- start: 1.463
  end: 7.389
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, so welcome to History of Christian Thought and Practice 1. This is a foundational course.
  zh: 好的，欢迎来到「基督教思想与实践历史 1」。这是一门基础课程。
- start: 7.389
  end: 17.698
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, I like to say it's the most important class you'll ever take because this course gives you a foundation for a lot of the other courses you're going to take.
  zh: 事实上，我喜欢说这是你将要上的最重要的课，因为这门课为你将要学习的许多其他课程奠定了基础。
- start: 17.839
  end: 22.783
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In many ways, this class picks up where the New Testament leaves off.
  zh: 从许多方面来说，这门课从新约结束的地方开始。
- start: 22.867
  end: 44.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I know not all of you have had New Testament yet, and that's okay, because we're going to have a little bit of an overlap, because we're going to begin in the first century, which is the time when the documents that make up the New Testament were written, but we'll focus on a couple of other documents that were written during that same time period, but that didn't make it into the Bible.
  zh: 我知道你们并非所有人都学过新约，这没关系，因为我们会有一些重叠。我们将从第一世纪开始，那是构成新约的文献被写成的时期，但我们会关注同一时期写成的一些其他文献，这些文献没有被收入圣经。
- start: 44.376
  end: 46.917
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, we'll be looking at that.
  zh: 所以，我们将会研究这些。
- start: 46.917
  end: 57.764
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As we go through the time period of this course,  You'll notice we'll be going pretty quickly, sometimes 100 years or more a week.
  zh: 当我们学习这门课程涉及的时期时，你会注意到我们进展得相当快，有时一周会涵盖100年或更长时间。
- start: 58.205
  end: 60.907
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We'll be focusing on major themes.
  zh: 我们将关注主要主题。
- start: 61.748
  end: 70.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We'll be focusing on certain characters in the history of the Church who effect change or advance the development of the Church.
  zh: 我们将关注教会历史上某些推动变革或促进教会发展的人物。
- start: 70.854
  end: 77.196
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to be focusing a lot on historical theology, or the development of doctrine.
  zh: 我们将大量关注历史神学，或者说教义的发展。
- start: 77.196
  end: 83.741
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You may have noticed, but the 19th Creed, for example, isn't actually in the New Testament.
  zh: 你可能已经注意到，例如，尼西亚信经实际上并不在新约中。
- start: 83.761
  end: 85.702
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, how did that happen?
  zh: 那么，这是如何发生的？
- start: 85.702
  end: 86.823
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to talk about that.
  zh: 我们将讨论这个问题。
- start: 86.823
  end: 91.226
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to talk about the development of doctrine, especially in the early church.
  zh: 我们将讨论教义的发展，特别是在早期教会中。
- start: 91.767
  end: 95.71
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We'll talk about the development of the church itself, or ecclesiology.
  zh: 我们将讨论教会本身的发展，或者说教会论。
- start: 95.71
  end: 98.392
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What is it that we believe about the church?
  zh: 我们对教会的信念是什么？
- start: 98.392
  end: 101.514
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What is it that the early Christians believed about the church?
  zh: 早期基督徒对教会的信念是什么？
- start: 101.574
  end: 104.036
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what made them...
  zh: 是什么使他们……
- start: 105.595
  end: 106.715
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What is a church?
  zh: 什么是教会？
- start: 106.715
  end: 108.056
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What in fact is a church?
  zh: 教会到底是什么？
- start: 133.814
  end: 138.898
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You couldn't walk down the street and see a church, so what is the church?
  zh: 你不能在街上走就看到一个教会，那么教会是什么？
- start: 138.898
  end: 140.379
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to talk about that.
  zh: 我们将讨论这个问题。
- start: 141.2
  end: 145.103
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in a lot of ways we're going to focus on reading those primary sources.
  zh: 我们将以多种方式专注于阅读那些原始资料。
- start: 145.103
  end: 150.788
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, the documents actually produced in the early church and in the medieval church.
  zh: 换句话说，就是早期教会和中世纪教会实际产生的文献。
- start: 150.788
  end: 155.451
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The documents produced by the very people we're going to be reading about and talking about.
  zh: 这些文献是由我们将要阅读和讨论的那些人所写的。
- start: 155.661
  end: 164.805
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to try and learn as much as we can about how the average Christian or the average person in the early church and in the medieval church lived and worshipped.
  zh: 我们将尽可能多地了解早期教会和中世纪教会中普通基督徒或普通人是如何生活和敬拜的。
- start: 165.145
  end: 170.427
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But in a lot of cases, the documents were not necessarily written by the average person, were they?
  zh: 但在很多情况下，这些文献并不一定是由普通人写的，对吧？
- start: 170.427
  end: 174.009
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They were written by the bishops or the theologians.
  zh: 它们是由主教或神学家写的。
- start: 174.009
  end: 176.29
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Many of the theologians were in fact bishops.
  zh: 事实上，许多神学家都是主教。
- start: 177.01
  end: 180.112
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But when I say bishops, that begs another question.
  zh: 但当我说主教时，这又引出了另一个问题。
- start: 180.112
  end: 181.292
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: What is a bishop?
  zh: 什么是主教？
- start: 181.704
  end: 186.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Was the office of bishop in the early church the same thing that it is now?
  zh: 早期教会中的主教职位与现在的是一样的吗？
- start: 186.207
  end: 188.588
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I think you probably already know the answer to that question.
  zh: 我想你们可能已经知道这个问题的答案了。
- start: 188.588
  end: 195.293
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In many ways, when we read something written by a bishop, we're also reading something written by a pastor.
  zh: 从许多方面来说，当我们阅读主教写的东西时，我们也在阅读牧师写的东西。
- start: 195.293
  end: 198.294
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we have to take that into consideration, too.
  zh: 所以我们也必须考虑到这一点。
- start: 199.275
  end: 203.558
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, as I said before, I encourage discussion as much as possible.
  zh: 现在，正如我之前所说，我尽可能鼓励讨论。
- start: 203.858
  end: 206.62
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so please feel free to interrupt me.
  zh: 所以请随时打断我。
- start: 206.62
  end: 208.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Please ask questions.
  zh: 请提出问题。
- start: 208.166
  end: 210.847
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Please make comments.
  zh: 请发表评论。
- start: 210.847
  end: 220.593
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I may play devil's advocate at times, but if we can make this as much of a discussion as possible, so it doesn't feel quite so lectury, that would be great.
  zh: 我有时可能会扮演魔鬼代言人的角色，但如果我们能尽可能地让这成为一场讨论，而不那么像讲座，那就太好了。
- start: 220.593
  end: 231.759
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The nature of the course is that there's a lot of information to get across, and so this is, in fact, going to have a lot of lecture involved, but it doesn't necessarily have to be all that way.
  zh: 这门课程的性质决定了有很多信息需要传达，所以实际上会有很多讲座内容，但不一定非得全是这样。
- start: 234.13
  end: 236.452
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Make sure you have the latest version of the syllabus.
  zh: 确保你们有最新版本的教学大纲。
- start: 236.452
  end: 252.642
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I think we've covered this, but if there are any questions about the syllabus, refer them to your TAs. If there are any questions about Moodle or the online segment of this course, refer them to your tech assistant.
  zh: 我想我们已经讲过这个，但如果对教学大纲有任何问题，请咨询你们的助教。如果对Moodle或本课程的在线部分有任何问题，请咨询你们的技术助理。
- start: 252.642
  end: 256.185
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And for the first time, we're experimenting with something this semester.
  zh: 这学期我们首次尝试一些新的东西。
- start: 256.185
  end: 258.466
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The discussion forum is on Facebook.
  zh: 讨论论坛在Facebook上。
- start: 258.703
  end: 263.744
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, if you haven't joined that Facebook group already, go ahead and do that.
  zh: 所以，如果你还没有加入那个Facebook群组，现在就去加入吧。
- start: 263.744
  end: 273.185
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Some of the people who have seen this lecture online already are already generating discussion on Facebook, and that's good to see, and I think that's going to work well.
  zh: 一些已经在线观看过这个讲座的人已经在Facebook上开始讨论了，这很好，我认为这会很有效。
- start: 273.185
  end: 282.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, it's also a good place to pose questions, and don't always wait for me or the TAs to answer the questions.
  zh: 所以，这也是提出问题的好地方，不要总是等我或助教来回答问题。
- start: 282.667
  end: 288.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Feel free to jump in, and we'll create a dialogue or a discussion on Facebook as well.
  zh: 随时加入讨论，我们也会在Facebook上创建对话或讨论。
- start: 290.025
  end: 294.107
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's what I have by way of introductory comment.
  zh: 这就是我的介绍性评论。
- start: 294.107
  end: 299.629
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This course is about the history of Christianity.
  zh: 这门课程是关于基督教的历史。
- start: 299.629
  end: 305.311
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This particular course covers roughly what I like to call Jesus to Aquinas.
  zh: 这门特定的课程大致涵盖了我喜欢称之为「从耶稣到阿奎那」的内容。
- start: 305.311
  end: 310.612
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're looking at the early church and the medieval church.
  zh: 我们将研究早期教会和中世纪教会。
- start: 313.058
  end: 324.66
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What I want you to understand in terms of the big picture, before we get into the details, is that the history of Christianity is very much the history of the interpretation of Scripture.
