好的，欢迎回到早期教会的话题。今晚第一个小时我们将讨论大迫害和君士坦 丁大帝的崛起，他可以说是第一位基督徒皇帝，我们稍后会讨论这个问题。 Okay, so welcome back to the early church, and tonight in our first hour we're talking about the great persecution and the rise of the Emperor Constantine, arguably the first Christian Emperor, and we will talk about that question before we're done.
简单回顾一下，距离上一次真正的迫害已经过去了大约40年。 So, just to catch you up, it's been about 40 years since the last real persecution.
在帝国的许多城市中，基督徒和非基督徒已经找到了和平共处的方式。 Christians and non-Christians have found a way to get along in a lot of the cities of the empire.
事实上，非基督徒已经开始习惯看到教会建筑。 Non-Christians, in fact, are getting used to actually seeing church buildings.
还记得我们开始这门课程时，我说过在教会初期，基督徒是在家中聚会的。 Remember when we started this course, I said at the beginning of the church, Christians met in homes.
你过去在街上走不会看到教堂建筑，但现在这种情况开始出现了。 You couldn't walk down the street and see a church as in a church building, but now that's starting to happen.
因为住宅被改造成敬拜场所，后来其他建筑也被用于敬拜。现在我们已经到 了这样一个地步：尽管基督教在技术上仍不是合法宗教，但已经有专门用于 基督徒敬拜的建筑，而且几乎每个人都知道这些建筑在哪里，用来做什么。 because homes became converted into being worship spaces and then later on other buildings were used for worship and eventually we've gotten to the point now where even though Christianity is technically still not a legal religion, there are buildings that are designated only for Christian worship and pretty much everybody knows where they are and what they're for.
许多罗马人开始更加接受各种形式的一神教。 Many of the Romans are becoming more accepting of various forms of monotheism.
因此，基督徒只敬拜一位神的观念不像过去那样闻所未闻了。 So the idea of Christians worshipping only one God is not so unheard of as it used to be.
事实上，罗马帝国中有些城市的基督徒人口已经占多数。 And in fact, there are some cities in the Roman Empire that actually have a majority Christian population.
在一些地方，人们认为只有住在乡村地区的人和政 府工作人员才仍然坚持古老的希腊罗马神话传统。 In some places, it's thought that only the people who live out in the rural areas and people who have government jobs are the only ones that still cling to the old, traditional Greco-Roman mythologies.
事实上，我们的「异教徒」一词来自拉丁语paga ni，意思是乡村居民，指生活在农村地区的人。 In fact, our word pagan comes from the Latin pagani, meaning the country dwellers, the people who live out in the rural areas.
因此，在一些地方，特别是一些大城市，人们感觉只有乡村人还在坚持古老的神话。 And so, in some places, in some of the bigger cities, there's a feeling like, well, you know, it's only the rural people who still hold on to the old myths.
这一切使教会在帝国中变得安逸。 All of this allows a church to get comfortable in the empire.
有人会说教会变得过于安逸了。 Some people would say that the church got too comfortable.
即使在这个时期，一些基督徒也批评教会其他人变得松懈， 在某种意义上不再感到有必要过与世俗文化相对的生活。 Even during this time, some Christians critiqued the rest of the church for becoming lax, in a sense, no longer feeling the need to live counter-culturally.
此外，缺乏迫害使教会内部的派系公开化。 Also, the lack of persecution brought factions out into the open.
因此，教会内部的派系现在公开化了，并开始互相争 论，因为他们不再有迫害者这个显著的共同敌人。 So there were factions within the church that now came into the open and began arguing amongst themselves now that they no longer had a prominent common enemy in the persecutors.
总之，他们看不到即将到来的事。 And so, bottom line is, they can't see what's coming.
即将到来的是罗马人对教会最后、最大、最严重的迫害。我们称之为大迫害。 What's coming is the last and greatest and worst persecution of the church by the Romans We refer to it as the Great Persecution.
事实上，一些早期基督教作家最终甚至会说，大迫害是神对教会的惩罚， 因为教会在生活和道德上变得松懈，并允许这些派系在教会内部发展。 In fact, some early Christian writers would even eventually say that the Great Persecution was God's punishment on the Church for becoming lax in its living, its morals, and for allowing these factions to develop within the Church.
所以，在285年，一位新皇帝登上了王位。 So, in the year 285, A new emperor came to the throne.
他的名字是戴克里先。 His name was Diocletian.
我把他的名字写在这里，这个图表很快就会让你明白。 I put his name up here, and this chart will make sense to you in a minute.
戴克里先在285年成为皇帝。他做的一件事就是把首都迁到了东方。 But Diocletian becomes emperor in the year 285. And one of the things he did was he moved his capital to the east.
现在，我们这些来自西方的人心中有这样一种观念：西方更发达，经济更稳 健，我们来自第一世界，而有些国家是第三世界。再次强调，我们这些在西 方长大的人带有这样的偏见，认为东方的地方都很落后，不如西方发达。 Now, those of us who are from the west have this idea in our minds that the West is more developed and more economically sound and we have this idea that we are from the first world and that there are these third world countries and, you know, again, those of us who have grown up in the West, you know, live with this sort of prejudice that somehow, you know, in the East are all these places that are backwards and, you know, not as well developed as the West.
这就是我们的想法。 That's what we think.
这是否属实，那是另一回事。 Whether that's true, different story.
但你需要了解的是，在古代世界，情况恰恰相反。因为在古代世界 ，东方被认为更发达，经济更稳健，东方更富裕。所以我们正在进 入一个历史时期，东方正成为令人向往的地方，而不是西方。 But what you need to know about the ancient world is You have to reverse that, because in the ancient world, it's the East that is thought to be more developed, more economically sound, there's more wealth in the East, and so we're moving into an era of history when the East is becoming the desirable place to be, as opposed to the West.
那么戴克里先想做什么呢？ So what does Diocletian want to do?
他想把首都，实际上是他的朝廷，迁到东方的尼科米底亚城。 He wants to move his capital, and in fact his court, to the East, to the city of Nicomedia.
尼科米底亚位于小亚细亚，也就是现在的土耳其。 Nicomedia is over there in Asia Minor in what is now Turkey.
现在，戴克里先作为皇帝统治有两个主要目标。 Now, the Diocesan Legion has two main goals for his reign as emperor.
他想稳定边境，并恢复传统宗教。 He wants to stabilize the borders, and he wants to get back to traditional religion.
他想重现帝国的辉煌时代，很像忒修斯所做的那样。 He wants to bring back the glory days of the empire, very much like Theseus did.
记得吗，我们学过他。 Remember, we learned about him.
所以他想恢复传统宗教。 And so he wants to bring back traditional religion.
为了实现第一个目标，即稳定边境，他创立了所谓的四帝共治制。 To accomplish the first goal, stabilizing the borders, he created what's called a tetrarchy.
四帝共治制是指由四个人统治。 Tetrarchy is a word that means the rule of four.
有四个统治者。 There are four rulers.
所以他在某种意义上把帝国分给了四位皇帝。 And so what he did was he divvied up the empire among four emperors, in a sense.
因此，帝国被分为东西两部分。 And so the empire is split between east and west.
然后在东西两部分中，各有一位称为奥古斯都的高级皇帝，和一位称为凯撒的低级皇帝。 And then within each of the East and West, there's a senior emperor called the Augustus, and a junior emperor called the Caesar.
在此之前，这些头衔几乎是同义词，或者是每个皇帝多个头衔中的一部分。 Now before this time, those titles have become pretty much synonymous, or part of the multiple titles of every emperor.
但现在这些头衔有了不同的含义。 But now the titles come to mean different things.
奥古斯都是高级皇帝，凯撒是低级皇帝。 The Augustus is the senior emperor, the Caesar is the junior emperor.
所以显然戴克里先为自己保留了最好的位置。 So obviously Diocletian reserves for himself the best position.
东部的奥古斯都。 The Eastern Augustus.
所以他是帝国最好的东部地区的最高皇帝，新都在尼科米底亚。 So he's the highest emperor in the best part of the empire in the East, with his new capital in Nicomedia.
现在，他在东部的第二把手是他的女婿加列里乌斯。 Now, his second in command in the East is his son-in-law, Galerius.
你要记住，当一个皇帝想选择继承人或第二把手时，他 们常用的方法是把女儿嫁给那个人来巩固这个选择。 Now, what you have to remember is that when an emperor wants to choose a successor or a second in command, often the way they cement that choice is by marrying their daughter to that person.
加列里乌斯是戴克里先的女婿，因为加列里乌斯娶了戴克里先的女儿。 Galerius is Diocletian's son-in-law because Galerius married Diocletian's daughter.
所以你明白了。 So you get that.
现在，在西部，被选为奥古斯都的是一个叫马克西米安的人，而凯撒是将军康斯坦提乌斯。 Now, in the West, the Augustus chosen was a guy named Maxinian, and the Caesar is the general Constantius.
现在，剧透一下，康斯坦提乌斯是君士坦丁的父亲，这样你就知道故事要往哪里发展了。 Now, spoiler alert, Constantius is Constantine's father, just so you see where the story is going here.
西部的首都实际上将设在米兰城。 The Western capital is actually going to be in the city of Milan.
你知道米兰在哪里，对吧？ You know where Milan is, right?
意大利北部？ Northern Italy?
米兰变得比罗马更重要，并将持续一段时间，因为它在我们现在称为欧洲的地方更居中。 Milan is becoming more important than Rome, and will continue to do so for a while, because it's more centrally located in what we now call Europe.
他们那时候不叫它欧洲，但你明白我的意思。 They didn't call it Europe then, but you get the idea.
米兰位置更加居中，所以西部的首都正在向米兰转移。 Milan is more centrally located, so the Western capital is shifting more towards Milan.
康斯坦提乌斯也通过娶马克西米安的女儿成为了马克西米安的女婿。 Constantius Also became the son-in-law of Maximian by marrying Maximian's daughter.
但为了做到这一点，康斯坦提乌斯不得不与君士坦丁的母亲海伦娜离婚。 But in order to do that, Constantius had to divorce Constantine's mother, Helena.
记住她，稍后会提到。 Remember her for later.
她将会很重要。 She's going to be important.
顺便说一下，她就是圣海伦娜。 She is, by the way, Saint Helena.
但她是康斯坦提乌斯的原配妻子，也是君士坦丁的母亲。 But she is Constantius' original wife and the mother of Constantine.
所以请记住这一点。 So keep that in mind.
好的。 Alright.
当四帝共治制建立时，康斯坦提乌斯的儿子君士坦丁基本上是搬到东 方，在戴克里先的军队中担任将军，并住在东部首都和东部宫廷。 When the Tetrarchy is created, Constantius' son, Constantine, moves to the east basically to be a general in Diocletian's army and to live in the eastern capital and in the eastern court.
这就是戴克里先为了稳定边境而设立的组织结构。 So that's the organizational structure that Diocletian set up in order to try and stabilize the borders.
