
  zh: 他打算通过创建四帝共治制和在四位皇帝之间分散统治来保护帝国的统一并稳定边界。
- start: 3814.6
  end: 3815.781
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, that's gone.
  zh: 好吧，那已经过去了。
- start: 3816.521
  end: 3824.025
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, what makes Constantine think one emperor can rule this empire if Diocletian didn't think that could be done?
  zh: 那么，是什么让君士坦丁认为一个皇帝可以统治这个帝国，如果戴克里先认为这是不可能的？
- start: 3824.105
  end: 3828.247
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, what makes Constantine think it can be done is he's got the church on his side.
  zh: 嗯，让君士坦丁认为这可以做到的是他有教会站在他这边。
- start: 3828.476
  end: 3832.258
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He hopes that the Church will help unify the Empire.
  zh: 他希望教会能帮助统一帝国。
- start: 3832.258
  end: 3834.48
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we know that's on his mind.
  zh: 所以我们知道他心里有这个想法。
- start: 3834.82
  end: 3842.765
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The question is still, was he sincerely a believer, or was he only faking it to use the Church to his advantage?
  zh: 问题仍然是，他是真诚的信徒，还是只是假装相信以利用教会为自己谋利？
- start: 3844.006
  end: 3849.73
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I will argue that he really was a believer.
  zh: 我会论证他确实是一个信徒。
- start: 3849.73
  end: 3852.791
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's clear that his father was a Christian.
  zh: 很明显，他的父亲是一个基督徒。
- start: 3853.332
  end: 3859.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: His father, Constantius, did not persecute  the area under his control.
  zh: 他的父亲康斯坦提乌斯没有迫害他控制下的地区。
- start: 3859.914
  end: 3864.635
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: At one point he allowed some churches to be torn down, but nobody died.
  zh: 有一次他允许一些教堂被拆毁，但没有人死亡。
- start: 3865.676
  end: 3871.757
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in fact, Constantius also had a daughter named Anastasia, which means resurrection.
  zh: 事实上，康斯坦提乌斯还有一个名叫阿纳斯塔西娅的女儿，这个名字意味着复活。
- start: 3872.757
  end: 3876.438
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's also clear that Constantine's mother was a Christian, Helena.
  zh: 很明显，君士坦丁的母亲海伦娜也是一个基督徒。
- start: 3877.118
  end: 3886.58
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: She, we know, was a devotee of a particular saint who may have been a heretic, but we won't worry about that right now, a guy named Lucian of Antioch.
  zh: 我们知道，她是一位特定圣人的虔诚信徒，这位圣人可能是个异端，但我们现在不用担心这个，这个人叫安提阿的路西安。
- start: 3886.781
  end: 3891.883
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And of course, as soon as the Holy Land is opened to pilgrimage, she's there.
  zh: 当然，一旦圣地对朝圣开放，她就去了。
- start: 3892.183
  end: 3895.524
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And she's now known to the Church as St. Helena.
  zh: 现在教会称她为圣海伦娜。
- start: 3898.606
  end: 3910.65
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then, you know, to march into battle under the banner of Christ, you either have to be a believer in Christ, or a pretty firm believer that the pagan gods are not going to strike you dead.
  zh: 然后，你知道，在基督的旗帜下进军作战，你要么必须是基督的信徒，要么必须坚信异教神不会把你击毙。
- start: 3910.73
  end: 3915.952
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'd have to say, well, maybe I don't believe in Christ, but I don't believe in those other gods either, so we'll go with this.
  zh: 你必须说，好吧，也许我不相信基督，但我也不相信那些其他的神，所以我们就选这个吧。
- start: 3916.092
  end: 3917.893
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I don't think that's where he was.
  zh: 我不认为他是这种情况。
- start: 3917.893
  end: 3924.616
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I don't think he would risk losing the battles if he didn't really believe in Christ.