  zh: 在我们深入细节之前，我希望你们从大局上理解，基督教的历史在很大程度上就是圣经解释的历史。
- start: 326.12
  end: 328.961
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The history of the interpretation of Scripture.
  zh: 圣经解释的历史。
- start: 329.561
  end: 343.366
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In other words, you may have had this experience, I don't know about you, but when I used to live in California, there was this bumper sticker that I'd see a lot, and the bumper sticker said,  The Bible says it.
  zh: 换句话说，你们可能有过这样的经历，我不知道你们怎么样，但当我以前住在加利福尼亚时，我经常看到一个车贴，上面写着「圣经说了」。
- start: 343.606
  end: 344.747
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: I believe it.
  zh: 「我相信」。
- start: 344.927
  end: 346.268
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: You know the last line?
  zh: 你们知道最后一句是什么吗？
- start: 346.388
  end: 347.989
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: That settles it.
  zh: 「这就解决了」。
- start: 347.989
  end: 350.611
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Now, I respect the sentiment, because I'm a huge fan of the Bible.
  zh: 现在，我尊重这种情感，因为我是圣经的忠实粉丝。
- start: 350.611
  end: 351.632
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: I really am.
  zh: 我真的是。
- start: 351.652
  end: 357.596
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: However, knowing what the Bible says is not the end of the question.
  zh: 然而，知道圣经说什么并不是问题的终点。
- start: 357.657
  end: 363.22
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Because once you know what the Bible says, that then begs the question, what the Bible means.
  zh: 因为一旦你知道圣经说了什么，接下来的问题就是圣经的意思是什么。
- start: 363.341
  end: 368.264
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And the gap between what it says and what it means is a little thing we call interpretation.
  zh: 而它所说的和它的意思之间的差距就是我们称之为解释的小事。
- start: 368.425
  end: 374.815
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And if you've ever had a discussion with a fellow believer  over the interpretation of Scripture.
  zh: 如果你曾经与其他信徒讨论过对圣经的解释。
- start: 374.975
  end: 384.622
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Where the two of you are reading the exact same passage, but have radically different understandings of what it's supposed to mean, then you know what I'm talking about.
  zh: 你们两个读的是完全相同的段落，但对它应该表达的意思有截然不同的理解，那么你就知道我在说什么了。
- start: 384.883
  end: 400.195
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And the history of the Church, which should be no surprise, is the history of people disagreeing over the interpretation of Scripture, and sorting out what the interpretation ought to be.
  zh: 教会的历史，这并不令人惊讶，就是人们对圣经解释存在分歧，并努力确定正确解释的历史。
- start: 401.325
  end: 409.091
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: We are living in a world where there are right answers and there are wrong answers, and so we're going to talk about that and how that plays out.
  zh: 我们生活在一个有正确答案和错误答案的世界里，所以我们将讨论这一点以及它是如何发展的。
- start: 409.112
  end: 410.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so watch for that.
  zh: 所以要注意这一点。
- start: 410.693
  end: 421.122
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But there is an assumption built in that some answers are mutually exclusive, and so therefore some of them may be wrong.
  zh: 但有一个内在的假设，即某些答案是互相排斥的，因此其中一些可能是错误的。
- start: 421.122
  end: 423.243
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There is such a thing as a wrong answer.
  zh: 确实存在错误的答案。
- start: 424.205
  end: 427.347
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the other side of that coin is that there is such a thing as a right answer.
  zh: 这枚硬币的另一面是，确实存在正确的答案。
- start: 427.347
  end: 436.533
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Now there may be multiple right answers,  But the point is that part of the history of the Church is the search for authoritative answers.
  zh: 现在可能有多个正确答案，但重点是教会历史的一部分就是寻找权威性答案。
- start: 436.954
  end: 441.758
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In other words, what are the official right answers to some of these questions?
  zh: 换句话说，对这些问题的官方正确答案是什么？
- start: 441.758
  end: 443.94
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So that's going to come into our discussion.
  zh: 所以这将成为我们讨论的内容。
- start: 445.381
  end: 450.346
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: The other thing that the history of the Church is, is the history of the development of doctrine.
  zh: 教会历史的另一个方面是教义发展的历史。
- start: 450.346
  end: 456.771
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mentioned this a minute ago, and the image I like to use is, imagine if you wanted to build a house.
  zh: 我刚才提到过这一点，我喜欢用的比喻是，想象一下如果你想建造一座房子。
- start: 457.564
  end: 462.446
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so you bought an empty lot, and you decided you were going to build a house on this lot.
  zh: 于是你买了一块空地，决定在这块地上建造一座房子。
- start: 462.446
  end: 469.069
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So you call up the apostolic construction company, and you say, hello, I'd like to have a house built on my lot.
  zh: 所以你打电话给使徒建筑公司，说「你好，我想在我的地上建一座房子」。
- start: 469.109
  end: 484.055
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so the apostles pull up to your empty lot with a dump truck full of bricks, they back up on your lot, pull the lever, and dump the bricks onto your empty lot, and then they drive away and say, see you later.
  zh: 于是使徒们开着一辆装满砖块的自卸卡车来到你的空地，倒车进入你的地，拉动操纵杆，把砖块倒在你的空地上，然后开车离开，说「再见」。
- start: 484.235
  end: 486.256
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Now it's up to you to build the house.
  zh: 现在由你来建造这座房子。
- start: 486.707
  end: 489.547
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In a way, that's kind of what the apostles did.
  zh: 从某种程度上说，这就是使徒们所做的。
- start: 489.568
  end: 494.689
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Because all of the building blocks for doctrine are in the apostolic doctrine.
  zh: 因为教义的所有基本要素都在使徒的教导中。
- start: 494.689
  end: 495.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: They're in the New Testament.
  zh: 它们在新约中。
- start: 495.829
  end: 498.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: They're in the writings that the apostles gave us.
  zh: 它们在使徒留给我们的著作中。
- start: 498.869
  end: 501.55
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But there's a brick here and a brick there.
  zh: 但这里有一块砖，那里有一块砖。
- start: 501.55
  end: 506.211
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And it was up to the early church, then, to put those bricks together.
  zh: 然后由早期教会来把这些砖块拼在一起。
- start: 506.211
  end: 508.871
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: It was up to the early church to build the house.
  zh: 由早期教会来建造这座房子。
- start: 508.871
  end: 515.607
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In other words, it's in the time of the early church when  Doctrine is clarified and developed.
  zh: 换句话说，正是在早期教会时期，教义得到澄清和发展。
- start: 515.607
  end: 517.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So we're going to talk about that.
  zh: 所以我们将讨论这个。
- start: 518.448
  end: 535.878
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And when you put these two concepts together, that the history of the Church is the history of the interpretation of Scripture, and that the history of the Church is the history of the development of doctrine, when you put these two concepts together, and you track it over time, you begin to get a picture of a kind of a pendulum.
  zh: 当你把这两个概念结合起来，即教会的历史是圣经解释的历史，教会的历史是教义发展的历史，当你把这两个概念结合起来，并随时间追踪它，你开始得到一种钟摆的画面。
- start: 536.879
  end: 538.46
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: You know what a pendulum is.
  zh: 你知道钟摆是什么。
- start: 538.61
  end: 543.493
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: It's a weight on the end of a line, and it swings from side to side.
  zh: 它是一条线末端的重物，从一边摆到另一边。
- start: 543.493
  end: 555.021
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And when it swings to one side, momentum carries it out past center to a certain point, but then eventually gravity starts pulling on it, right, and slows it down until it stops.
  zh: 当它摆向一边时，动量会使它越过中心点到达某个位置，但最终重力开始拉动它，对吧，使它减速直到停止。
- start: 555.021
  end: 557.622
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And then gravity pulls it back towards the center.
  zh: 然后重力将它拉回中心。
- start: 557.623
  end: 564.467
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the momentum carries it out past the center to the other side until gravity stops it and pulls it back.
  zh: 但动量又使它越过中心到达另一边，直到重力使它停止并拉回。
- start: 564.747
  end: 567.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is a bit like what you see in the early church.
  zh: 这有点像你在早期教会中看到的情况。
- start: 567.915
  end: 583.348
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because as the early Christians attempted to interpret Scripture and clarify doctrine, people proposed answers that many thought were too far afield from what they considered correct.
  zh: 因为当早期基督徒试图解释圣经和澄清教义时，人们提出了一些答案，而许多人认为这些答案与他们认为正确的相去甚远。
- start: 584.029
  end: 589.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so some answers represented a kind of pushing of the envelope toward one extreme.
  zh: 因此，一些答案代表了一种向极端推进的尝试。
- start: 590.715
  end: 598.746
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But eventually, that momentum is overcome,  And there's a pull back toward the center.
  zh: 但最终，这种动力被克服，并有一种向中心拉回的力量。
- start: 599.507
  end: 610.614
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But what almost always happens is that in reacting against one extreme, there are those who ultimately overreact and swing the pendulum to the other extreme.
  zh: 但几乎总是发生的是，在反对一个极端时，有些人最终会过度反应，将钟摆摆向另一个极端。
- start: 611.115
  end: 620.561
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so you have this back and forth with the gravity of time always pulling things back toward a kind of a center.
  zh: 所以你会看到这种来回摆动，时间的重力总是将事物拉回某种中心。
- start: 621.262
  end: 631.719
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so that brings me to what I'd like to begin this course with,  And I call this Papandreou's Three Laws of Early Church History, or the Development of Doctrine.