这其实是相当高明的。 And it's actually kind of brilliant.
而且它确实在一段时间内起了作用。 And it actually kind of worked for a while.
现在，关于第二个目标，恢复传统宗教。 Now, on the second goal, to bring back the traditional religion.
记得我说过，到这个时候，基督徒在罗马文化中已经变得有些可以接受了。 Remember that I said that by this time, Christians have become somewhat acceptable in Roman culture.
这意味着他们不再害怕在群体中发声。 And so that means that they're not afraid to speak up at the group.
他们也不认为还会有更多的迫害。 And they don't really see any more persecution coming.
他们开始认为也许那些都已经过去了。 They've started to think that maybe that's all behind them.
所以当戴克里先提出恢复传统宗教的议程时，他受到了基督徒的公开批评。 And so when Diocletian proposes This agenda of bringing back traditional religion, he was openly criticized by the Christians.
这引发了一些反基督教的情绪。 This brought back some anti-Christian feelings.
我们还有一些哲学家在写反基督教的文章。 We also have certain philosophers who are writing anti-Christian documents.
尽管普通人不一定反对基督徒，但精英阶层，如哲 学家和皇帝，他们甚至会认为这是一件危险的事。 And even though the average person was not necessarily opposed to the Christians, the elite, like the philosophers and the emperors, They would have seen even that as a dangerous thing.
换句话说，普通人没有意识到这些基督徒有多危险，这本身就是危险的。 In other words, it's dangerous that the average person doesn't realize how dangerous these Christians are.
所以，在某种意义上，基督徒仍被认为是颠覆性的和反罗马的，因为尽管许多关于食 人和乱伦的旧谣言已经被搁置一边，但基督教的某些方面仍被视为与罗马文化相悖。 So, Christians are still considered to be, in a sense, subversive and anti-Roman because even though a lot of the old rumors of cannibalism and incest have sort of gone by the wayside, there are still aspects of Christianity that are seen as against Roman culture.
比如，基督徒现在祝福那些不是合法婚姻的结合。 Like, for example, the way the Christians are now blessing unions that are not legal marriages.
还有基督教会利用某些公司法律的方式，就像你可能创建一个殡葬协会或类似的公司那样。 And the way that the Christian church is using certain corporation laws like, you know, the way you might create a funeral society or something as a corporation.
我想我们讨论过这个。 I believe we talked about that.
基督徒利用这一点来拥有基督教崇拜的建筑，也就是拥有教堂建筑。 The Christians are using that to own buildings for Christian worship, so to have church buildings.
事实上，在尼科米底亚的首都，戴克里先可以从他 宫殿的阳台上看到基督教堂，这让他感到不安。 In fact, in the capital of Nicomedia, Diocletian could look out of his balcony from his palace and see the Christian church, and that bothered him.
除此之外，戴克里先的妻子和女儿，也就是戴克里先的妻子 和他的女儿，也就是加列里乌斯的妻子，很可能是基督徒。 On top of that, Diocletian's wife and daughter, so Diocletian's wife and then his daughter, who is Galerius' wife, We're probably Christians.
如果她们不是基督徒，也对教会非常同情，但我甚至可以说她们很可能就是基督徒。 If they weren't Christians, they were highly sympathetic to the church, but I would go so far as to say that they probably were Christians.
这让戴克里先和加列里乌斯感到不安。 And so this bothered Diocletian and Galerius.
这尤其让加列里乌斯感到不安。 It especially bothered Galerius.
所以加列里乌斯面临我们可能称之为两面压力的情况。 And so Galerius has what we might call pressure from two sides.
他有一个基督徒妻子，还有一个基督徒对手康斯坦提乌斯。 He's got a Christian wife, and he's got a Christian rival in Constantius.
现在，关于康斯坦提乌斯是否真的是基督徒还有争议，但似乎很明显，因 为每当要进行迫害时，康斯坦提乌斯几乎从不允许在他负责的地区执行。 Now, there's debate over whether Constantius was in fact a Christian, but it seems pretty clear because whenever there's going to be persecution, Constantius almost never allows it to be enforced in the areas that he's in charge of.
我们稍后会讨论这一点。 And so we'll talk about that in a bit.
但可能因为加列里乌斯将康斯坦提乌斯视为对手，加上他自己家中的冲突 ，加列里乌斯似乎是煽动迫害并压迫戴克里先再次开始迫害教会的人。 But probably because Galerius saw Constantius as a rival and because of conflict in his own home, Galerius seems to have been the one who instigated the persecution and pressured Diocletian to really begin persecuting the church again.
据说，在299年，东部的一支军队计划出战，你知道他们在 战斗前总是做什么吗？他们会咨询占卜师，也就是预言家。 According to the story, in the year 299, one of the eastern armies was planning to go into battle, and you know what they always did before they went into battle was they consulted the augurs, the soothsayers.
他们会剖开一些可怜的祭祀动物的内脏，然后阅读 内脏，试图判断这是否是一个适合战斗的好日子。 who then opened up the entrails of some poor sacrificial animals, and they would read the entrails and try to discern whether this was a good day to go into battle.
问题是，在这个特殊场合，人们注意到当占卜师试 图阅读内脏时，军团中有一群基督徒在画十字。 The problem was, on this particular occasion, it was noticed that when the soothsayers were trying to read the entrails, there was a bunch of Christians in the legions who were crossing themselves.
那时候，画十字可能是这样做的。 Now back then, crossing yourself probably meant doing like this.
在额头上画十字，不一定是这样的大动作，但无论如何意思是一样的。 The cross on the forehead, Not necessarily the big one like this, but either way it means the same thing.
就像这里有一群基督徒，他们不想与正在进行的异教祭祀有任何关系，所以他们画十字。 It's like, here's a bunch of Christians who don't want to have anything to do with this pagan sacrifice that's going on, so they cross themselves.
但这被视为一种缺乏信仰的表现，会干扰占卜或预言。 But this is seen as the kind of lack of faith that would interfere with the soothsaying or the augury.
所以，当试图阅读内脏的异教祭司无法做到时，是的，他们责怪基督徒。 So, when the pagan priests who were trying to read the entrails couldn't do it, Yes, they blamed the Christians.
因此，迫害，即大迫害，最初是从试图清除军团中的基督徒开始的。 And so the persecution, the great persecution, begins originally with an attempt to purge the legions of Christians.
我们要把所有的基督徒都赶出军队，因为如果不这样做，我们怎么知道是否应该出战呢？ We're going to get all the Christians out of the army because if we don't, how are we ever going to know whether we're supposed to march into battle or not?
所以最终，他们最初的做法是说，所有士兵都必须进行异教祭祀。 And so eventually, so originally what they did was they said, well, all soldiers have to make a pagan sacrifice.
以证明他们对军团的忠诚。 To prove their loyalty to the legions.
如果他们不这样做，就必须退出军队。 And if they don't, they have to quit the military.
所以最初只是祭祀或退出。 So originally it was just sacrifice or quit.
但不久之后，这就演变成了祭祀或死亡。 But before too long it evolved into sacrifice or die.
但看看这里发生了什么。 But see what's happening here.
参与异教祭祀被用作忠诚度的测试。 The participation in a pagan sacrifice is used as a test of loyalty.
而未能通过这个忠诚度测试基本上就是承认你犯了叛国罪。 And to fail to perform that test of loyalty is Admitting that you're guilty of treason, basically.
叛国罪是死罪，所以任何拒绝祭祀的人至少可能被监禁或酷刑，但也可能被处决。 And so, treason is a capital offense, and so anyone who refused to make the sacrifices could be at least imprisoned and or tortured, but probably also could be executed as well.
另一方面，你只需要进行祭祀就可以获得赦免。 On the other hand, all you had to do was make the sacrifice to earn your pardon.
从那里开始，他们开始拆毁教堂，戴克里先和加列里 乌斯从同一个阳台上看着尼科米底亚的教堂被洗劫。 Well, from there it went to the demolition of churches, and Diocletian and Galerius watched from that same balcony while the church at Nicomedia was ransacked.
禁卫军，皇帝的精锐士兵，禁卫军破门而入，进入教堂寻找神的雕像。 The Praetorian Guard, the emperor's elite corps of soldiers, the Praetorian Guard broke down the doors and entered the church to find the statue of God.
因为他们就是这么假设的，认为里面显然会有一个基督教神的雕像。 Because they just assumed, well, there's obviously going to be a statue of the Christian God in there.
当他们没有找到神的雕像时，他们确实没收并焚烧了经文，然后拆毁了教堂。 When they didn't find the statue of God, they did confiscate and burn scriptures, and then the church was torn down.
加列里乌斯想把它烧掉，但戴克里先担心火势可能会蔓延，所以只是拆毁了它。 Galerius wanted it burned down, but Diocletian was afraid that the fire might spread, so it was only torn down.
然后第二天，四道帝国诏书中的第一道颁布了，第一道诏书是在303年 复活节前不久颁布的。所以在303年和304年，我们得到了四道帝国 诏书，基本上强调基督教是非法的，并促进对基督徒的迫害和处决。 And then the next day came the first of four imperial edicts, the first one coming shortly before Easter in the year 303. So in the years 303 and 304, we get four imperial edicts that essentially emphasize that Christianity is outlawed and promote the persecution and execution of Christians.
它基本上是从命令焚毁所有基督教堂和没收基督徒财产开始的。 It begins basically by mandating that all Christian churches are to be burned down and Christian property confiscated.
所以如果你发现任何圣杯、盘子或任何与崇拜有关的东西，都要被没收。 So if you find any chalices or plates or anything, has to do with worship, that is all to be confiscated.
任何被认为是基督教圣书或圣文的书籍都要被焚烧。 Any books that are found that are thought to be Christian holy books or sacred writings are to be burned.
如果在私人住宅中发现任何这些东西，那么这个私人住宅就会被视为教堂，也会被烧毁。 If any of these things are found in a private home, that private home is to be seen as a church and it's going to be burned down as well.
这导致了一些示威，一些基督徒的抗议，进而导致了更多的诏书。 This led to some demonstrations, some protests by Christians which in turn led to more edicts.
基督教崇拜被禁止。 Christian worship was forbidden.
基督徒聚会被宣布为非法。 Christian meetings declared illegal.
实际上它们本来就是非法的，但之前一直被容忍。 Now they really kind of already were, but they had been tolerated.
承认自己是基督徒的人可能会被剥夺他们所拥有的任何社会 地位，任何高社会地位的人都可能被送到血汗工厂做苦工。 Christians who admitted to be so could be stripped of any social rank they had, and anyone of a high social rank could be sent into servitude in the sweatshops.
这些血汗工厂是由帝国宫廷经营的。 that were run by the imperial court.
教会领袖被监禁和酷刑。 Church leaders were imprisoned and tortured.
法律规定，如果你想出庭，你必须先进行异教祭祀。 And the law was made that if you wanted to appear in court, you had to first make a pagan sacrifice.