  zh: 我不认为如果他不真的相信基督，他会冒险输掉战斗。
- start: 3925.317
  end: 3931.88
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So I think he was a sincere believer who also wanted to use the church to his advantage.
  zh: 所以我认为他是一个真诚的信徒，同时也想利用教会为自己谋利。
- start: 3932.08
  end: 3935.302
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And that's why I say he's a complicated character.
  zh: 这就是为什么我说他是一个复杂的人物。
- start: 3937.054
  end: 3942.077
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Was he converted in 312 at the Milvian Bridge because of his vision?
  zh: 他是否在312年因为在米尔维安桥的异象而皈依？
- start: 3942.237
  end: 3947.88
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or was he a Christian already before that and was just waiting for the right moment to go public?
  zh: 还是他在那之前就已经是基督徒了，只是在等待合适的时机公开？
- start: 3947.961
  end: 3948.961
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I guess we'll never know.
  zh: 我想我们永远不会知道。
- start: 3948.961
  end: 3956.846
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But I do believe that his faith was sincere to the extent that we see it lived out in his life.
  zh: 但我确实相信，从我们在他生活中看到的程度来说，他的信仰是真诚的。
- start: 3960.008
  end: 3971.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eusebius of Caesarea, I erased him, but Eusebius, who is Constantine's biographer,  compares Constantine to King David and to Moses.
  zh: 凯撒利亚的优西比乌，我擦掉了他，但优西比乌是君士坦丁的传记作者，他将君士坦丁比作大卫王和摩西。
- start: 3972.269
  end: 3977.731
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember the point in the Old Testament where King David, he's anointed to be the next king, but he's not crowned yet.
  zh: 记住旧约中的那个时刻，大卫王被膏立为下一任国王，但还没有加冕。
- start: 3977.991
  end: 3988.014
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Eusebius compares Constantine to that, you know, in that 306 time period where the troops have proclaimed an emperor, but he's really not ruling the whole empire yet.
  zh: 所以优西比乌将君士坦丁比作那个时期，你知道，在306年那个时期，军队已经宣布他为皇帝，但他还没有真正统治整个帝国。
- start: 3988.014
  end: 4010.96
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then he compares Constantine to Moses delivering the people from Egypt, where Maxentius  So, Constantine comes to be called a new savior, and even a new logos, creating order out of chaos, a representative of God's own power on earth.
  zh: 然后他将君士坦丁比作摩西带领人民离开埃及，而马克森提乌斯就像法老。因此，君士坦丁被称为新的救世主，甚至是新的道，从混乱中创造秩序，是神在地上力量的代表。
- start: 4010.96
  end: 4017.586
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As if to say, well, Jesus isn't here in physical form anymore, so at least now we have Constantine.
  zh: 好像在说，嗯，耶稣不再以肉身形式存在了，所以至少现在我们有了君士坦丁。
- start: 4017.586
  end: 4022.049
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Constantine is now God's man in the flesh, God's man on earth.
  zh: 君士坦丁现在是神在肉身中的人，是神在地上的人。
- start: 4024.781
  end: 4033.705
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Eusebius said that God was the author of Constantine's victory, that God put him in that position, and Constantine was happy to agree with that.
  zh: 优西比乌说神是君士坦丁胜利的创造者，是神把他放在那个位置上，而君士坦丁很乐意同意这一点。
- start: 4033.705
  end: 4043.349
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, Eusebius seems to have believed that the empire of Constantine was the kingdom of God on earth.
  zh: 事实上，优西比乌似乎相信君士坦丁的帝国就是神在地上的国度。
- start: 4043.489
  end: 4054.214
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so Constantine himself, again, very happy to believe that, saw it as his mission and his duty to expand both his own empire and the kingdom of God.
  zh: 所以君士坦丁本人再次很高兴相信这一点，他认为扩展自己的帝国和神的国度是他的使命和责任。
- start: 4055.181
  end: 4069.346
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now the interesting thing, we're almost done here and we're going to take a break, but the interesting thing I want to point out to you is that notice over time a different perspective develops in the East versus in the West.