  zh: 这就引出了我想用来开始这门课程的内容，我称之为帕潘德里欧的早期教会历史三定律，或教义发展三定律。
- start: 632.759
  end: 634.439
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Papandreou's Three Laws.
  zh: 帕潘德里欧的三定律。
- start: 634.46
  end: 635.72
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So here they are.
  zh: 它们如下。
- start: 636.74
  end: 638.24
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Law number one.
  zh: 第一定律。
- start: 639.76
  end: 643.101
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Heresy forces Orthodoxy to define itself.
  zh: 异端迫使正统定义自己。
- start: 644.461
  end: 648.262
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now I know I just threw a couple of loaded words at you.
  zh: 我知道我刚刚向你们抛出了几个有争议的词。
- start: 648.562
  end: 650.762
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Heresy and Orthodoxy.
  zh: 异端和正统。
- start: 650.962
  end: 653.383
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to unpack these words as we go.
  zh: 我们将在课程中逐步解释这些词。
- start: 653.383
  end: 655.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But let me just say this at the beginning.
  zh: 但让我在开始时说这个。
- start: 656.986
  end: 671.612
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Orthodoxy, that word comes from a Greek word, actually a compound word, two words in Greek, ortho meaning straight or correct, and the other parts from the word for praise, but loosely translated it means correct doctrine.
  zh: 正统这个词来自希腊语，实际上是一个复合词，由两个希腊词组成，「ortho」意为直或正确，另一部分来自赞美的词，但大致翻译为正确的教义。
- start: 672.513
  end: 673.073
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Right?
  zh: 对吧？
- start: 673.073
  end: 675.254
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Orthodoxy, correct doctrine.
  zh: 正统，正确的教义。
- start: 675.994
  end: 677.955
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Heresy is also from a Greek word.
  zh: 异端也来自希腊语。
- start: 677.955
  end: 682.217
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It means a kind of going off on a tangent, going off on your own way.
  zh: 它意味着一种偏离主题，走自己的路。
- start: 684.058
  end: 692.815
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in practice what it means is  deviating from a mainstream within the Church.
  zh: 在实践中，它的意思是偏离教会内的主流。
- start: 693.596
  end: 712.511
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: The Orthodox are those who hold a position and who teach that interpretation of Scripture that is considered correct, and the heretics are those who teach other, alternative interpretations.
  zh: 正统派是那些持有并教导被认为正确的圣经解释的人，而异端是那些教导其他替代解释的人。
- start: 715.86
  end: 723.365
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In spite of what you will read in the primary sources, in the primary sources, the Orthodox don't always give the heretics the benefit of the doubt.
  zh: 尽管你在原始资料中会读到，在原始资料中，正统派并不总是给予异端以宽容。
- start: 723.365
  end: 729.088
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: There's a lot of name-calling things, we'll just have to get used to that.
  zh: 有很多辱骂的内容，我们只能习惯这一点。
- start: 729.088
  end: 732.43
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In our world, we're going to give the heretics the benefit of the doubt.
  zh: 在我们的课程中，我们会给予异端以宽容。
- start: 732.75
  end: 744.797
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to assume that they are well-meaning believers who have an alternative interpretation, but that interpretation was determined by a majority within the church to be incorrect.
  zh: 我们会假设他们是善意的信徒，有不同的解释，但这种解释被教会内的多数人认定为不正确。
- start: 745.441
  end: 750.843
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What makes them a heretic, though, is not really so much that they had a difference of opinion.
  zh: 然而，使他们成为异端的并不是他们有不同的观点。
- start: 750.883
  end: 760.707
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What makes them a heretic is that they continued to teach the interpretation that was considered incorrect, even after they were confronted.
  zh: 使他们成为异端的是，即使在被质疑后，他们仍继续教导被认为不正确的解释。
- start: 762.268
  end: 771.132
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we have these concepts, then, of orthodoxy and heresy within the Church, and again, as I said, we're going to unpack these as we go.
  zh: 所以我们在教会内有这些正统和异端的概念，再次强调，正如我所说，我们将在课程中逐步解释这些。
- start: 772.526
  end: 777.948
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But my first law says that heresy forces orthodoxy to define itself.
  zh: 但我的第一定律说，异端迫使正统定义自己。
- start: 778.108
  end: 802.559
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what I mean by that is not that heresy precedes orthodoxy, but that the orthodox position is often the one that is held by most people, but kind of assumed, and perhaps even unclarified, until it's challenged by an alternative interpretation.
  zh: 我的意思不是说异端先于正统，而是正统立场通常是大多数人持有的，但有点被假定，甚至可能未被澄清，直到它被另一种解释挑战。
- start: 803.055
  end: 814.583
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so it's the challenge of the alternative interpretations that will force what comes to be called orthodoxy to define itself, to clarify itself.
  zh: 因此，正是这些替代解释的挑战，迫使后来被称为正统的观点去定义自己，澄清自己。
- start: 814.583
  end: 821.847
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So the orthodox are those who, over time, define and clarify doctrine in the church.
  zh: 所以，正统派是那些随着时间的推移，在教会中定义和澄清教义的人。
- start: 823.088
  end: 830.433
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, it is in part true that these are labels that can only be applied after the argument is over.
  zh: 现在，这些标签只能在争论结束后才能应用，这在某种程度上是正确的。
- start: 830.433
  end: 837.005
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, to a certain extent,  You only know who the Orthodox are until you know who won the argument.
  zh: 我的意思是，在某种程度上，只有当你知道谁赢得了争论，你才知道谁是正统派。
- start: 837.505
  end: 844.929
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And even then, over time, it is not always clear who won the argument.
  zh: 即便如此，随着时间的推移，谁赢得了争论并不总是清楚的。
- start: 845.689
  end: 851.752
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the other hand, though, it's also true that there is an orthodoxy in every generation.
  zh: 另一方面，每一代都有其正统观点，这也是事实。
- start: 852.292
  end: 857.455
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you'll hear some people say, well, there's no such thing as orthodoxy before the fourth century.
  zh: 所以你会听到一些人说，在四世纪之前没有所谓的正统。
- start: 857.455
  end: 862.177
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's not really true, because every generation has its orthodoxy.
  zh: 这并不真实，因为每一代都有其正统观点。
- start: 862.679
  end: 869.042
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the orthodoxy of every generation is based on the orthodoxy of previous generations.
  zh: 每一代的正统观点都是基于前几代的正统观点。
- start: 869.903
  end: 877.466
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you'll find out that many times the heresies in every generation are based on the heresies of the previous generations.
  zh: 你会发现，每一代的异端很多时候都是基于前几代的异端。
- start: 877.766
  end: 882.869
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So law number one was that heresy forces orthodoxy to define itself.
  zh: 所以第一定律是异端迫使正统定义自己。
- start: 883.029
  end: 891.853
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Law number two is orthodoxy is the middle way between the extreme alternatives.
  zh: 第二定律是正统是极端选择之间的中庸之道。
- start: 892.662
  end: 897.323
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Orthodoxy is that center of gravity, the place where the pendulum comes to rest.
  zh: 正统是那个重心，是钟摆最终停止的地方。
- start: 898.624
  end: 900.664
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'll say it again, because I know you're writing it down.
  zh: 我再说一遍，因为我知道你们在记笔记。
- start: 900.784
  end: 905.785
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it's also in the book Trinity 101, so it's in there.
  zh: 但它也在《三位一体101》这本书里，所以你们可以在那里找到。
- start: 905.785
  end: 912.267
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But rule number two, law number two, Orthodoxy is the middle way between the extreme alternatives.
  zh: 但第二条规则，第二定律是，正统是极端选择之间的中庸之道。
- start: 913.387
  end: 916.168
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is really an observation in hindsight.
  zh: 这实际上是事后的观察。
- start: 916.168
  end: 918.308
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is simply the way it plays out.
  zh: 这只是事情发展的方式。
- start: 919.469
  end: 920.909
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And you'll see that as we go.
  zh: 随着我们的学习，你会看到这一点。
- start: 921.474
  end: 928.339
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Law number three, we'll get into a little bit later, but I want to mention it up front so you've got it, and then you'll see how this works too.
  zh: 第三定律，我们稍后会详细讨论，但我想先提一下，这样你们就知道了，然后你们也会看到它是如何运作的。
- start: 928.339
  end: 929.739
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Law number three is this.
  zh: 第三定律是这样的。
- start: 929.76
  end: 934.082
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christology informs soteriology.
  zh: 基督论影响救赎论。
- start: 935.043
  end: 937.265
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I know I just threw another couple of big words at you, right?
  zh: 我知道我刚刚又向你们抛出了几个大词，对吧？
- start: 937.265
  end: 938.986
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So we've got to define our terms.
  zh: 所以我们必须定义我们的术语。
- start: 939.126
  end: 944.69
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christology, you probably know this, but Christology is what we believe about Christ.
  zh: 基督论，你们可能知道，基督论是我们对基督的信仰。
- start: 945.891
  end: 961.498
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Soteriology, and if you're spelling things,  From the Greek soter, meaning Savior, soteriology is what we believe about salvation.
  zh: 救赎论，如果你在拼写的话，来自希腊语「soter」，意为救主，救赎论是我们对救恩的信仰。
- start: 962.339
  end: 977.908
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And you can see how the concept of Christology and soteriology would have to be interrelated because what you believe about the Savior has to be consistent in some way with what you believe about salvation, how salvation works.