换句话说，规定必须进行异教祭祀才能在法庭上发言，意味着没有基督徒 能够这样做。现在，还记得我们讨论过德西乌斯皇帝统治下的迫害吗？ So in other words, by saying that pagan sacrifices are required to be heard in court meant that no Christian Now, remember when we talked about the persecution under the Emperor Decius?
音乐将被省略。 Music will be omitted.
很少有人进行祭祀，成千上万的人殉道，监狱人满为患。 far fewer people sacrificed, thousands were martyred, and the prisons were full to capacity.
当然，要记住，在古代世界，监狱不是长期关押人的地方。 Of course, remember, in the ancient world, a prison is not a place where you hold somebody long-term.
监狱是人们等待被释放或处决的地方。 A prison is a place where people wait to either be released or executed.
所以他们没有大型监狱，他们只有我们可能认为的县级监狱。 And so they don't have huge prisons, they just have what we might think of as county jail.
所以这些监狱很快就满了。 And so those filled up pretty fast.
在304年，又有两道诏书。 In the year 304, Two more edicts.
基本上，帝国的所有居民都必须进行异教祭祀，否则就会被处 死，或被送去矿山做工，这基本上就是一个缓慢的死刑判决。 Basically, all inhabitants of the empire must make pagan sacrifice or die, or be sent to work in the mines, which was basically a slow death sentence.
任何被认为是基督教的整个城镇都会被烧成平地，连同里面的人一起。 Any whole town thought to be Christian were burned to the ground with the people in them.
对基督徒的处决变得越来越，我们可以说，富有创意。 And the executions of Christians became increasingly, shall we say, creative.
换句话说，它们被设计得越来越可怕，以起到越来越大的威慑作用。 In other words, they were meant to be more and more horrible, to be more and more of a deterrent.
因为帝国真正想要的是叛教者，而不是殉道者。 because really what the Empire wanted was apostates, not martyrs.
宣传的使用成为迫害的一部分。 The use of propaganda becomes part of the persecution.
有一份文件叫做《彼拉多行传》。 There was a document called the Acts of Pilate.
现在想想这个。 Now think about this.
《彼拉多行传》。 The Acts of Pilate.
想象一个福音故事的版本，其中本丢彼拉多是英雄。 Imagine a version of the Gospel story where Pontius Pilate is the hero.
基本上就是这样。 That's basically what it was.
因此，《彼拉多行传》成为所有文法学校的必读材料。 And so the Acts of Pilate became required reading in all the grammar schools.
现在记住，当这一切发生的时候，康斯坦提乌斯 的儿子君士坦丁在东方，他亲眼目睹了这一切。 Now remember, while all this is going on, Constantine, the son of Constantius, is in the East, and he's seeing all this firsthand.
据说，迫害对老加列里乌斯来说进展不够快，所以他做了什 么呢，加列里乌斯放火烧了部分宫殿，然后嫁祸给基督徒。 According to the story, the persecution wasn't moving along fast enough for old Galerius, so what he did was, Galerius set part of the palace on fire and blamed the Christians.
现在，我们不能确定这是否真的发生了。 Now, we can't be sure if this really happened.
这听起来很像尼禄时期发生的替罪羊事件。 It sounds a lot like the scapegoating that went on during Nero's time.
但无论如何，这就是这个故事。 But anyway, that's the story.
结果是戴克里先变得如此愤怒，以至于他强迫自己的妻子和女儿也参与异教祭祀。 And the upshot of that was that Diocletian became so angry that he forced his own wife and daughter to also participate in the pagan sacrifice.
在305年，当戴克里先的健康状况恶化时，加列里乌斯强迫他退位。 Now in the year 305, when Diocletian's health failed, Galerius forced him to retire.
当戴克里先下台时，马克西米安也被迫退位。 When Diocletian steps down, Maximian was also forced to retire as well.
所以我们这里将会看到两位凯撒晋升到最高位置，我实际上要擦掉这个以避免混淆，但 两位凯撒将晋升到最高位置，然后的想法是选择两位新的凯撒作为他们的得力助手。 And so what we're going to have here is the two Caesars move up into the position of, I'm just going to actually erase this to avoid confusion, but the two Caesars will move up into the highest position, and then the idea would be that two new Caesars would be chosen to be their right-hand men.
但基本上，问题就在这里。 And so basically, here's the problem though.
你想为西部选择一个新的凯撒，一个新的第二把 手，但马克西米安和康斯坦提乌斯都有儿子。 You want to choose a new Caesar, a new second-in-command for the West, But both Maximian and Constantius have sons.
康斯坦提乌斯的儿子，如你所知，是君士坦丁。 Constantius' son, as you know, is Constantine.
马克西米安的儿子是马克森提乌斯。 Maximian's son is Maxentius.
我很抱歉这些名字如此相似，我也无能为力。 And I'm sorry about the similarity of names, I can't help it.
但这就是当时的情况。 But this is the situation.
这两位皇帝的儿子都想成为下一个继承人，但他们不可能同时成为继承人。 Both of these sons of the emperors would want to be the next in line, but they can't both be next in line.
所以加列里乌斯试图通过选择另一个人，第三个人来避免冲突。 So Galerius tried to avoid conflict by choosing another man, a third guy.
我们现在不用担心他的名字。 And we're not going to worry about his name right now.
但发生的事是康斯坦提乌斯在306年去世。在他去世之前，君士坦丁去了西方陪伴他。 But what happened was is that Constantius died in the year 306. And before he died, Constantine went to the West to be with him.
当康斯坦提乌斯去世时，他的军队，他的军团说，哦，我们伟大的领袖康斯坦提 乌斯死了，这是他的儿子，于是儿子君士坦丁被宣布为奥古斯都，而不是凯撒。 And when Constantius died, his troops, his legions, said, oh, our great leader Constantius is dead, there's his son, and the son, Constantine, was proclaimed, not Caesar, but Augustus.
所以军团现在宣布我们的朋友君士坦丁为西方的最高统治者。 So the legions now proclaimed our friend Constantine as the highest ruler in the West.
而君士坦丁在西方获得权力后做的第一件事就是结束迫害。 And the first thing Constantine did when he gained power in the West It ended persecution.
西方不再有迫害。 No more persecution in the West.
事实上，他对基督徒进行了赔偿。 In fact, he gave restitutions to the Christians.
他愿意归还财产并重建建筑。 He was willing to give back property and rebuild buildings.
这件事的重要之处在于，理论上东方仍有一位更高级的皇帝。 The significant thing about this is, theoretically, there is still a higher emperor in the East.
但在这里，君士坦丁愿意推翻东方皇帝的诏书。不，对 于我的统治，对于我在西方的地区，我要推翻那个。 But here, Constantine is willing to overrule the Eastern emperor's edict No, for my rule, for my area in the West, I am going to overrule that.
这样做不仅是推翻东方皇帝，而且现在给了东方皇帝的臣民一个 希望，也许他们的皇帝会死，而君士坦丁将成为他们的解放者。 What that does is, not only is he overruling the eastern emperor, but he is now giving the subjects of the eastern emperor a reason to hope that maybe their emperor will die and Constantine will be their liberator.
因为加列里乌斯的基督徒臣民仍在遭受迫害。 Because the Christian subjects of Galerius are still suffering under persecution.
而君士坦丁现在是解除迫害的人。 And Constantine is now the guy who relieves the persecution.
因此，他很快成为东方皇帝的对手，你可以看到事情会如何发展。 And so, he quickly becomes a rival to the Eastern Emperor, and you can see where that's going to go.
现在看，我们不会详细讨论一段时间内发生的所有帝 国纷争，因为那很复杂，而且你现在也不需要知道。 Now look, we're not going to go into detail about all the imperial wrangling that go on for a while, because it's very complicated and it's not necessary for you to know it right now.
只需说它包括战争、战斗、婚姻、谋杀阴谋、背叛 ，以及你在现实生活中所能预期的所有性和暴力。 Suffice to say that it includes wars, battles, marriages, murder plots, betrayals, and all of that sex and violence that you would expect from real life.
不过，就我们的目的而言，你只需要知道这些就够了。 For our purposes, though, it's enough for you to know this.
马克森提乌斯对君士坦丁自封为西方皇帝并不满意。 Maxentius is not happy with Constantine as the self-proclaimed Emperor of the West.
所以在307年，马克森提乌斯去了罗马并占领了罗马城。 So in 307, Maxentius went to Rome and took the city of Rome.
他表现得相当暴虐。 And he was being quite the tyrant.
他并没有特别迫害基督徒，但他实际上迫害了所有人，因为只要有人拥 有他想要的东西，他就会捏造叛国罪名，处决他们并夺取他们的财产。 Now he didn't specifically persecute the Christians, but he really pretty much persecuted everybody, because anyone who had anything he wanted, he created a trumped up treason charge, had them executed and took their stuff.
所以，在312年，君士坦丁已经南下穿过意大 利，在罗马城外，罗马北部，河的另一边扎营。 So, in the year 312, Constantine has moved down through Italy, and is camped outside of Rome, to the north of Rome, on the other side of the river.
你可能知道台伯河流经罗马，但在北边它成为了一种边界。 Now, you may know that the river Tiber runs through Rome, but at the north side it becomes a kind of a border.
有一座跨越台伯河的桥叫做米尔维安桥。 And there's a bridge that goes across the Tiber called the Milvian Bridge.
米尔维安桥。 The Milvian Bridge.
马克森提乌斯已经摧毁了米尔维安桥，所以君士坦丁无法利用它进入罗马。 Now, Maxentius had destroyed the Milvian Bridge, so Constantine couldn't use it to get into Rome.
但那就是君士坦丁在城外扎营的地方。 But that's the spot where Constantine was encamped outside the city.
在罗马城内，罗马人民正在暴动并起来反对马克森提乌斯，因为他是 个暴君，他们想摆脱他，他们实际上希望君士坦丁赢得这场战斗。 Inside Rome, the people of Rome are rioting and rising up against Maxentius because he's a tyrant and they want to get rid of him, and they actually want Constantine to win this battle.
然后我们听到了君士坦丁异象的伟大故事，这个故事有不同的版本，但基本上是这样的。 And then we get this great story of Constantine's vision, and there are different versions of the story, but basically it goes something like this.
要么是战斗前夜，要么是那天早晨的黎明时分，无论是在梦中 还是在异象中，君士坦丁看到天空中闪耀着一个符号的异象。 Either the night before battle or that morning in the twilight, either in a dream or in a vision, Constantine sees this vision of a symbol emblazoned on the sky.
这个符号是基督的字母组合。 And the symbol is the monogram of Christ.
它看起来像这样。 And it looks like this.
它看起来像一个P和一个X。你以前见过，对吧？ It looks like a P with an X. You've seen that before, right?
这实际上是两个希腊字母chi和rho。 This is actually the two Greek letters chi and rho.
X是字母p，有时发音为chi。 The x is the letter p, or sometimes pronounced chi.