  zh: 现在有趣的是，我们快要结束了，我们要休息一下，但我想指出的有趣的事情是，注意到随着时间的推移，东方和西方发展出了不同的观点。
- start: 4069.547
  end: 4077.93
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the East, you have this idea that the king or the emperor is the representative of God on earth.
  zh: 在东方，你有这样的观念，即国王或皇帝是神在地上的代表。
- start: 4077.93
  end: 4082.111
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So political power represents God's power on earth.
  zh: 所以政治权力代表神在地上的权力。
- start: 4082.111
  end: 4088.651
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Political power legitimates  the power of the church, and the church legitimates the political power.
  zh: 政治权力使教会的权力合法化，而教会使政治权力合法化。
- start: 4088.651
  end: 4101.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that in the East, you will always have this concept that the political power is above the ecclesiastical power, that the emperor is sort of over and above the bishops.
  zh: 所以在东方，你总会有这样的概念，即政治权力高于教会权力，皇帝在某种程度上凌驾于主教之上。
- start: 4102.419
  end: 4106.341
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the West, a different way of thinking about this is going to develop.
  zh: 在西方，将会发展出一种不同的思考方式。
- start: 4106.341
  end: 4112.505
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the West, as I already mentioned, the most important man in Rome will become the bishop of Rome.
  zh: 在西方，正如我已经提到的，罗马最重要的人将成为罗马主教。
- start: 4113.106
  end: 4121.991
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so in the West, the opposite way of looking at it is going to develop, where the ecclesiastical power is going to be above political power.
  zh: 因此在西方，将会发展出相反的看法，即教会权力将凌驾于政治权力之上。
- start: 4121.991
  end: 4129.255
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The bishop, specifically the bishop of Rome, will be even over the idea of a king.
  zh: 主教，特别是罗马主教，甚至会凌驾于国王的概念之上。
- start: 4129.436
  end: 4138.541
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we'll see that as we go more into the Middle Ages and talk more about the papacy, and the eventual split between East and West, because this will become one of the issues.
  zh: 当我们更深入地探讨中世纪并更多地讨论教皇制度，以及最终东西方的分裂时，我们会看到这一点，因为这将成为问题之一。
- start: 4140.182
  end: 4143.604
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, one more thing to say and then we'll see if there are questions.
  zh: 现在，再说一件事，然后我们看看是否有问题。
- start: 4144.905
  end: 4155.471
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As we're leaving it right now, Constantine has now gotten to the point where he is the sole emperor over a reunified empire.
  zh: 就目前而言，君士坦丁已经达到了成为统一帝国唯一皇帝的地步。
- start: 4156.052
  end: 4163.276
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And Constantine fully expects that the Church will help him keep the unity of the empire.
  zh: 君士坦丁完全期望教会将帮助他保持帝国的统一。
- start: 4163.997
  end: 4169.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, he gets a rude awakening, because the Church  is falling into schism, or threatens to.
  zh: 但是，他得到了一个残酷的觉醒，因为教会正在陷入分裂，或者有分裂的威胁。
- start: 4169.886
  end: 4172.487
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, who's going to unify the church?
  zh: 换句话说，谁来统一教会？
- start: 4172.487
  end: 4183.191
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: First we have to worry about the unity of the church before we can worry about the unity of the empire, because in the West, you've got the Donatists and you've got the Novatians, two schismatic groups.
  zh: 在我们担心帝国的统一之前，我们首先要担心教会的统一，因为在西方，你有多纳徒派和诺瓦提安派，两个分裂的群体。
- start: 4183.331
  end: 4191.415
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the East, you have the emergence of a controversy known as Arianism, which is going to be the subject for our next hour.
  zh: 在东方，出现了一个被称为亚流主义的争议，这将是我们下一个小时的主题。
- start: 4191.995
  end: 4194.456
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's going to be an important issue.