  zh: 你可以看到基督论和救赎论的概念如何必须相互关联，因为你对救主的信仰必须在某种程度上与你对救恩的信仰，即救恩如何运作，保持一致。
- start: 978.188
  end: 986.602
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It works the other way, too, because if you start with a soteriology, you end up being forced to back into  The corresponding Christology.
  zh: 反过来也是如此，因为如果你从救赎论开始，你最终会被迫回到相应的基督论。
- start: 986.622
  end: 998.167
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In other words, if you start with assumptions about how salvation works, and what salvation is, then you back into an understanding of how the Savior saves.
  zh: 换句话说，如果你从救恩如何运作和救恩是什么的假设开始，那么你就会回过头来理解救主如何拯救。
- start: 998.527
  end: 1002.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So law three is Christology informs soteriology.
  zh: 所以第三定律是基督论影响救赎论。
- start: 1003.15
  end: 1004.35
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Does that make sense?
  zh: 这说得通吗？
- start: 1004.631
  end: 1006.131
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Any questions so far?
  zh: 到目前为止有什么问题吗？
- start: 1006.132
  end: 1006.732
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Yes, Adrienne?
  zh: 是的，阿德里安？
- start: 1006.732
  end: 1010.713
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: I was just wondering, would you call them codependent or interdependent?
  zh: 我只是在想，你会称它们为共依存还是相互依存？
- start: 1010.713
  end: 1012.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: I would call them interdependent.
  zh: 我会称它们为相互依存。
- start: 1012.354
  end: 1016.795
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Codependent has a connotation of unhealthy somehow.
  zh: 共依存在某种程度上有不健康的含义。
- start: 1016.795
  end: 1020.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But I would call them interdependent, yes, thank you.
  zh: 但我会称它们为相互依存，是的，谢谢。
- start: 1020.376
  end: 1022.837
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Christology and soteriology are interdependent.
  zh: 基督论和救赎论是相互依存的。
- start: 1022.837
  end: 1025.158
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And spoiler alert, guess what?
  zh: 剧透警告，猜猜怎么着？
- start: 1025.218
  end: 1028.099
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's not just Christology and soteriology.
  zh: 不仅仅是基督论和救赎论。
- start: 1028.41
  end: 1035.391
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: but ecclesiology and anthropology and eschatology, these things are all interdependent.
  zh: 教会论、人类学和末世论，这些都是相互依存的。
- start: 1035.671
  end: 1048.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, you're beginning a journey right now that you'll start with this class and others and you'll go to your theology classes where you'll integrate Christology even more with anthropology.
  zh: 所以，你知道，你现在开始了一段旅程，从这门课和其他课程开始，你将进入神学课程，在那里你会将基督论与人类学更深入地整合。
- start: 1048.274
  end: 1056.136
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And by the time you're done with your seminary experience, you will have woven a beautiful sweater of ology.
  zh: 当你完成神学院的学习经历时，你将编织出一件美丽的「学说」毛衣。
- start: 1056.136
  end: 1056.856
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Right?
  zh: 对吧？
- start: 1058.012
  end: 1067.655
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Are most of the primary sources that we'll be reading from the Orthodoxy?
  zh: 我们将要阅读的主要资料大多来自正统派吗？
- start: 1067.655
  end: 1068.195
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Good question.
  zh: 好问题。
- start: 1068.195
  end: 1073.116
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Are most of the primary sources from the Orthodox side?
  zh: 主要资料大多来自正统派一方吗？
- start: 1073.116
  end: 1085.74
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The problem is that often the heretical writings or the writings of the heretics don't survive because they didn't think about seminary students in the 21st century.
  zh: 问题是异端的著作或异端者的著作往往没有保存下来，因为他们没有考虑到21世纪的神学院学生。
- start: 1087.995
  end: 1095.981
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So often, what we know about what the heretics taught, we only know from the writings of the Orthodox.
  zh: 所以通常，我们对异端教导的了解，只来自正统派的著作。
- start: 1096.262
  end: 1104.208
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, you will read in the writings of an Orthodox writer, well, those heretics say this, and here's our answer to it.
  zh: 换句话说，你会在正统作家的著作中读到，那些异端说这个，这是我们的回答。
- start: 1104.208
  end: 1109.972
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, on the one hand, you'll be getting both sides of it in one document.
  zh: 所以，一方面，你会在一份文件中得到双方的观点。
- start: 1110.273
  end: 1113.476
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the other hand, you sort of have to take it with a grain of salt.
  zh: 另一方面，你得对此持保留态度。
- start: 1113.476
  end: 1119.17
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Are the Orthodox fairly representing  The teachings of the heretics.
  zh: 正统派是否公正地表述了异端的教导。
- start: 1119.17
  end: 1129.018
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In most cases, where the teachings of the so-called heretics were later found and then compared, in most cases it turns out it is a pretty good representation of what they taught.
  zh: 在大多数情况下，当所谓异端的教导后来被发现并比较时，大多数情况下发现这是对他们教导的相当好的表述。
- start: 1129.078
  end: 1130.42
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it's worth reading.
  zh: 所以这是值得阅读的。
- start: 1130.42
  end: 1134.283
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But again, when they start the name-calling and stuff, you know, take it with a grain of salt.
  zh: 但再次强调，当他们开始辱骂之类的，你知道，要对此持保留态度。
- start: 1134.283
  end: 1135.644
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So it's a good question.
  zh: 所以这是一个好问题。
- start: 1136.905
  end: 1143.55
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, now there are a couple of methodological issues we need to get out of the way before we can go too much further.
  zh: 好的，在我们进一步深入之前，有几个方法论问题需要解决。
- start: 1144.307
  end: 1149.351
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the first one, a couple of them actually have to do with language.
  zh: 第一个，实际上其中几个与语言有关。
- start: 1149.351
  end: 1153.554
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The first one has to do with the word God.
  zh: 第一个与「神」这个词有关。
- start: 1155.035
  end: 1158.517
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What do we mean when we say the word God?
  zh: 当我们说「神」这个词时，我们是什么意思？
- start: 1159.918
  end: 1175.809
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, we throw this word around a lot, and we usually do so with the assumption that we know, that everybody knows what we mean, especially if you're a preacher, you're up there,  You're talking about God, and you assume everybody knows what you mean.
  zh: 现在，我们经常使用这个词，通常假设我们知道，每个人都知道我们的意思，特别是如果你是一个传道人，你站在那里谈论神，你假设每个人都知道你的意思。
- start: 1175.95
  end: 1188.434
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The problem is, you can't assume that anymore, especially with more and more, put it this way, increased contact with people from other religions who may not even be monotheistic.
  zh: 问题是，你不能再这样假设了，特别是随着越来越多的，这么说吧，与其他宗教的人接触增加，他们甚至可能不是一神论者。
- start: 1189.055
  end: 1196.518
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But that aside, even within a Christian context, you can't assume that everybody always knows what you mean when you say God.
  zh: 但撇开这一点不谈，即使在基督教的语境中，你也不能假设每个人都总是知道你说「神」时的意思。
- start: 1196.518
  end: 1202.04
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: For example, we will say, as Christians, that Jesus is God.
  zh: 例如，作为基督徒，我们会说耶稣是神。
- start: 1203.038
  end: 1204.178
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What do we mean by that?
  zh: 我们这样说是什么意思？
- start: 1204.999
  end: 1209.781
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, there's actually at least three different ways that we can use the word God.
  zh: 实际上，我们至少有三种不同的方式使用「神」这个词。
- start: 1210.041
  end: 1214.042
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And again, if you ever expect to be a preacher, I want you to pay attention to this.
  zh: 再次强调，如果你期望成为一个传道人，我希望你注意这一点。
- start: 1214.303
  end: 1218.664
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Actually, I want you to pay attention to everything I say.
  zh: 实际上，我希望你注意我说的每一句话。
- start: 1218.965
  end: 1224.247
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There are at least three different ways you can use the word God, or we generally use the word God.
  zh: 使用「神」这个词至少有三种不同的方式，或者说我们通常使用「神」这个词的方式。
- start: 1224.287
  end: 1237.995
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: One way that we use God is to talk about God in the totality of God,  God in God's total sense.
  zh: 我们使用「神」的一种方式是谈论神的整体性，神的全面意义。
- start: 1237.995
  end: 1240.836
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I'm trying to avoid the T word yet, but I'm going to say it.
  zh: 我还在试图避免使用那个T开头的词，但我要说了。
- start: 1240.836
  end: 1243.357
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The Trinity.
  zh: 三位一体。
- start: 1243.357
  end: 1247.939
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When we say the word God, we often mean the Trinity.
  zh: 当我们说「神」这个词时，我们通常指的是三位一体。
- start: 1250.261
  end: 1256.944
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Sometimes, however, when we say the word God, we mean specifically the first person of the Trinity.
  zh: 然而，有时当我们说「神」这个词时，我们特指三位一体中的第一位格。
- start: 1257.176
  end: 1263.861
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And of course, we're going to get into later, you know, terms like person and all of this stuff, and, you know, how is God one and how is God three?
  zh: 当然，我们稍后会讨论，你知道，像「位格」这样的术语和所有这些东西，以及神如何是一，又如何是三？
- start: 1264.002
  end: 1265.042
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We'll get to that.