而p是字母rho，实际上像我们的字母r。但这些 是希腊词或名字Christos的前两个字母。 And the p is the letter rho, which is actually like our letter r. But these are the first two letters in the Greek word or name Christos.
所以从某种意义上说，这是基督的首字母。 So this is the initials of Christ, in a sense.
我们有时称之为希罗标志。 And we sometimes call it the chi rho.
它也被称为拉巴鲁姆。 It is also called the lavarum.
但关键是，这是一个会被认为与基督有关的符号。 But the point is that this is a symbol that would have been recognized as relating to the person of Christ.
现在，在一些版本的故事中，说君士坦丁看到天空中闪耀着一个十字架。 Now, in some versions of the story, it says Constantine saw a cross emblazoned on the sky.
很可能这个符号也可以被称为十字架。 It could very well be that the key can also be called a cross.
但你可以看到它也与耶稣死亡的处决方式有关，对吧？ But you can see how it also relates to the method of execution by which Jesus died, right?
他被钉在十字架上。 He hung on a cross.
唯一的问题是，在历史的这个时期，基督教会还没有使用十字 架作为基督教的象征，因为人们仍在被钉在十字架上处决。 The only thing is that at this time in history, the Christian church is not yet using the cross as a symbol of Christianity, because people are still getting executed on crosses.
所以那要稍晚一些才出现。 So that comes in a little bit later.
但无论如何，这个想法和故事是，这就是君士坦丁看到的异象。 But at any rate, the idea is, and the story is, that this is the vision that Constantine saw.
当他看到这个时，他听到一个天上的声音说，「凭此标记，你将征服。」 And when he saw this, he heard a heavenly voice say, In this sign, you will conquer.
凭此标记，征服。 In this sign, conquer.
君士坦丁把这个符号放在他自己的头盔上和他军团的军旗上。 Constantine had the symbol put on his own helmet and on the standard of his legions.
你知道军旗是什么吗？ You know what a standard is?
它就像一面旗帜。 It's like a banner.
想象它是一根带有横梁和旗帜的杆子。 Imagine it's a pole with a crossbeam and a banner.
在这些旗帜的某处，君士坦丁让士兵们放上基督的符号。 Somewhere on these banners, Constantine had the soldiers put the symbol of Christ.
所以当他们出征时，他们实际上是在基督的旗帜下行军。 So when they went into war, they went into war literally marching under the banner of Christ.
这个标记后来被称为救恩的标记。 And the sign will come to be called the sign of salvation.
现在，如果马克森提乌斯只是待在城墙内，他可能还好。 Now, if Maxentius had just stayed inside the city walls, he might have been okay.
但人民正在暴动，他们正在起来反对他。 But the people are rioting, they're rising up against him.
他去咨询了一个神谕，另一个异教预言家。 And he goes and consults an oracle, another pagan soothsayer.
神谕说了什么？ And what does the oracle say?
据说，神谕说，今天罗马的敌人将会死去。 According to the story, the oracle says, today the enemy of Rome will die.
当然，马克森提乌斯想，太好了，他们一定是在说君士坦丁，所以我要出去战斗。 And of course, Maxentius thinks, great, they must be talking about Constantine, so I'm going to go out into battle.
但你猜怎么着？ But guess what?
罗马的敌人就是马克森提乌斯自己。 The enemy of Rome is Maxentius himself.
所以马克森提乌斯实际上出去迎战君士坦丁。 So Maxentius actually went out to meet Constantine.
他们用船只绑在一起建造了一座临时桥梁。 They built a makeshift bridge of boats tied together.
但当君士坦丁正在赢得战斗而马克森提乌斯想要 撤退时，船桥崩塌了，他掉进台伯河淹死了。 But when Constantine was winning the battle and Maxentius wanted to retreat, the bridge of boats collapsed and he fell into the Tiber River and drowned.
后来的基督教作家将此比作法老试图追赶摩西穿过红海，对吧？ And later Christian writers will compare this to Pharaoh trying to chase Moses through the Red Sea, right?
马和骑马的被抛入海中，米利暗之歌，对吧？ Horse and rider cast into the sea, the song of Miriam, right?
所以，马克森提乌斯在台伯河中溺水，君士坦丁在罗马被视 为解放者，在这一点上，我们将讨论他的基督教信仰问题。 So, Maxentius drowns in the Tiber, Constantine is received in Rome as a liberator, and at this point, we'll get around to the question of his Christianity, his faith.
但此时，君士坦丁进入罗马城。 But at this point, Constantine marches into the city of Rome.
他的随行人员中已经有基督教主教。 He's already got Christian bishops in his entourage.
他做的第一件事是什么？ And what is the first thing he did?
好吧，让我告诉你他没有做的第一件事。 Well, let me tell you the first thing he didn't do.
他没有感谢众神赐予他胜利。 He didn't thank the gods for his victory.
通常你会这样做：你取得胜利，进入罗马，直接 上山到朱庇特神庙，向朱庇特献祭以感谢胜利。 Normally what you do is, You have a victory, you march into Rome, you go right up the hill to the temple of Jupiter, and you make your sacrifices to Jupiter in thanksgiving for the victory.
君士坦丁故意没有这样做。 Constantine intentionally did not do that.
这让一些人感到愤怒，但他能够平息这种情绪。 And it made some people angry, but he was able to smooth it over.
但是，他所做的是立即撤销马克森提乌斯所做的一切，并立即恢复了基督徒的公民权。 But, what he did was he immediately undid all the things that Maxentius had done, and he immediately restored civil rights to the Christians.
他选择了他随行人员中的一位主教作为他最信任的顾问，一个名叫奥西乌斯的人。 And he took as his most trusted advisor, one of the bishops in his entourage, a guy named Osius.
奥西乌斯，有时你会看到它拼写为波西乌斯，像带字母H一样。科尔多瓦 的奥西乌斯，你也会看到这个名字有各种拼写方式，但奥西乌斯是一位来 自西班牙的忏悔师，他成为了君士坦丁的得力助手，他最信任的顾问。 Osius, sometimes you'll see it spelled Posius, like with the letter H. Osius of Cordova, And you'll see this spelled various ways too, but Osius was a confessor from Spain, and he became Constantine's right-hand man, his most trusted advisor.
现在，看看这里发生了什么。 Now, look at what's happening here.
一位罗马皇帝选择一位基督教主教作为他最亲密的顾问。 And a Roman emperor who chooses as his closest advisor a Christian bishop.
紧接着的第二年是313年。在313年，君士坦丁颁布了他自己的诏书，米兰诏书。 The very next year was 313. In the year 313, Constantine issued an edict of his own, the Edict of Milan.
313年的米兰诏书。它实际上更像是一封给元老院和 各省总督的信，但它赋予了基督徒宗教崇拜的自由。 Edict of Milan, 313. It's really more of a letter to the Senate and to the governors of provinces, but it granted freedom of worship for Christians.
事实上，这封信实际上说它旨在赋予每个人宗教崇拜的自由。 In fact, the letter actually says that it's meant to grant freedom of worship to everyone.
所以，通过这样做，基督教成为了一个合法的宗教。 So, by doing that, Christianity becomes a legal religion.
但它不是唯一的合法宗教。 But it is not the only legal religion.
它只是像其他宗教一样变得合法。 It simply becomes legal like the other religions.
而且现在也合法地可以遗赠财产给教会，教会也可以拥有财产，因为现 在教会作为一个合法实体可以像公司一样存在并拥有财产、接受遗嘱等 。然后君士坦丁说，在迫害期间被夺走的所有教会财产必须无偿归还。 And it also becomes legal to will money to the church and for the church to own property because now the church as a legal entity can exist as kind of a corporate corporation and own property, receive wills, etc. And then Constantine says that all church property that was taken during the persecutions must be returned without payment.
换句话说，如果你是非基督徒，并且你获得了一些土地或一些基 督教财产，你必须归还它，而且不要指望我们会为此付钱给你。 So in other words, if you're a non-Christian and you've gotten a hold of some land or some Christian property, you have to give it back and don't expect us to pay you for it.
君士坦丁还发明了神职人员的免税地位，基本上免除了神职 人员的某些税收和某些公民责任，例如必须参加异教仪式。 Constantine also invented the tax-exempt status for clergy, basically exempting clergy from certain taxes and from certain civic responsibilities like, for example, having to participate in pagan ceremonies.
他还用帝国的钱来建造和重建教堂。 And he used imperial money To build and rebuild churches.
事实上，这就是罗马第一批基督教大教堂建造的时候。 In fact, this is when the first of the Christian basilicas in Rome are built.
这些建筑建在罗马城殉道者的坟墓上。 The buildings that were built over the graves of the martyrs in the city of Rome.
所以君士坦丁出钱建造了这些。 So Constantine paid to have these built.
在某些情况下，到了314年，君士坦丁意识到西 方教会出现了一个分裂，这就是多纳徒派的分裂。 And in some cases, In the year 314, Constantine has become aware of a schism in the church in the West, and it's the schism of the Donatists.
我们还没有讨论过这些人，但我们会的。 And we haven't talked about these folks yet, but we will.
我们只是还没有谈到这个。 We just haven't gotten around to it yet.
为了拼写的缘故，多纳徒派是一个起源于北非的严格派别。 So, for the sake of spelling, the Donatists are a rigorous faction that started in North Africa.
因此，随着米尔维安桥之战和312年占领罗马，然后在313年前 往米兰，君士坦丁现在成为了西方的皇帝，无可争议的西方皇帝。 And so Constantine becomes now, with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and taking Rome in 312 and then going to Milan in 313, Constantine has become the Emperor of the West, undisputed Emperor of the West.
但他意识到教会内部存在派系，其中一个派系就是多纳徒派。 But he has become aware that the Church has factioning in it, and one of these factions is the Donatists.
314年，君士坦丁命令主教们召开一次会议。 In 314, Constantine ordered the bishops to have a council.
这是第一次由皇帝召集的基督教会议。 And so this is the first council of the Christian church convened by an emperor.
阿尔勒会议。 The Council of Arles.
第一次由皇帝召集的教会会议。 First church council called by an emperor.
通过这样做，他设立了一些重要的先例。 And in doing this, he set some important precedents.
他支付了主教们从各地赶来的费用。 He paid for the bishops to get there, from wherever they were coming from.
罗马帝国有一种公共交通系统，可以想象成一种驿马快递，但他允许基 督教主教们免费使用，这实际上使他们享有与政府官员同等的特权。 The Roman Empire had a kind of public transportation system, kind of imagine a pony express, but he allowed the Christian bishops to use that for free, which in effect makes them privileged on the same level as government officials.
他赋予基督教主教与民事法官同等的权力。 He gave Christian bishops the same authority as civil judges.
这样他们就有权在这些会议上决定问题。 so that they would have the authority to decide issues at these councils.
正如我所说，我们稍后会讨论多纳徒派，但我先透露一下 ，在阿尔勒会议上，多纳徒主义和重洗礼都将被谴责。 Now, as I said, we're going to talk about the Donatists later, but I'll just give you the spoiler that at the Council of Arles, Donatism, along with rebaptism, will be condemned.