  zh: 这将是一个重要的问题。
- start: 4194.456
  end: 4197.357
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, let's see if there are questions at this point.
  zh: 所以，让我们看看在这一点上是否有问题。
- start: 4197.648
  end: 4208.635
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I know I gave you a lot of information, thanks for your attention, but what questions do you have?
  zh: 我知道我给了你们很多信息，谢谢你们的关注，但你们有什么问题吗？
- start: 4208.635
  end: 4210.436
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What I said before that.
  zh: 我之前说的。
- start: 4210.436
  end: 4229.944
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, I mean, it flows out of this idea that Constantine  is seen as God's representative on earth.
  zh: 嗯，我的意思是，这源于君士坦丁被视为神在地上的代表这一观念。
- start: 4230.165
  end: 4246.255
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So if Constantine, the emperor, is God's representative on earth, and in fact future emperors, Theodosius, etc. If the emperor is God's representative on earth, then the emperor represents divine power in the realm of the world.
  zh: 所以如果君士坦丁，这位皇帝，是神在地上的代表，事实上未来的皇帝，狄奥多西等也是。如果皇帝是神在地上的代表，那么皇帝就代表了世界领域中的神圣权力。
- start: 4246.255
  end: 4254.88
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the East will go with that sort of idea that the emperor is the supreme power, and in fact the representative of God's power.
  zh: 所以东方会接受皇帝是最高权力，实际上是神权力的代表这种观念。
- start: 4255.305
  end: 4281.978
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the West isn't going to really have that, because the Western emperors will not be as strong going forward, and while the Western emperor's power declines, the power of the Bishop of Rome will increase, and so in the West you're going to have the opposite view, that the peak of the pyramid in terms of the Church's authority will be the highest authority.
  zh: 但西方不会真的有这种观念，因为西方皇帝在未来不会那么强大，而西方皇帝的权力下降时，罗马主教的权力会增加，所以在西方你会有相反的观点，即在教会权威方面，金字塔的顶端将是最高权威。
- start: 4282.841
  end: 4288.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To put it in a nutshell, the East will see it this way, state over church.
  zh: 简而言之，东方会这样看：国家高于教会。
- start: 4288.605
  end: 4291.747
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The West will see it this way, church over state.
  zh: 西方会这样看：教会高于国家。
- start: 4292.208
  end: 4296.13
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So keep that in mind for later, that's going to be important.
  zh: 所以记住这一点，以后会很重要。
- start: 4296.13
  end: 4299.093
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How did Galerius die?
  zh: 加列里乌斯是怎么死的？
- start: 4299.093
  end: 4302.455
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Galerius died of some nasty disease.
  zh: 加列里乌斯死于某种可怕的疾病。
- start: 4302.935
  end: 4310.58
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We don't really know what it was, but he died a very slow and painful death, if you believe the sources.
  zh: 我们不知道具体是什么病，但如果你相信史料的话，他死得非常缓慢和痛苦。
- start: 4311.528
  end: 4328.591
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in fact, on his deathbed, in the year 311, he issued an edict called the Edict of Toleration, which basically he said, okay, okay, I'll stop the persecution if you Christians will only pray for me, because obviously your God is powerful.
  zh: 事实上，在他临终前，在311年，他颁布了一项名为宽容诏书的法令，基本上他说，好吧，好吧，如果你们基督徒只为我祈祷，我就停止迫害，因为显然你们的神很强大。
- start: 4328.771
  end: 4338.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so that was the Edict of Toleration, and theoretically would have ended persecution in the East, except as soon as he died, they ignored him, and the people who took over kept persecuting him.
  zh: 这就是宽容诏书，理论上应该结束了东方的迫害，但是一旦他死了，他们就无视了他，接管权力的人继续进行迫害。
- start: 4339.338
  end: 4341.28
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Thanks for your attention.
  zh: 谢谢你们的关注。
- start: 4341.28
  end: 4343.542
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Let's take a 15 minute break.
  zh: 让我们休息15分钟。