  zh: 我们会讲到这一点。
- start: 1265.083
  end: 1276.432
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But right now, you know, when you use the word God, you might use it as a substitute for the traditional term of the Father, God the Father, the first person of the Trinity.
  zh: 但现在，你知道，当你使用「神」这个词时，你可能用它来代替传统的「圣父」一词，即三位一体中的第一位格。
- start: 1277.033
  end: 1283.338
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you use it that way, though, clearly that doesn't mean the same thing as the whole Trinity, right?
  zh: 如果你这样使用，显然它的意思与整个三位一体不同，对吧？
- start: 1284.076
  end: 1292.778
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The third way that we often use the word God is to speak of divinity itself, which in a way could be as much of an adjective as a noun.
  zh: 我们经常使用「神」这个词的第三种方式是指神性本身，这在某种程度上可以是形容词，也可以是名词。
- start: 1292.778
  end: 1299.719
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the point is, when we talk about God, we might mean that which makes God, God.
  zh: 但关键是，当我们谈论神时，我们可能指的是使神成为神的那个东西。
- start: 1299.719
  end: 1300.719
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Divinity.
  zh: 神性。
- start: 1300.98
  end: 1300.98
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: God-ness.
  zh: 神性。
- start: 1300.98
  end: 1312.322
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you see, there are these three different ways that we can use that word God, and when we say Jesus is God, that's true.
  zh: 所以你看，我们可以用这三种不同的方式使用「神」这个词，当我们说耶稣是神时，这是真的。
- start: 1312.654
  end: 1316.416
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it's only true if you mean it in the third sense.
  zh: 但只有在第三种意义上，这才是正确的。
- start: 1316.696
  end: 1321.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because Jesus is not the whole Trinity, and the Son is not the Father.
  zh: 因为耶稣不是整个三位一体，而圣子也不是圣父。
- start: 1321.919
  end: 1329.983
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, to say Jesus is God assumes that you're using God in that one specific sense of divinity itself.
  zh: 所以，说耶稣是神，假定你是在使用神这个词的特定意义，即神性本身。
- start: 1331.043
  end: 1342.209
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, I want to advocate for as much precision as possible when we talk about the divine.
  zh: 因此，我希望在我们谈论神性时尽可能精确。
- start: 1342.253
  end: 1346.054
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Not just in this class, but ongoing in your Christian lives.
  zh: 不仅在这门课上，而且在你们的基督徒生活中也要如此。
- start: 1346.094
  end: 1357.418
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As much as possible, I want you to think about what you mean when you say God, and try to be as specific as possible, and as precise as possible, and as consistent as possible.
  zh: 我希望你们尽可能地思考当你们说「神」时的意思，并尽可能具体，尽可能精确，尽可能保持一致。
- start: 1358.619
  end: 1370.799
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: By the way, as an aside, I'm going to assume you know this, but I'll say it anyway in case anyone doesn't, that you know the first verse of the fourth gospel.
  zh: 顺便说一句，我假设你们知道这一点，但我还是要说一下，以防有人不知道，就是第四福音书的第一节。
- start: 1370.799
  end: 1374.58
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: John 1.1. In the beginning was the Word.
  zh: 约翰福音1:1。太初有道。
- start: 1375.52
  end: 1384.123
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And I'm sure you know that in that context, the concept of the Word there is a reference to Jesus Christ.
  zh: 我相信你们知道在那个上下文中，「道」的概念是指耶稣基督。
- start: 1384.123
  end: 1402.138
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, that Word in English, Word, and I'll usually capitalize it when I'm talking about Jesus, the Word, is the Greek word Logos, which does mean Word,  But it also has a range of meanings beyond that.
  zh: 所以，英语中的「Word」，我在谈论耶稣时通常会大写，是希腊词「Logos」，确实意味着「道」，但它还有更广泛的含义。
- start: 1402.138
  end: 1411.541
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Rationality, rational principle, in a philosophical sense, the rational matrix that is the backbone of the universe.
  zh: 理性、理性原则，从哲学意义上说，是宇宙的理性基础。
- start: 1411.541
  end: 1415.422
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: All of these kinds of things are sort of packed into that word.
  zh: 所有这些含义都被包含在这个词中。
- start: 1415.462
  end: 1421.304
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we'll talk more about what we mean when we say that this describes Jesus Christ.
  zh: 我们将进一步讨论当我们说这描述了耶稣基督时的含义。
- start: 1422.144
  end: 1435.273
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But I just want to make sure that you all get that that is a way of speaking of  Jesus or the second person of the Trinity that is specific to the second person of the Trinity.
  zh: 但我只想确保你们都明白，这是一种特指三位一体第二位格的耶稣的说法。
- start: 1438.134
  end: 1447.676
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Also, in this class, I use Jesus and Christ synonymously with Jesus Christ.
  zh: 另外，在这门课上，我同义使用耶稣、基督和耶稣基督这些词。
- start: 1447.676
  end: 1454.237
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So all three of those, Jesus, Christ, Jesus Christ, all mean the same thing to me.
  zh: 所以这三个词，耶稣、基督、耶稣基督，对我来说都是同一个意思。
- start: 1454.857
  end: 1462.554
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Those terms all refer to both  The human being, Jesus of Nazareth, and the second person, the Trinity.
  zh: 这些词都同时指人耶稣拿撒勒人和三位一体的第二位格。
- start: 1462.554
  end: 1466.7
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We do not separate Jesus from the Christ.
  zh: 我们不把耶稣和基督分开。
- start: 1466.798
  end: 1471.059
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As if Jesus is the humanity and the Christ is the divinity or anything like that.
  zh: 好像耶稣是人性而基督是神性之类的。
- start: 1471.059
  end: 1473.14
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We don't do that.
  zh: 我们不这样做。
- start: 1473.42
  end: 1481.563
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, just to be clear, when I'm talking, I will often use those terms interchangeably, but they all mean the same thing.
  zh: 所以，为了清楚起见，当我说话时，我经常交替使用这些词，但它们都是同一个意思。
- start: 1481.563
  end: 1485.844
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Don't try to read into what I'm saying that Jesus means one thing and Christ means another.
  zh: 不要试图从我的话中解读出耶稣意味着一回事而基督意味着另一回事。
- start: 1485.844
  end: 1488.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's all synonymous.
  zh: 它们都是同义词。
- start: 1490.563
  end: 1505.447
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, I also want to say, this is the second of the three methodological issues, that when it comes to language, the use of pronouns for God is at your own discretion within certain limits.
  zh: 现在，我还想说，这是三个方法论问题中的第二个，就是在语言方面，在某些限度内，用什么代词指代神由你们自己决定。
- start: 1505.947
  end: 1515.73
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because this is a class on the history of Christianity, and because we're focusing on the early and medieval church in this course, we have to deal with traditional terms.
  zh: 因为这是一门基督教历史的课程，而且我们在这门课程中关注早期和中世纪的教会，所以我们必须使用传统术语。
- start: 1516.05
  end: 1519.591
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so I will use the traditional terms most of the time.
  zh: 所以我大多数时候会使用传统术语。
- start: 1520.556
  end: 1531.602
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, for whatever reason you're not comfortable with those traditional terms, there are some alternatives, but the alternatives are limited, so we'll get there.
  zh: 现在，无论出于什么原因，如果你对这些传统术语不舒服，有一些替代方案，但替代方案是有限的，我们会讲到这一点。
- start: 1531.963
  end: 1536.585
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But I also want to say that I don't expect you to imitate what I do, necessarily.
  zh: 但我也想说，我并不期望你们一定要模仿我的做法。
- start: 1536.585
  end: 1545.831
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, if you hear me speaking a certain way, don't assume that you have to imitate that in your papers.
  zh: 所以，如果你听到我用某种方式说话，不要认为你在论文中必须模仿那种方式。
- start: 1545.831
  end: 1551.294
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I give you a certain amount of flexibility  Speak of God in ways that make sense to you.
  zh: 我给你们一定的灵活性，用对你们有意义的方式谈论神。
- start: 1551.354
  end: 1556.417
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But remember, this class is about historical Christianity and historical theology.
  zh: 但请记住，这门课是关于历史基督教和历史神学的。
- start: 1556.417
  end: 1558.657
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This class is not about what you believe.
  zh: 这门课不是关于你的信仰的。
- start: 1559.018
  end: 1565.401
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So none of your papers are going to be faith statements or your own perspective.
  zh: 所以你的论文都不会是信仰声明或你自己的观点。
- start: 1565.401
  end: 1567.582
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll have plenty of time for that in other courses.
  zh: 你在其他课程中会有大量时间做那些。
- start: 1567.582
  end: 1574.168
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But this is about understanding the foundation  So you gotta get that first before you can go on from there.
  zh: 但这是关于理解基础的，所以你必须先掌握这个，然后才能继续深入。
- start: 1574.168
  end: 1577.831
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's why I say it's at your discretion but within certain limits.
  zh: 所以这就是为什么我说这由你自己决定，但要在某些限度内。
- start: 1578.271
  end: 1584.616
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: For example, I have no problem with calling the first person of the Trinity Mother, if you like that.
  zh: 例如，如果你喜欢的话，我不反对把三位一体的第一位格称为母亲。
- start: 1584.837
  end: 1589.12
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Holy Spirit can be He, Holy Spirit can be She.
  zh: 圣灵可以是「祂」，圣灵也可以是「她」。
- start: 1589.12
  end: 1593.223
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I am not a big fan of It, because I don't like to depersonalize.