因此，从现在开始，当皇帝参与一个会议时，无论会议决 定什么，不仅有主教团的权威，现在还有政府的支持。 And so, from now on, when the emperor is involved in a council, whatever the council decides, Does not only have the authority of the group of bishops, but it has the backing of the government now.
因此，通过参与这个会议，成为决定将多纳徒主义定为异端的一部分，并明确规 定当帝国的钱给予教会时，不会给予多纳徒派，通过做这一切，君士坦丁实际上 强化了教会作为公教会的定义，而不是多纳徒派或任何其他分裂或异端派别。 And so, by participating in this, and by being a part of this council that decides that Donatism is condemned as a form of heresy, and by specifying that when imperial money is given to the church, it's not given to the Donatists, By doing all that, Constantine has, in effect, reinforced the definition of the Church as the Catholic Church, not the Donatists or any other schismatic or heretical faction.
现在请记住，当我在这里使用「公教会」这个词时，我使用 它的方式就像我可能使用「主流」或「多数」这个词一样。 Now just remember, when I use the term Catholic here, I'm using it in the same way as I might use the word the mainstream or the majority.
但这有点儿回避问题。 But that sort of begs the question.
你知道，「公教会」这个词意味着普世的，但我们知道，我在这里定义的公 教会并不是真正的普世教会，因为还有没有被包括在内的多纳徒派基督徒。 The word Catholic, as you know, means universal, but we know that the Catholic Church, as I'm defining it here, isn't really the universal Church because there are Donatist Christians who aren't included.
因此，虽然「公教会」这个词原本意味着普世的，但它已经变成了教会 的一种特定表达，你知道，这是一种说法，我们是公教会，而你不是。 And so, while the word Catholic has come to, it means originally universal, it's come to mean a specific expression of the Church so that, you know, it's a way of saying we're Catholic and you are not.
它仍然意味着多数，仍然意味着主流，但多纳徒派的问题不会消失。 It still means the majority, it still means the mainstream, but the Stoicist issue is not going to go away.
所以，我只是想向你展示，从君士坦丁统治的一开始，他就参与了教会事务。 So, I just want to show you how, from the very beginning of Constantine's reign, he's involved in the Church.
好的，现在，问题是君士坦丁只是西方的皇帝。 Okay, now, the thing is that Constantine is only the Emperor of the West.
东方还有另一位皇帝。 There is another Emperor in the East.
不再是加列里乌斯了。 It's not Galerius anymore.
加列里乌斯死得很惨。 Galerius died a horrible death.
基督教作家们很乐意描述它有多么可怕。 And the Christian writers were very happy to describe just how horrible it was.
但无论如何，东方的新皇帝是一个叫利西尼乌斯的人。 But at any rate, the new emperor of the East is this guy named Licinius.
讽刺的是，利西尼乌斯当时和君士坦丁一起在米兰，从技术上讲 ，他们共同颁布了米兰诏书，尽管这实际上是来自君士坦丁。 Ironically, Licinius was in Milan with Constantine, and technically speaking, they issued the Edict of Milan together, although it's really from Constantine.
但现在利西尼乌斯在东方，他正在迫害基督徒。 But now Licinius is in the East and now he's persecuting Christians.
他迫害东方教会的一种方式是阻止或使主教们聚会成为非法。 And one of the ways he persecuted the church in the East was he prevented or made it illegal for bishops to meet together.
这意味着你不能召开任何会议。 Which meant you can't have any councils.
东方有自己的问题，我们稍后会讨论。 The East has its own issues, which we'll talk about later.
他们不被允许召开任何会议。 And they're not allowed to have any councils.
如果你不能把主教们聚集在一起，你就不能祝圣新的主教。 And if you can't gather bishops together in one place, you can't consecrate new bishops.
因为至少需要几位主教来祝圣一位新主教。 because it takes at least a couple of bishops to consecrate a new bishop.
最终，利西尼乌斯的迫害升级到了他实际上下令所有基 督徒要么被弄瞎，要么被弄瘸，以标记他们为罪犯。 Eventually, the persecution under Licinius escalates to the point where he actually ordered that all Christians should be either blinded or hobbled to mark them as criminals.
好吧，你知道这会导向何处，对吧？ Well, you know where this is going, right?
君士坦丁和利西尼乌斯都想成为整个帝国唯一的皇帝，对吧？ Both Constantine and Licinius want to be the only emperor of the whole shebang, right?
据说，他们之间的战争是在利西尼乌斯试图暗杀君士坦丁时开始的。 According to the story, the war between them was started when Licinius tried to assassinate Constantine.
这是否属实并不重要，因为无论如何这些人都会开战。 Whether that's true or not is irrelevant because these guys were going to war no matter what.
忘掉四帝共治制吧，那已经结束了。 Forget the tetrarchy, that's over.
现在将会是，某人将再次成为整个帝国的唯一皇帝。 It's now going to be, somebody's going to be the sole emperor again over the whole empire.
所以大约在316年，两人开战了。 So somewhere around 316, The two went to war.
战争断断续续持续了相当长的时间。 The war lasted quite a while, off and on.
但最终，剧透一下，你知道结果如何，最终君士坦丁在324年击败利西尼乌 斯成为唯一的皇帝。所以324年是君士坦丁成为整个帝国唯一皇帝的年份。 But eventually, spoiler alert, you know where this is going, eventually Constantine became the sole emperor by defeating Licinius in 324. So 324 is the year that Constantine became the sole emperor of the whole empire.
他做了什么？ And what did he do?
他立即停止了所有迫害。 Immediately he stopped all persecution.
并为教会制定了赔偿制度，归还财产，给予资金重建教堂。 and instituted the restitution for the church, gave the property back, gave money to rebuild the churches.
事实上，他甚至给予资金扩建不需要重建的教堂，因为他相信，你 知道，现在他掌控了局面，人们会成群结队地加入教会想要成为基 督徒，所以他认为现有的教堂太小了，因此他出钱让它们扩建。 In fact, he even gave money to enlarge churches that didn't need to be rebuilt because he believed that, you know, now that he was in control, people were going to be joining the church wanting to become Christians in droves, so he believed that the existing churches were too small, so he paid to have them enlarged.
现在，君士坦丁的母亲，还记得海伦娜吗？ Now, Constantine's mother, remember Helena?
君士坦丁的母亲，一旦东方安定下来，在326-327年间朝圣圣地。326-32 7年，君士坦丁的母亲去了圣地，她找到了耶稣诞生、死亡和复活，以及升天的地点。 Constantine's mother, once the East was secure, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the years 326-327. 326-327, Constantine's mother goes to the Holy Land, and she located the site of Jesus' birth, his death and resurrection, and his ascension.
她带回罗马所谓的圣阶，这是通往总督府的台阶，彼拉多在耶路撒冷时会在那里设立他 的总部，所以如果你记得福音故事，当耶稣受审并见到彼拉多时，他必须上这些台阶。 And she brought back to Rome the so-called Holy Stairs, which were the stairs leading up to the Praetorium where Pilate would have made his headquarters when he was in Jerusalem, so that if you remember the Gospel story, when Jesus is being tried and he meets Pilate, he's got to go up these stairs.
显然，这些就是从耶路撒冷移除并带回海伦娜当时居住的罗马的台阶。 Those, apparently, were the stairs that were then removed From Jerusalem and brought back to Rome where Helena was currently living.
但这里重要的部分是，在海伦娜指定为耶稣诞生、 死亡和升天地点的地方，君士坦丁建造了教堂。 But the important part here is that on the sites that Helena designated as the sites of the birth and death and ascension of Jesus, Constantine built churches there.
所以他在伯利恒的洞穴上建造了圣诞教堂，据说耶稣就是在那里出生的。 So he built the Church of the Nativity over the cave in Bethlehem where Jesus was said to have been born.
现在，记住，无论你是否相信这些是耶稣诞生的实际地点，这些地点并不是随意选择的。 Now, remember, Whether or not you believe these are the actual sites of Jesus' birth, these sites were not arbitrarily picked.
我的意思是，她能够询问那些一直生活在那里的人，那些家族世代生活在那里的人。 I mean, she was able to ask people who had been living there, whose families had been living there for generations.
君士坦丁在橄榄山上建造了升天教堂，据说耶稣就是在那里升天的。 Constantine built the Church of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives, where Jesus is said to have ascended.
他在亚伯拉罕接受访问的地方建造了一座教堂。 He built a church at the site of the visitation to Abraham.
你还记得那三位天使访客吧。 You remember the three angelic visitors.
圣殿被拆除，并对其下方进行了挖掘。 The temple was torn down and underneath it was excavated.
挖掘者发现了一座坟墓和一些木头，所以在那个地方，君士坦丁建造了 圣墓教堂，如果你了解耶路撒冷的传统，这座教堂不仅包括了耶稣被钉 十字架的地点，还包括了坟墓的地点，想想看，坟墓就是复活的地点。 The excavators found a tomb and some wood, which So on that site, Constantine built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which if you know anything about the tradition in Jerusalem, the idea is that that church encompasses not only the site of the crucifixion, but the site of the tomb, and think about it, the tomb is the site of the resurrection.
所以，从某种意义上说，这座教堂包含了耶稣死亡和复活的地点。 So, in a sense, that church encompasses the site of both the death and resurrection of Jesus.
现在，还有另一个竞争的地点，声称是坟墓的所在地，所谓的花园坟墓，但那是另一回事。 Now, there's another site that competes, that claims to be the site of the tomb, the so-called Garden Tomb, but that's separate.
但重点是这个。 But here's the point.
君士坦丁的传记作者，一位名叫优西比乌的主教，凯撒利亚 的优西比乌，凯撒利亚现在是以色列沿海的一个港口城市。 Constantine's biographer, a bishop named Eusebius, Eusebius of Caesarea, Caesarea is the port city on the coast of Israel now.
优西比乌是写君士坦丁生平的人。 Eusebius is the one who writes about Constantine's life.
在谈到君士坦丁建造这些教堂时，圣诞教堂，特别是在耶路撒冷的圣 墓教堂，升天教堂，优西比乌说，这就是启示录中的新耶路撒冷。 In talking about Constantine building these churches, the Church of the Nativity, and especially in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Church of the Ascension, Eusebius says, this is the new Jerusalem of the book of Revelation.
所以当启示录谈到新耶路撒冷时，优西比乌说，就是这个，君士坦丁已经建造了它。 So when the book of Revelation talks about a new Jerusalem, Eusebius is saying, there it is, Constantine has built it.
这在某种程度上为君士坦丁作为皇帝的统治定下 了基调，也影响了人们当时和后来如何看待它。 And this sort of sets the tone for Constantine's reign as emperor and the way people looked at it and looked back on it.
所以，就像戴克里先那样，君士坦丁也想把首都迁到东方。 So, like Diocletian did, Constantine also wants to move the capital to the east.