  zh: 我不太喜欢用「它」，因为我不喜欢去人格化。
- start: 1593.343
  end: 1594.764
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So be careful of that.
  zh: 所以要注意这一点。
- start: 1594.764
  end: 1601.429
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Whatever you do, don't depersonalize God and reduce God to some sort of concept, right?
  zh: 无论你做什么，不要去人格化神，把神简化为某种概念，对吧？
- start: 1601.961
  end: 1603.862
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: All right, is that fair?
  zh: 好吧，这样公平吗？
- start: 1604.243
  end: 1606.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, good.
  zh: 好的，很好。
- start: 1606.425
  end: 1612.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The last thing I want to say in terms of methodology or sort of a big picture overview is this.
  zh: 关于方法论或大局概览，我想说的最后一件事是这个。
- start: 1613.911
  end: 1624.379
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The early church and the medieval church, I keep saying the early church, but we do the medieval church in here too, just that my primary field is the early church, so that's what I get the most excited about.
  zh: 早期教会和中世纪教会，我一直在说早期教会，但我们这里也讲中世纪教会，只是我的主要研究领域是早期教会，所以那是我最兴奋的部分。
- start: 1624.94
  end: 1629.003
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you think it's weird to be excited about early Christianity, that's okay.
  zh: 如果你觉得对早期基督教感到兴奋很奇怪，那也没关系。
- start: 1629.548
  end: 1647.978
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you get excited about early Christianity, consider a PhD. The history of the early and medieval church is, at the same time, everyone's tradition and no one's tradition.
  zh: 如果你对早期基督教感到兴奋，可以考虑读博士。早期和中世纪教会的历史，同时是每个人的传统，又不是任何人的传统。
- start: 1648.239
  end: 1649.639
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Here's what I mean by that.
  zh: 这就是我的意思。
- start: 1650.18
  end: 1660.646
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is everyone's tradition because the early and medieval church is the trunk of the family tree  that we are all a part of it.
  zh: 它是每个人的传统，因为早期和中世纪教会是我们都属于的家族树的主干。
- start: 1660.766
  end: 1670.711
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Regardless of your denomination, everything we're going to study in this class is your tradition, because this is the background of your Christianity.
  zh: 无论你属于哪个宗派，我们在这门课上学习的一切都是你的传统，因为这是你的基督教背景。
- start: 1670.852
  end: 1675.714
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, this is not just Eastern Christianity or Catholic Christianity.
  zh: 我的意思是，这不仅仅是东方基督教或天主教。
- start: 1675.714
  end: 1677.615
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is Christianity.
  zh: 这就是基督教。
- start: 1678.076
  end: 1698.456
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so what we're going to study in this class belongs to you as a descendant, a spiritual descendant,  The people you're going to be studying, the people you're going to be reading, they are that great cloud of witnesses that cheers you on in the race of faith.
  zh: 所以我们在这门课上学习的内容属于你，作为一个后代，一个属灵的后代，你将要研究的人，你将要阅读的人，他们是那伟大的见证人云彩，在信仰的赛程中为你加油。
- start: 1700.037
  end: 1706.9
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: On the other hand, when I say the early medieval church is no one's tradition, I mean this.
  zh: 另一方面，当我说早期中世纪教会不是任何人的传统时，我的意思是这样的。
- start: 1708.561
  end: 1717.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We often, when we read documents, we often try to find ourselves in the documents.
  zh: 我们在阅读文献时，经常试图在文献中找到自己。
- start: 1718.246
  end: 1719.226
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And that's natural.
  zh: 这是很自然的。
- start: 1719.226
  end: 1724.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I mean, if I was writing fiction, I would create a protagonist that people could identify with.
  zh: 我的意思是，如果我在写小说，我会创造一个人们能够认同的主角。
- start: 1724.888
  end: 1727.088
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's good writing.
  zh: 这是好的写作。
- start: 1727.088
  end: 1732.57
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so it's natural to try to find yourself in the text.
  zh: 所以试图在文本中找到自己是很自然的。
- start: 1733.05
  end: 1740.532
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the problem with that is there's no one like you living at that time.
  zh: 但问题是，那个时代没有人像你一样。
- start: 1741.813
  end: 1747.314
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And what I mean by that is that the world was so very different from the world we live in.
  zh: 我的意思是，那个世界与我们现在生活的世界非常不同。
- start: 1747.537
  end: 1754.983
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: that it's difficult to relate to some of these people on a level of, oh, this person is like me.
  zh: 很难在「哦，这个人和我一样」的层面上与这些人产生共鸣。
- start: 1754.983
  end: 1756.303
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I can relate to this person.
  zh: 我能理解这个人。
- start: 1756.303
  end: 1758.905
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: I can put myself in their shoes.
  zh: 我能设身处地为他们着想。
- start: 1760.747
  end: 1767.712
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: One of the aspects of this is the issue of race.
  zh: 这其中的一个方面是种族问题。
- start: 1769.393
  end: 1773.636
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Race in the ancient world was a very different thing from what it is now.
  zh: 古代世界的种族概念与现在非常不同。
- start: 1774.597
  end: 1782.06
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Because I imagine that  Immediately when I said the word race, the first thing you thought of was skin color.
  zh: 因为我想，当我说到种族这个词时，你立即想到的第一件事就是肤色。
- start: 1783.08
  end: 1791.662
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And there's a very good reason for that, because there's a sad history in this country and others in the last several hundred years that makes us think that way.
  zh: 这是有很好的理由的，因为在过去几百年里，这个国家和其他国家有一段悲伤的历史，使我们这样思考。
- start: 1792.342
  end: 1797.864
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But in the ancient world, race had nothing to do with skin color.
  zh: 但在古代世界，种族与肤色无关。
- start: 1797.864
  end: 1801.544
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: In the ancient world, race was where you were from.
  zh: 在古代世界，种族是指你来自哪里。
- start: 1801.544
  end: 1804.145
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So my race would be the Italian race.
  zh: 所以我的种族会是意大利种族。
- start: 1811.224
  end: 1818.79
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: But skin color was not nearly the issue back then that it is now.
  zh: 但当时肤色并不像现在这样是个问题。
- start: 1818.79
  end: 1828.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, in fact, even slavery was different than what you think of when you think about slavery in the history of this country, for example.
  zh: 事实上，即使是奴隶制也与你想象的这个国家历史上的奴隶制不同。
- start: 1828.699
  end: 1831.06
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You will read about slavery.
  zh: 你会读到关于奴隶制的内容。
- start: 1833.348
  end: 1836.31
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There were a lot of slaves in the Roman world.
  zh: 罗马世界有很多奴隶。
- start: 1836.731
  end: 1840.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But slavery was not justified on the basis of skin color back then.
  zh: 但当时奴隶制并不是基于肤色来证明其合理性的。
- start: 1840.954
  end: 1844.436
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Slavery was justified on the basis of the rights of conquest.
  zh: 奴隶制是基于征服权来证明其合理性的。
- start: 1844.557
  end: 1848.94
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So if my country conquers your country, I can make you slave.
  zh: 所以如果我的国家征服了你的国家，我就可以让你成为奴隶。
- start: 1848.94
  end: 1852.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If your country conquers my country, then you can make me a slave.
  zh: 如果你的国家征服了我的国家，那么你就可以让我成为奴隶。
- start: 1852.583
  end: 1860.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it has nothing to do with skin color, and it has nothing to do with assumptions that one group of people are less human than another.
  zh: 但这与肤色无关，也与假设某一群人比另一群人更不像人类无关。
- start: 1860.35
  end: 1868.397
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, it was widely acknowledged in the Roman world that Greek slaves were good for teaching your children because they were smart.
  zh: 事实上，在罗马世界普遍认为希腊奴隶适合教育你的孩子，因为他们很聪明。
- start: 1868.998
  end: 1879.207
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The idea is that you sort of have to put that out of your mind a little bit, as much as you can.
  zh: 这个想法是，你必须尽可能地把这些从你的脑海中清除一点。
- start: 1879.748
  end: 1896.393
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What that means is that when we read these documents, we have  No way of knowing, in virtually all cases, they have no way of knowing what these authors or these people wrote.
  zh: 这意味着当我们阅读这些文献时，在几乎所有情况下，我们都无法知道，他们也无法知道这些作者或这些人写了什么。
- start: 1896.393
  end: 1900.815
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Even when you read that someone is from North Africa, for example.
  zh: 即使当你读到某人来自北非，例如。
- start: 1901.656
  end: 1908.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: North Africa was a coastal area, kind of the Los Angeles of the ancient world, where most people are from somewhere else.
  zh: 北非是一个沿海地区，有点像古代世界的洛杉矶，那里的大多数人都来自其他地方。
- start: 1909.36
  end: 1919.363
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, you know, you can't assume  that people looked a certain way based on where you think they were from in each world.
  zh: 所以，你知道，你不能根据你认为他们在每个世界来自哪里就假设人们看起来是某种样子。
- start: 1919.824
  end: 1929.307
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: One example is, you're going to read the story of the martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas.
  zh: 一个例子是，你将要读到佩尔佩图阿和费利西塔斯殉道的故事。
- start: 1930.808
  end: 1941.012
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the story, Perpetua and Felicitas are two Christians who were martyred in North Africa at the beginning of the third century.