但现有的城市，包括罗马，这些现有的城市太异教化了。 But the existing cities, including Rome, the existing cities are too pagan.
他想从头开始。 He wants to start from scratch.
他想创建一个没有异教的基督教城市。 He wants to create a Christian city with no paganism in it.
现在，根据一个故事，他在梦中得到神的指示，但无论如何发生的， 他选择了拜占庭城，如果你想在地图上找到拜占庭，你是找不到的。 Now, according to one story, he was told by God in a dream, but however it happened, he chose the city of Byzantium, If you want to find Byzantium on a map, you aren't going to find it.
但他选择了拜占庭城，并将其改造成一个新城市，他称之为新罗马。 But he chose the city of Byzantium and turned it into a new city that he called Nova Roma, New Rome.
最终人们开始称它为君士坦丁城或君士坦丁堡。 Eventually people just started calling it Constantine City or Constantinople.
如果你想在地图上找到君士坦丁堡，你也找不到，但找伊斯坦布尔，那就是大致的位置。 If you want to find Constantinople on a map, you're not going to find that either, but look for Istanbul, and then you're going to be in the general vicinity.
但君士坦丁所做的是，他几乎从头开始创建了一 座城市，因为拜占庭那里原本没有多少东西。 But what Constantine did was, he created a city almost from scratch, because Byzantium, there wasn't much there.
所以他几乎从头开始创建了一座城市，有自己的 元老院和法院，并使之成为一个基督教城市。 So he created a city almost from scratch, with its own Senate and its own court, and made it a Christian city.
他在326年开始建造君士坦丁堡，330年完工，那里不允许有任何异教。 He started building Constantinople in 326, It was completed in 330, and no paganism would be allowed there.
他拆毁了神庙。 He tore down the temples.
他建造了教堂。 He built churches.
任何异教神或神话英雄的雕像要么被拆除，要么通过雕刻被改造成圣徒的雕像。 Any statues of pagan gods or mythic heroes were either torn down or they were turned into the statues of saints by, you know, chiseling.
我的意思是，他们对面部做了一点整形手术，对吧？ I mean, they do a little plastic surgery on the face, right?
他们凿掉一些颧骨，凿掉一些鼻子，哦，现在它变成了君士坦丁的雕像，或者别的什么。 They chisel off some cheekbones and chisel off some nose and, oh, now it's a statue of Constantine, or whatever.
或者有时候，只需要把一个神祇的雕像从神庙里拿出来，插在喷泉中间的花园里就足够了。 Or sometimes it was simply enough to take a statue of a deity out of the temple and stick it in a garden in the middle of a fountain.
这在某种程度上消除了它所谓的力量或其他什么。 And it sort of nullifies it in terms of its supposed power or whatever.
但无论如何，这就是君士坦丁所做的。 But at any rate, this is what Constantine did.
他在东方建立了自己的基督教城市。 He built his own Christian city in the East.
现在，这意味着罗马不再是帝国的首都。 Now, what that means is that Rome is no longer going to be the imperial capital.
这也意味着罗马最重要的人不再在罗马了。 And it also means that the most important man in Rome is not in Rome anymore.
皇帝离开了。 The emperor is gone.
这在罗马城留下了一个权力真空。 So that left a power vacuum in the city of Rome.
换句话说，谁将成为罗马现在最重要的人？ In other words, who is going to be the most important man in Rome now?
这个角色将由主教来担任。 And that role is going to be fulfilled by the bishop.
罗马主教将成为罗马城最重要的人。 The bishop of Rome will become the most important person in the city of Rome.
所以请记住这一点，因为我们将追踪教宗职位的发展，从 罗马主教到教宗，并讨论这一过程中的所有关键步骤。 So keep that in mind, because we're going to track the development of the office of the papacy, from the Bishop of Rome to the Pope, and talk about what are all the stepping stones along the way.
这是其中一个关键步骤，是促使罗马主教权力增加的因素之一。 And this is one of those stepping stones, this is one of the things that contributes to the increasing power of the Bishop of Rome.
让我简单列举一下君士坦丁在位期间做的其他几件事。 Let me just run down a few other things that Constantine did in his reign.
君士坦丁还结束了使用十字架刑作为处决方法。 Constantine also Ended the use of crucifixion as a method of execution.
事实上，他不鼓励所有形式的死刑，但当然死刑仍在继续，但他结束了十字架刑的使用。 In fact, he discouraged all forms of capital punishment, but of course capital punishment continued, but he ended the use of crucifixion.
这为教会采用十字架的理念或符号作为教会的象征铺平了道路，因为一旦它不 再被用作处决方法，它就可以成为牺牲和宽恕等的象征。君士坦丁还正式结束 了角斗士比赛，但这些当然还在继续，特别是在君士坦丁不亲自在场的地方。 This will pave the way for the church to pick up the idea or the symbol of the cross as a symbol for the church, because once it's not being used as a method of execution, it can become a symbol of sacrifice and forgiveness, etc. Constantine also officially ended the gladiator games, but those continued, of course, especially in places where Constantine wasn't physically present.
所以，你知道，它甚至在罗马和斗兽场继续存在。 So, you know, it continues even in Rome and the Colosseum.
但比赛正式结束的事实意味着没有富人真的想为它们付钱。 But the fact that the games are officially ended means that no wealthy person really wants to pay for them.
因此，它们的数量会大大减少，取而代之的是战车比赛。 And so, there's going to be far fewer of them, and what will take their place is the chariot races.
战车比赛变得有点像，你知道世界上大多数地方的足球迷有多热情吗？ And the chariot races become sort of, you know how passionate soccer fans are in most of the world?
他们称之为足球，我们这里叫它足球，但你知道那是怎么回事。 They call it football, we call it soccer here, but you know how that is.
嗯，赛马就变成那样了，所以人们对自己喜欢的队伍非常热情，有绿队，有蓝队，你甚 至可以买到印有你最喜欢的战车比赛队伍的杯子，球迷们会打架，整个事情都是这样。 Well, the horse races become that, and so people are very passionate about their favorite team, there's a green team, there's a blue team, and You can even buy mugs with your favorite chariot race team on them and fans get into fist fights and the whole business.
所以在这之后，战车比赛变得更加重要和受欢迎。 So the chariot races become much more important and more popular after this time.
君士坦丁尽可能地不鼓励异教崇拜，尽管他并没有真的试图完全取缔它。 Constantine really discouraged pagan worship as much as he could, although he didn't really try to outlaw it entirely.
因为那可能是不可能的。 Because that might have been impossible.
但他确实使神庙卖淫、仪式性卖淫成为非法。 But he did make temple prostitution, ritual prostitution, illegal.
他尽可能地，特别是在各省，剥夺了异教神庙的任何有价值的东西。 And as much as he could, especially out in the provinces, he stripped the pagan temples of anything valuable.
在某些情况下，这就是他获得资金来建造所有那些教堂的地方。 And in some cases, this is where he got the money to build all those churches.
他的人会进入一座神庙，任何金子或其他东西都会被拿走并熔化。 His people would go into a temple and any gold or whatever would be taken and melted down.
任何有价值的东西都会被拿走，剩下的就留在那里。 Anything valuable would be taken and the rest would be left there.
然后这些钱被用来支付新教堂的建设。 And then this money was used to pay for new churches.
其中很大一部分被给予主教们用于帮助穷人。 A lot of it was given to the bishops to go to the poor.
它也被用来稳定经济。 And it was also used to stabilize the economy.
因为如果你还记得，我们谈到三世纪时，经济正处于衰退中，所以君 士坦丁能够通过使用那些积存在异教神庙中的所有财富来稳定经济。 Because if you remember, we talked when we were in the third century, The economy was in a recession, and so Constantine was able to stabilize the economy by using all of that wealth that was stockpiled in the pagan temples.
正如我所说，很多钱也被给予了穷人。 And as I said, a lot of money was given to the poor as well.
君士坦丁把星期天定为休息日，所以你要感谢他发明了周末。 Constantine made Sunday a day of rest from work, so you had him to thank for inventing the weekend.
我已经提到过，他给予基督教主教与民事法官同等的权力。 I already mentioned that he would give Christian bishops The same authority as civil judges.
所以现在，如果你是基督徒，与另一个基督徒有争议， 你们两个可以去找主教解决争议，而不用去世俗法庭。 So now, if you're a Christian and you have a beef with another Christian, the two of you can go to your bishop to settle the dispute without going to the secular court.
事实上，如果你被一个基督徒同伴告上法庭，在法庭程序的任何时候 ，你都可以停止诉讼程序并说，我要求这个案件转移到主教那里。 In fact, if you are taken to court by a fellow Christian, at any point in the court proceedings, you can stop the court proceedings and say, I want this to go and be transferred, change of venue, to the bishop.
他们必须这样做。 And they have to do it.
他们必须允许这样做。 They have to allow that.
即使法官正要宣布你的判决，我宣布你，停下！ Even if the judge is about to pronounce your sentence, I pronounce you, git, stop!
现在它必须转到主教那里重新开始。 Now it has to go to the bishop and start over.
所以你明白了主教们正在获得与民事官员、法官同等级别的权力。 So you get the idea that the bishops are coming to have this authority on the level of civil magistrates, judges.
君士坦丁继续让主教们成为他最亲密的顾问，甚至与他一起旅行。 Constantine continued to have bishops as his closest advisors, even traveling with him.
这是一个双向的关系，因为他想要主教们关于如何治理帝国的 建议，但他也期望主教们想要他关于如何管理教会的建议。 And this is a two-way street because he wanted bishops' advice on how to run the empire, but he expected the bishops to want his advice on how to run the church, too.
所以他期望被包括在这些讨论中，他确实在教会会议中有一席之地。 So he expected to be included in those discussions, and he did have a seat at the councils.
君士坦丁使离婚变得更加困难，并使通奸成为非法。 Constantine made divorce more difficult and made adultery illegal.
现在，当我说他使通奸成为非法时，这意味着一个男人与另一个男人的妻子通奸是非法的。 Now, when I say that he made adultery illegal, what that means is that it was illegal for a man to commit adultery with another man's wife.
但这将对他产生反效果，因为通过使通奸成为非法，他为罗 马男性打开了指控他们对手通奸并使他们被处决的大门。 But this is going to backfire on him, because by making adultery illegal, he opens the door for Roman men to accuse their rivals of adultery and get them executed.
事实上，这种情况发生在君士坦丁自己的一个儿子身上。 And in fact, this happened to one of Constantine's own sons.
君士坦丁的儿子被指控通奸，所以君士坦丁觉得有义务处决他。 Constantine's son was accused of adultery and so Constantine felt obligated to have him executed.
问题是，这个指控可能并不是真的。 Problem is, the accusation probably wasn't true.
这个指控可能来自君士坦丁自己的妻子，不是被处决的那个儿子的母亲，而是另一个儿子的 母亲，这个君士坦丁的妻子想要除掉不是她亲生的儿子，以确保她自己的儿子成为继承人。 The accusation probably came from Constantine's own wife Not the mother of the one who was executed, but the mother of another son, and this wife of Constantine wanted to get rid of the son that wasn't hers to sort of ensure that her own son would be the heir.
所以当君士坦丁下次到达罗马时，他被他的母亲海伦娜质问，很快他的妻子就死了。 So when Constantine arrives in Rome the next time, he is confronted by his mother, Helena, and pretty soon his wife is dead.
所以，不太确定那里发生了什么，但有趣的是，那个妻子就是马克西米安的女儿，对吧？ So, not quite sure what went on there, but the interesting thing about this is That wife was the one that was Maximian's daughter, right?
马克西米安在罗马的土地，就是他没收的那些，曾经属于 前几任皇帝，但在那之前它是私人土地，最终被没收了。 Maximian's land in Rome, that he had confiscated, had been owned by previous emperors, but before that it had been private land, had eventually been confiscated.
马克西米安占有了这片土地。 Maximian had taken this land.
马克森提乌斯占据了它。 Maxentius had occupied it.
无论如何，现在马克西米安的女儿，君士坦丁的 妻子死了，这片土地基本上归君士坦丁所有了。 Anyway, now that Maximian's daughter, Constantine's wife, is dead, the land basically goes to Constantine.
他做了什么？ What does he do?
他把它给了教会。 He gives it to the church.
罗马大教堂就建在那片土地上。 And it's on that land that the Cathedral of Rome would be built.
现在，罗马大教堂不是梵蒂冈的圣彼得大教堂，那是另一回事。 Now, the Cathedral of Rome is not St. Peter's in the Vatican, that's separate.
罗马的大教堂被称为圣约翰拉特兰大教堂，它建在拉特兰的 土地上。这在某种程度上表明君士坦丁是一个复杂的人物。 The cathedral in Rome is called St. John's Lateran, and it's the Lateran land that That is meant to sort of demonstrate that Constantine is a complicated character.
一些基督教派别认为他是圣人，其他派别则不太认同。 Some Christian denominations consider him a saint, others not so much.
他做的有些事我们可能认为是好的，有些事我们可能认为不好。 and there are things that he did that we might think are good, and there are things that he did that we might think are not good.
像古代教会中的许多人一样，他推迟了洗礼直到临终前， 因为他不想在作为皇帝统治时受到教会道德期望的约束。 Like many men in the ancient church, He postponed his baptism until he was on his deathbed, because he didn't want to be bound by the moral expectations of the church while he ruled as emperor.
皇帝有时不得不处决人，君士坦丁也这样做了。 Emperors sometimes have to have people executed, and Constantine did that.
他甚至处决了自己家族成员中的对手。 He executed his rivals even when they were members of his own family.
他并没有真正使异教成为非法，但在他的军队中，每个星期天当基督教士兵在做礼拜时，非 基督教士兵被集中起来，被迫背诵一段向一神教神祈祷的祷文，这是君士坦丁自己写的。 He didn't really make paganism illegal, but any non-Christian soldiers in his army, on Sunday when the Christian soldiers were in worship, the non-Christian soldiers were rounded up and made to recite a prayer to the monotheistic god, a prayer that Constantine himself had written.
他允许犹太人朝圣耶路撒冷，但每年只有一天。 He allowed the Jews to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but only one day a year.
他加强了旧法律，规定改信犹太教是非法的。 And he reinforced the old law that conversion to Judaism was illegal.
所以再次强调，他没有使犹太教成为非法，但他使其更难实践。 So again, he didn't make Judaism illegal, but he made it more difficult to practice.
事实上，他使从犹太教改信基督教变得更容易，任何被抓到试 图阻止另一个犹太人改信基督教的犹太人都可能因此被处决。 In fact, he made converting to Christianity from Judaism much easier, and any Jew Caught trying to prevent another Jew from converting to Christianity could be executed for that offense.
犹太人不能拥有基督教奴隶。 Jews could not own Christian slaves.
所以注意，他并没有废除奴隶制，他只是说犹太人不能拥有基督徒作为奴隶。 So notice he hasn't gotten rid of slavery, he has just said Jews cannot own Christians as slaves.
他还使异端成为非法，所以像多纳徒派这样的人，我擦掉了他们， 像多纳徒派这样的人不仅被教会开除教籍，而且还被视为罪犯。 He also made heresy illegal so that people like the Donatists, I erased them, people like the Donatists Not only are they excommunicated from the church, but they are considered outlaws as well.
诺瓦提安派被豁免，因为正如我们将发现的，虽然他们是分裂派，但他们不被视为异端。 The Novationists were exempted because, as we're going to find out, while they're schismatic, they're not considered heretics.
但关键是，他愿意利用他的政府来歧视那些持不同神学观点的人，即异端。 But the point is this, he's willing to use his government to discriminate against people with differing theological views, heretics.
他愿意利用他的政府来歧视非基督徒。 He's willing to use his government to discriminate against non-Christians.
现在，这已经有了先例。 Now, there's already a precedent for this.
你可能记得我们谈到收养时，安提阿有一位主教，萨莫萨塔的保罗， 他们宣布他是异端，但他不愿离开安提阿的教会，他们无法摆脱他。 You may remember when we were talking about the adoptions, and there was that one bishop in Antioch, Paul of Samosata, who they had proclaimed him a heretic, but he wouldn't vacate the church in Antioch, they couldn't get rid of him.
所以最终，一位异教徒皇帝为了维持和平而介入。 So they, eventually the emperor, who was a pagan, stepped in in order to keep the peace.
记住皇帝说的话，教会属于与罗马意见一致的人。 And remember what the emperor said, the church belongs to whomever is in agreement with Rome.
所以保罗被赶出去了。 So Paul is out.
萨莫萨塔的保罗被赶出去了。 Paul of Samosa is out.
但这也为皇帝介入并使用帝国，实际上是军事力量来执行教会决定设立了先例。 But that also sets a precedent of an emperor stepping in and using imperial, and in fact military, force to enforce church decisions.
因此，君士坦丁很乐意采用这个先例，使用武力来支持教会。 And so Constantine was happy to pick up that precedent and use force to back the church.
这被认为是合法的。 That was considered legitimate.
所以我们必须明确的是，君士坦丁皇帝从未使基督教成为唯 一合法的宗教，尽管他不允许建造任何新的神庙或雕像。 So what we have to be clear about is that Emperor Constantine never made Christianity the only legal religion, though he did not allow any new temples or statues to be put up.
直到后来的一位皇帝，我们才有了我所称的帝国官方宗教的基督教。 It was not until a later emperor that we have Christianity as what I would call the official religion of the empire.
后来的皇帝是狄奥多西一世，狄奥多西在379年至39 5年间统治。他是第一个作为受洗基督徒统治的皇帝。 The later emperor was Theodosius I, Theodosius was emperor from 379 to 395. He was the first one to rule as a baptized Christian.
但即便如此，他早先受洗只是因为他生病了，以为自己要死了。 But even then, he only got baptized earlier because he was sick and thought he was going to die.
所以他们以为他快死了，给他施洗，他后来康复了，现在他作为一个受洗的基督徒统治。 So they thought he was on his deathbed, they baptized him, he got better, now he rules as a baptized Christian.
所以如果可能的话，他也会推迟受洗。 So he would have postponed his baptism if he could as well.
但真正下令在整个帝国摧毁所有神庙或将其改造成教堂或其他用途的是狄奥多西。 But it was really Theodosius who ordered that all temples should be destroyed across the empire or converted into churches or whatever.
真正使异教成为非法并使基督教成为唯一合法宗教的也是狄奥多西。 And it was really Theodosius who made the pagan religions illegal and made Christianity really the only legal religion.
在380年的一项诏书中，狄奥多西命令基督教信仰应被定义为彼得传给罗马人的信仰。 In an edict of the year 380, Theodosius ordered that the Christian faith would be defined as that faith delivered by Peter to the Romans.
现在，这又一次很重要，因为这是罗马主教权力不断增加过程中的又一个关键步骤。 Now, that's significant, again, because this is another one of those stepping stones on the way toward the increasing power of the Bishop of Rome.
因为如果你想被认为是正统的，你必须与罗马人或罗马主教意见一致。 Because if you want to be considered Orthodox, you have to be in agreement with the Romans, or the Bishop of Rome.
罗马主教被认为是彼得的继承人。 The Bishop of Rome is thought to be understood to be the successor of Peter.
然后在381年的第二项诏书中，狄奥多西实际上使异教的 实践或改信异教成为非法，他还要求所有公民都必须受洗。 And then in a second edict of 381, Theodosius actually made the practice of paganism illegal, or conversion to paganism illegal, and he actually demanded that all citizens be baptized.
所以直到狄奥多西时局势才完全扭转。 So the tables aren't fully turned until Theodosius.
但是，从君士坦丁开始，除了一个短暂的例外， 从君士坦丁开始，所有的皇帝都将是基督徒。 But, from Constantine on, apart from one brief exception, from Constantine on, All of the emperors are going to be Christian.
现在，在我们结束之前还有一个问题需要处理。 Now, we have one question we need to deal with before we quit.
君士坦丁真的是基督徒吗？ Was Constantine really a Christian?
根据你读的书不同，你会得到各种各样的答案。 And depending on what books you read, you'll get every answer under the book.
但我们首先要说的是，这取决于你如何定义「基督徒」这个词。 But the first thing we have to say is that it depends on how you define the word Christian.
因为如果你把基督徒定义为受洗的基督徒，那么显 然君士坦丁并不是作为一个受洗的基督徒统治的。 Because if you define Christian as a baptized Christian, then obviously Constantine did not rule as a baptized Christian.
但如果你把基督徒定义为信徒，那么问题就变成了，君士坦丁真的是信徒吗？ But if you define Christian in the sense of a believer, then the question becomes, was Constantine really a believer?
他真的相信基督教信仰，还是只是假装相信以利用教会为自己谋利？ Did he really believe in the Christian faith, or was he only faking it to use the Church to his advantage?
现在，正如我们将看到的，他确实想要，或者他觉得他需要 教会来帮助他，因为记住，戴克里先有这个伟大的想法。 Now, as we're going to see, he does want, or he feels he needs the Church to help him Because remember, Diocletian had this great idea.
他打算通过创建四帝共治制和在四位皇帝之间分散统治来保护帝国的统一并稳定边界。 Here's how he's going to safeguard the unity of the empire and stabilize the borders, by creating a tetrarchy and by spreading the rule out among four emperors.
好吧，那已经过去了。 Well, that's gone.
那么，是什么让君士坦丁认为一个皇帝可以统治 这个帝国，如果戴克里先认为这是不可能的？ So, what makes Constantine think one emperor can rule this empire if Diocletian didn't think that could be done?
嗯，让君士坦丁认为这可以做到的是他有教会站在他这边。 Well, what makes Constantine think it can be done is he's got the church on his side.