  zh: 在这个故事中，佩尔佩图阿和费利西塔斯是两位在三世纪初在北非殉道的基督徒。
- start: 1943.496
  end: 1948.197
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Perpetua is a wealthy woman, Deliciatas is her slave.
  zh: 佩尔佩图阿是一位富有的女性，费利西塔斯是她的奴隶。
- start: 1949.098
  end: 1954.399
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Do not assume you know what color they were by knowing that much.
  zh: 不要仅凭知道这么多就假设你知道她们的肤色。
- start: 1955.18
  end: 1957.32
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It might be the opposite of what you think.
  zh: 可能与你想的恰恰相反。
- start: 1959.201
  end: 1974.549
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, again, you just have to sort of go into this knowing that when you read these texts, you can't assume that  You know what people look like, or that you can relate to certain people because you think they might have looked like you.
  zh: 所以，再次强调，当你阅读这些文本时，你必须意识到你不能假设你知道人们的长相，或者因为你认为他们可能看起来像你就能与某些人产生共鸣。
- start: 1974.549
  end: 1991.461
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That brings up another good issue, and that is that those of us who are white eventually have to get used to the idea that  In most of the world and for most of the world's history, white is not the default.
  zh: 这引出了另一个重要问题，那就是我们这些白人最终必须习惯这样一个想法：在世界大部分地区和世界历史的大部分时期，白人并不是默认的标准。
- start: 1991.781
  end: 2003.087
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Those of us who are white have grown up probably thinking that white is the standard by which everything else is measured, and that's not the case in the ancient world.
  zh: 我们这些白人长大过程中可能认为白人是衡量一切的标准，但在古代世界并非如此。
- start: 2003.847
  end: 2007.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So start getting used to that idea as well.
  zh: 所以也要开始习惯这个想法。
- start: 2007.169
  end: 2011.491
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now I'm not saying they didn't have racism in the ancient world, because they did.
  zh: 我并不是说古代世界没有种族主义，因为他们确实有。
- start: 2011.491
  end: 2013.512
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It just wasn't based on skin tone.
  zh: 只是它不是基于肤色的。
- start: 2014.052
  end: 2016.273
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It was based on language.
  zh: 它是基于语言的。
- start: 2016.755
  end: 2021.657
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Racism in the ancient world wasn't based on how you looked, it was based on how you sounded.
  zh: 古代世界的种族主义不是基于你的外表，而是基于你说话的声音。
- start: 2021.677
  end: 2025.498
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you could speak Greek or Latin, you were civilized.
  zh: 如果你能说希腊语或拉丁语，你就是文明人。
- start: 2026.079
  end: 2029.98
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you could not speak Greek or Latin, then you're a barbarian.
  zh: 如果你不能说希腊语或拉丁语，那你就是野蛮人。
- start: 2030.541
  end: 2036.083
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's the racism of the ancient world, at least in simplified form.
  zh: 所以这就是古代世界的种族主义，至少是简化的形式。
- start: 2037.764
  end: 2039.124
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Does that make sense?
  zh: 这说得通吗？
- start: 2040.785
  end: 2041.745
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Any questions?
  zh: 有什么问题吗？
- start: 2043.723
  end: 2057.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, then, hearing none, I am going to begin talking about what I call the Apostolic Age, the Age of the Apostles, or the First Century.
  zh: 好的，既然没有问题，我将开始讲述我所称的使徒时代，即使徒的时代，或者说第一世纪。
- start: 2059.936
  end: 2063.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, let's think about the early Christians for a minute.
  zh: 现在，让我们想一想早期的基督徒。
- start: 2064.64
  end: 2068.503
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: From the very beginning, the early Christians had problems.
  zh: 从一开始，早期的基督徒就遇到了问题。
- start: 2070.658
  end: 2079.666
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If you were a Christian in the early decades of the Church, chances are good you were also Jewish.
  zh: 如果你是教会早期几十年的基督徒，很可能你也是犹太人。
- start: 2079.666
  end: 2084.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the foundation of Judaism is monotheism, right?
  zh: 而犹太教的基础是一神论，对吧？
- start: 2084.93
  end: 2088.873
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Here, O Israel, the Lord our God is one.
  zh: 「以色列啊，你要听，耶和华我们的神是独一的主。」
- start: 2089.114
  end: 2091.856
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: There is only one God.
  zh: 只有一位神。
- start: 2092.997
  end: 2096.58
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's a little bit like Willy Wonka's Everlasting God-stopper.
  zh: 这有点像威利·旺卡的永恒神停止器。
- start: 2097.998
  end: 2101.14
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You only get one because you only need one.
  zh: 你只得到一个，因为你只需要一个。
- start: 2101.24
  end: 2103.441
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because this God covers it all.
  zh: 因为这位神涵盖了一切。
- start: 2103.602
  end: 2103.822
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Right?
  zh: 对吧？
- start: 2103.822
  end: 2106.063
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, there's only one God.
  zh: 所以，只有一位神。
- start: 2106.224
  end: 2108.004
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But imagine you're a Christian.
  zh: 但想象你是一个基督徒。
- start: 2108.065
  end: 2109.786
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You're Jewish, but you're a Christian.
  zh: 你是犹太人，但你是基督徒。
- start: 2109.786
  end: 2119.913
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You've come to believe that Jesus of Nazareth was, in fact, the Messiah that your people had hoped for, and you've joined a community of his followers, and you've been baptized.
  zh: 你开始相信拿撒勒的耶稣实际上就是你的民族所期待的弥赛亚，你加入了他追随者的团体，并接受了洗礼。
- start: 2119.913
  end: 2128.058
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And now, every Sunday morning at dawn, you go over to Bob's house, and you gather with the Christian community at Bob's house.
  zh: 现在，每个星期天的黎明，你都去鲍勃的家，在那里与基督徒团体聚会。
- start: 2129.229
  end: 2134.512
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, of course, if you're Jewish, you continue to follow your Jewish traditions.
  zh: 但是，当然，如果你是犹太人，你会继续遵循你的犹太传统。
- start: 2134.673
  end: 2148.121
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so let's say you're at some family gathering, and maybe one of your Jewish relatives who is not a Christian asks you, well, what do you folks do every Sunday morning at Bob's house?
  zh: 所以假设你在一个家庭聚会上，可能有一个不是基督徒的犹太亲戚问你，你们每个星期天早上在鲍勃家做什么？
- start: 2148.762
  end: 2150.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What are you going to say?
  zh: 你会怎么说？
- start: 2150.423
  end: 2153.084
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, we worship Jesus.
  zh: 嗯，我们敬拜耶稣。
- start: 2153.685
  end: 2154.425
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What?
  zh: 什么？
- start: 2154.766
  end: 2155.686
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Come on!
  zh: 别开玩笑了！
- start: 2156.607
  end: 2162.402
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And, you know, at that point,  Your whole family would attack you with questions like, how can you do that?
  zh: 你知道，在那时，你的整个家庭会用问题攻击你，比如，你怎么能这样做？
- start: 2162.722
  end: 2164.223
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How do you call yourself a good Jew?
  zh: 你怎么能称自己是个好犹太人？
- start: 2164.223
  end: 2169.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How can you call yourself a child of Abraham and worship to God?
  zh: 你怎么能称自己是亚伯拉罕的子孙却敬拜神？
- start: 2171.927
  end: 2174.008
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And to be fair, they would have a point.
  zh: 公平地说，他们的观点是有道理的。
- start: 2174.589
  end: 2181.772
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so from the very beginning, the Christians knew that they were supposed to worship Christ.
  zh: 所以从一开始，基督徒就知道他们应该敬拜基督。
- start: 2182.633
  end: 2184.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But they couldn't quite explain it.
  zh: 但他们无法很好地解释这一点。
- start: 2186.394
  end: 2189.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, this is the church's problem.
  zh: 所以，这就是教会的问题。
- start: 2189.376
  end: 2195.36
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How do you call yourselves monotheists and still worship Jesus?
  zh: 你们如何称自己为一神论者却仍然敬拜耶稣？
- start: 2196.441
  end: 2199.963
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And at the beginning, the answer was...
  zh: 在开始时，答案是……
- start: 2202.305
  end: 2207.207
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, spoiler alert, eventually, the answer will be the doctrine of the Trinity.
  zh: 现在，剧透一下，最终，答案将是三位一体的教义。
- start: 2207.568
  end: 2209.429
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's the answer to the question.
  zh: 这就是问题的答案。
- start: 2210.27
  end: 2213.972
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But it's going to take us 300 years to get there, right?
  zh: 但我们需要300年才能达到那里，对吧？
- start: 2215.962
  end: 2221.565
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so, at the beginning, you know, I told you my law number one, right?
  zh: 所以，在开始时，你知道，我告诉过你我的第一定律，对吧？
- start: 2221.565
  end: 2224.526
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Heresy forces orthodoxy to define itself.
  zh: 异端迫使正统定义自己。
- start: 2224.586
  end: 2231.609
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: At the very beginning, actually, liturgy forced the early Christians to answer for this, to define themselves.
  zh: 实际上，在最开始，礼仪迫使早期基督徒回答这个问题，定义自己。
- start: 2231.609
  end: 2237.031
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How do you justify worshipping Jesus and still say you only believe in one God?
  zh: 你如何证明敬拜耶稣的合理性，同时还说你只相信一位神？
- start: 2237.752
  end: 2245.175
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But to that question, people posed multiple answers, alternative answers.