他希望教会能帮助统一帝国。 He hopes that the Church will help unify the Empire.
所以我们知道他心里有这个想法。 So we know that's on his mind.
问题仍然是，他是真诚的信徒，还是只是假装相信以利用教会为自己谋利？ The question is still, was he sincerely a believer, or was he only faking it to use the Church to his advantage?
我会论证他确实是一个信徒。 I will argue that he really was a believer.
很明显，他的父亲是一个基督徒。 It's clear that his father was a Christian.
他的父亲康斯坦提乌斯没有迫害他控制下的地区。 His father, Constantius, did not persecute the area under his control.
有一次他允许一些教堂被拆毁，但没有人死亡。 At one point he allowed some churches to be torn down, but nobody died.
事实上，康斯坦提乌斯还有一个名叫阿纳斯塔西娅的女儿，这个名字意味着复活。 And in fact, Constantius also had a daughter named Anastasia, which means resurrection.
很明显，君士坦丁的母亲海伦娜也是一个基督徒。 It's also clear that Constantine's mother was a Christian, Helena.
我们知道，她是一位特定圣人的虔诚信徒，这位圣人可能是个 异端，但我们现在不用担心这个，这个人叫安提阿的路西安。 She, we know, was a devotee of a particular saint who may have been a heretic, but we won't worry about that right now, a guy named Lucian of Antioch.
当然，一旦圣地对朝圣开放，她就去了。 And of course, as soon as the Holy Land is opened to pilgrimage, she's there.
现在教会称她为圣海伦娜。 And she's now known to the Church as St. Helena.
然后，你知道，在基督的旗帜下进军作战，你要么必须 是基督的信徒，要么必须坚信异教神不会把你击毙。 And then, you know, to march into battle under the banner of Christ, you either have to be a believer in Christ, or a pretty firm believer that the pagan gods are not going to strike you dead.
你必须说，好吧，也许我不相信基督，但我也不相信那些其他的神，所以我们就选这个吧。 You'd have to say, well, maybe I don't believe in Christ, but I don't believe in those other gods either, so we'll go with this.
我不认为他是这种情况。 And I don't think that's where he was.
我不认为如果他不真的相信基督，他会冒险输掉战斗。 I don't think he would risk losing the battles if he didn't really believe in Christ.
所以我认为他是一个真诚的信徒，同时也想利用教会为自己谋利。 So I think he was a sincere believer who also wanted to use the church to his advantage.
这就是为什么我说他是一个复杂的人物。 And that's why I say he's a complicated character.
他是否在312年因为在米尔维安桥的异象而皈依？ Was he converted in 312 at the Milvian Bridge because of his vision?
还是他在那之前就已经是基督徒了，只是在等待合适的时机公开？ Or was he a Christian already before that and was just waiting for the right moment to go public?
我想我们永远不会知道。 I guess we'll never know.
但我确实相信，从我们在他生活中看到的程度来说，他的信仰是真诚的。 But I do believe that his faith was sincere to the extent that we see it lived out in his life.
凯撒利亚的优西比乌，我擦掉了他，但优西比乌是君士 坦丁的传记作者，他将君士坦丁比作大卫王和摩西。 Eusebius of Caesarea, I erased him, but Eusebius, who is Constantine's biographer, compares Constantine to King David and to Moses.
记住旧约中的那个时刻，大卫王被膏立为下一任国王，但还没有加冕。 Remember the point in the Old Testament where King David, he's anointed to be the next king, but he's not crowned yet.
所以优西比乌将君士坦丁比作那个时期，你知道，在306年那个 时期，军队已经宣布他为皇帝，但他还没有真正统治整个帝国。 And so Eusebius compares Constantine to that, you know, in that 306 time period where the troops have proclaimed an emperor, but he's really not ruling the whole empire yet.
然后他将君士坦丁比作摩西带领人民离开埃及，而马克森提乌斯就像法老。因此，君士 坦丁被称为新的救世主，甚至是新的道，从混乱中创造秩序，是神在地上力量的代表。 And then he compares Constantine to Moses delivering the people from Egypt, where Maxentius So, Constantine comes to be called a new savior, and even a new logos, creating order out of chaos, a representative of God's own power on earth.
好像在说，嗯，耶稣不再以肉身形式存在了，所以至少现在我们有了君士坦丁。 As if to say, well, Jesus isn't here in physical form anymore, so at least now we have Constantine.
君士坦丁现在是神在肉身中的人，是神在地上的人。 Constantine is now God's man in the flesh, God's man on earth.
优西比乌说神是君士坦丁胜利的创造者，是神把他 放在那个位置上，而君士坦丁很乐意同意这一点。 Eusebius said that God was the author of Constantine's victory, that God put him in that position, and Constantine was happy to agree with that.
事实上，优西比乌似乎相信君士坦丁的帝国就是神在地上的国度。 In fact, Eusebius seems to have believed that the empire of Constantine was the kingdom of God on earth.
所以君士坦丁本人再次很高兴相信这一点，他认为 扩展自己的帝国和神的国度是他的使命和责任。 And so Constantine himself, again, very happy to believe that, saw it as his mission and his duty to expand both his own empire and the kingdom of God.
现在有趣的是，我们快要结束了，我们要休息一下，但我想指出的有趣 的事情是，注意到随着时间的推移，东方和西方发展出了不同的观点。 Now the interesting thing, we're almost done here and we're going to take a break, but the interesting thing I want to point out to you is that notice over time a different perspective develops in the East versus in the West.
在东方，你有这样的观念，即国王或皇帝是神在地上的代表。 In the East, you have this idea that the king or the emperor is the representative of God on earth.
所以政治权力代表神在地上的权力。 So political power represents God's power on earth.
政治权力使教会的权力合法化，而教会使政治权力合法化。 Political power legitimates the power of the church, and the church legitimates the political power.
所以在东方，你总会有这样的概念，即政治权力高 于教会权力，皇帝在某种程度上凌驾于主教之上。 So that in the East, you will always have this concept that the political power is above the ecclesiastical power, that the emperor is sort of over and above the bishops.
在西方，将会发展出一种不同的思考方式。 In the West, a different way of thinking about this is going to develop.
在西方，正如我已经提到的，罗马最重要的人将成为罗马主教。 In the West, as I already mentioned, the most important man in Rome will become the bishop of Rome.
因此在西方，将会发展出相反的看法，即教会权力将凌驾于政治权力之上。 And so in the West, the opposite way of looking at it is going to develop, where the ecclesiastical power is going to be above political power.
主教，特别是罗马主教，甚至会凌驾于国王的概念之上。 The bishop, specifically the bishop of Rome, will be even over the idea of a king.
当我们更深入地探讨中世纪并更多地讨论教皇制度，以及最终东 西方的分裂时，我们会看到这一点，因为这将成为问题之一。 And we'll see that as we go more into the Middle Ages and talk more about the papacy, and the eventual split between East and West, because this will become one of the issues.
现在，再说一件事，然后我们看看是否有问题。 Now, one more thing to say and then we'll see if there are questions.
就目前而言，君士坦丁已经达到了成为统一帝国唯一皇帝的地步。 As we're leaving it right now, Constantine has now gotten to the point where he is the sole emperor over a reunified empire.
君士坦丁完全期望教会将帮助他保持帝国的统一。 And Constantine fully expects that the Church will help him keep the unity of the empire.
但是，他得到了一个残酷的觉醒，因为教会正在陷入分裂，或者有分裂的威胁。 But, he gets a rude awakening, because the Church is falling into schism, or threatens to.
换句话说，谁来统一教会？ In other words, who's going to unify the church?
在我们担心帝国的统一之前，我们首先要担心教会的统一，因 为在西方，你有多纳徒派和诺瓦提安派，两个分裂的群体。 First we have to worry about the unity of the church before we can worry about the unity of the empire, because in the West, you've got the Donatists and you've got the Novatians, two schismatic groups.
在东方，出现了一个被称为亚流主义的争议，这将是我们下一个小时的主题。 In the East, you have the emergence of a controversy known as Arianism, which is going to be the subject for our next hour.
这将是一个重要的问题。 That's going to be an important issue.
所以，让我们看看在这一点上是否有问题。 So, let's see if there are questions at this point.
我知道我给了你们很多信息，谢谢你们的关注，但你们有什么问题吗？ I know I gave you a lot of information, thanks for your attention, but what questions do you have?
我之前说的。 What I said before that.
嗯，我的意思是，这源于君士坦丁被视为神在地上的代表这一观念。 Well, I mean, it flows out of this idea that Constantine is seen as God's representative on earth.
所以如果君士坦丁，这位皇帝，是神在地上的代表，事实上未来的皇帝，狄奥多西 等也是。如果皇帝是神在地上的代表，那么皇帝就代表了世界领域中的神圣权力。 So if Constantine, the emperor, is God's representative on earth, and in fact future emperors, Theodosius, etc. If the emperor is God's representative on earth, then the emperor represents divine power in the realm of the world.
所以东方会接受皇帝是最高权力，实际上是神权力的代表这种观念。 So the East will go with that sort of idea that the emperor is the supreme power, and in fact the representative of God's power.
但西方不会真的有这种观念，因为西方皇帝在未来不会那么强大，而 西方皇帝的权力下降时，罗马主教的权力会增加，所以在西方你会有 相反的观点，即在教会权威方面，金字塔的顶端将是最高权威。 But the West isn't going to really have that, because the Western emperors will not be as strong going forward, and while the Western emperor's power declines, the power of the Bishop of Rome will increase, and so in the West you're going to have the opposite view, that the peak of the pyramid in terms of the Church's authority will be the highest authority.
简而言之，东方会这样看：国家高于教会。 To put it in a nutshell, the East will see it this way, state over church.
西方会这样看：教会高于国家。 The West will see it this way, church over state.
所以记住这一点，以后会很重要。 So keep that in mind for later, that's going to be important.
加列里乌斯是怎么死的？ How did Galerius die?
加列里乌斯死于某种可怕的疾病。 Galerius died of some nasty disease.
我们不知道具体是什么病，但如果你相信史料的话，他死得非常缓慢和痛苦。 We don't really know what it was, but he died a very slow and painful death, if you believe the sources.
事实上，在他临终前，在311年，他颁布了一项名为宽容诏书的法令，基本上他说， 好吧，好吧，如果你们基督徒只为我祈祷，我就停止迫害，因为显然你们的神很强大。 And in fact, on his deathbed, in the year 311, he issued an edict called the Edict of Toleration, which basically he said, okay, okay, I'll stop the persecution if you Christians will only pray for me, because obviously your God is powerful.
这就是宽容诏书，理论上应该结束了东方的迫害，但是一旦 他死了，他们就无视了他，接管权力的人继续进行迫害。 And so that was the Edict of Toleration, and theoretically would have ended persecution in the East, except as soon as he died, they ignored him, and the people who took over kept persecuting him.
谢谢你们的关注。 Thanks for your attention.
让我们休息15分钟。 Let's take a 15 minute break.