  zh: 但对于这个问题，人们提出了多种答案，替代性答案。
- start: 2245.609
  end: 2255.115
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the proposing of alternative answers then forced the Church to come up with what it does believe.
  zh: 而这些替代性答案的提出又迫使教会提出它真正相信的内容。
- start: 2256.056
  end: 2265.321
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, not only was the Church forced to define what it believes, but in doing that, the Church was forced to define what it is.
  zh: 事实上，教会不仅被迫定义它所相信的，而且在这样做的过程中，教会被迫定义它自身是什么。
- start: 2265.542
  end: 2268.123
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What is Christianity, after all?
  zh: 毕竟，基督教是什么？
- start: 2270.905
  end: 2274.267
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so this becomes a problem at the beginning.
  zh: 所以这在开始时成为一个问题。
- start: 2275.169
  end: 2277.79
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The church actually had to define itself.
  zh: 教会实际上必须定义自己。
- start: 2277.79
  end: 2280.39
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Is that a question?
  zh: 这是一个问题吗？
- start: 2280.39
  end: 2283.931
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Now, when you say church, do you mean the group of Christians?
  zh: 现在，当你说教会时，你是指基督徒群体吗？
- start: 2284.831
  end: 2285.712
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Well, that's a good question.
  zh: 嗯，这是个好问题。
- start: 2285.712
  end: 2287.712
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: He says, well, what do you mean by church?
  zh: 他说，那么，你说的教会是什么意思？
- start: 2289.613
  end: 2293.773
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yeah, remember, you can't walk down the street and see a church, right?
  zh: 是的，记住，你不能在街上走就看到一个教会，对吧？
- start: 2294.154
  end: 2299.835
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, what that means is that Christians are meeting in people's homes, like Bob's home that I just talked about.
  zh: 所以，这意味着基督徒在人们的家中聚会，就像我刚才提到的鲍勃的家。
- start: 2300.555
  end: 2303.836
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, what does it mean for the Christians to be a church?
  zh: 那么，对基督徒来说，成为一个教会意味着什么？
- start: 2304.571
  end: 2308.052
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: As opposed to individual house churches.
  zh: 而不是单独的家庭教会。
- start: 2309.052
  end: 2319.994
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to get into this later, but you can imagine that, you know, at the very beginning, all of the Christians in a whole city could fit in one person's house.
  zh: 我们稍后会详细讨论这个，但你可以想象，你知道，在最开始，整个城市的所有基督徒都可以容纳在一个人的家里。
- start: 2320.514
  end: 2321.974
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's how it starts out.
  zh: 这就是它开始的方式。
- start: 2322.454
  end: 2324.694
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But eventually, that's not the case.
  zh: 但最终，情况不再是这样。
- start: 2324.754
  end: 2328.295
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And when they all can't fit in one person's house anymore, what are they going to do?
  zh: 当他们都不能再容纳在一个人的家里时，他们会怎么做？
- start: 2328.295
  end: 2330.195
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, they're going to branch out.
  zh: 嗯，他们会分散开来。
- start: 2330.275
  end: 2334.316
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The people on the south side of town are going to go start meeting at Betty's house.
  zh: 城南的人们会开始在贝蒂家聚会。
- start: 2336.126
  end: 2345.949
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or perhaps the Greek speaking Christians are going to go meet at one place and the Latin speaking Christians are going to go meet in another place.
  zh: 或者可能说希腊语的基督徒会在一个地方聚会，说拉丁语的基督徒会在另一个地方聚会。
- start: 2345.949
  end: 2352.571
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or, sadly, perhaps the wealthy Christians are going to meet in one place and the not so wealthy Christians are going to meet in another place.
  zh: 或者，遗憾的是，可能富有的基督徒会在一个地方聚会，而不那么富有的基督徒会在另一个地方聚会。
- start: 2352.571
  end: 2363.574
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the point is, once you have multiple church, house churches, with multiple leaders or pastors, those pastors have to get together and start meeting.
  zh: 但关键是，一旦你有了多个教会，家庭教会，有多个领袖或牧师，这些牧师就必须聚在一起开始会面。
- start: 2364.609
  end: 2367.671
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that everybody stays on the same page.
  zh: 这样每个人都能保持一致。
- start: 2367.752
  end: 2370.813
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And those sort of councils start to form.
  zh: 这种类型的议会开始形成。
- start: 2370.994
  end: 2374.676
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And councils begin communicating with the councils of other cities.
  zh: 议会开始与其他城市的议会沟通。
- start: 2374.897
  end: 2376.658
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so a network develops.
  zh: 于是一个网络发展起来。
- start: 2376.658
  end: 2382.002
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the reason why a network has to develop right away is for the sake of unity.
  zh: 网络必须立即发展的原因是为了保持统一。
- start: 2382.042
  end: 2399.139
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because if it doesn't, you can't have, well you could, but you don't want to have the official interpretation  Orthodoxy is one thing in one city and something completely different in another city.
  zh: 因为如果不这样做，你就不能，好吧你可以，但你不希望正统的官方解释在一个城市是一回事，在另一个城市又是完全不同的事。
- start: 2399.339
  end: 2403.12
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because then the church isn't one, then it's two different things.
  zh: 因为那样教会就不是一个整体，而是两个不同的东西。
- start: 2403.12
  end: 2406.461
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So for the sake of unity, this network begins to develop.
  zh: 所以为了统一，这个网络开始发展。
- start: 2406.461
  end: 2407.961
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We'll get into that more.
  zh: 我们稍后会更深入地讨论这个。
- start: 2408.001
  end: 2419.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So when I talk about the church, capital C, I'm talking about beyond the individual house churches, I'm talking about the network of Christians that is developing across the whole Roman Empire.
  zh: 所以当我谈论教会，大写的C，我说的不仅仅是个别的家庭教会，我说的是在整个罗马帝国发展的基督徒网络。
- start: 2420.425
  end: 2456.009
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So,  From the beginning, from the very beginning, the leaders of the church, working from what they had learned from the apostles and what they believed from their experience with recent historical events like the life of Jesus, from the very beginning, orthodoxy, whatever that was, affirmed that Jesus Christ  Had two natures.
  zh: 所以，从一开始，从最初开始，教会的领袖们根据他们从使徒那里学到的，以及他们从最近的历史事件如耶稣的生平中所相信的，从一开始，无论正统是什么，都确认耶稣基督有两种本性。
- start: 2456.89
  end: 2458.27
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Two natures.
  zh: 两种本性。
- start: 2459.631
  end: 2463.053
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And one nature is his humanity.
  zh: 一种本性是他的人性。
- start: 2463.053
  end: 2466.315
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He was in fact a real human being.
  zh: 他确实是一个真实的人。
- start: 2468.316
  end: 2471.258
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And the other nature is his divinity.
  zh: 另一种本性是他的神性。
- start: 2471.718
  end: 2474.179
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Somehow he is the Son of God.
  zh: 不知何故，他是神的儿子。
- start: 2475.42
  end: 2480.923
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, they didn't necessarily have this all figured out, but they do that much.
  zh: 现在，他们不一定完全弄清楚了这一点，但他们确实做到了这么多。
- start: 2482.443
  end: 2496.034
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Except that, as I said, when that original question became an issue, how can you call yourself monotheist and worship Jesus, people proposed alternative answers to the question.
  zh: 除了，正如我所说，当那个最初的问题成为一个议题时，你如何称自己为一神论者却又敬拜耶稣，人们提出了这个问题的替代答案。
- start: 2496.995
  end: 2506.162
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we see already in the New Testament, we can see the beginnings of the alternative answers to that question.
  zh: 所以我们在新约中已经看到，我们可以看到对这个问题的替代答案的开端。
- start: 2506.823
  end: 2522.152
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You may remember  that in the letters to the Galatians, especially the Apostle Paul was confronting a group of people who were opposing him and contradicting him.
  zh: 你可能记得在加拉太书中，特别是使徒保罗正在面对一群反对他和与他矛盾的人。
- start: 2523.093
  end: 2525.934
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We know of these as the Judaizers.
  zh: 我们知道这些人就是犹太教徒。
- start: 2527.695
  end: 2533.817
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And these are the ones who were going around saying, well, if you want to be a Christian, you also need to follow the Jewish law.
  zh: 这些人到处说，嗯，如果你想成为基督徒，你也需要遵守犹太律法。
- start: 2533.817
  end: 2536.938
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Of course, you know the story, Paul opposes them.
  zh: 当然，你知道这个故事，保罗反对他们。
- start: 2539.733
  end: 2551.918
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, he says that if you accept this, if you accept the Jewish law in addition to the cross, then you've made the cross ineffective for salvation.
  zh: 事实上，他说如果你接受这个，如果你在十字架之外还接受犹太律法，那么你就使十字架对救恩无效了。
- start: 2551.918
  end: 2558.42
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: If justification comes through the law, then Christ died for nothing.
  zh: 如果称义是通过律法来的，那么基督就白白死了。
- start: 2559.461
  end: 2570.23
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, these Judaizers apparently saw Jesus  through the eyes of the old prophets.
  zh: 嗯，这些犹太教徒显然是通过旧约先知的眼光来看耶稣的。
- start: 2570.23
  end: 2574.491
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, they saw Jesus as one of the prophets.
  zh: 换句话说，他们把耶稣看作是先知中的一位。
- start: 2574.491
  end: 2596.156
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And while the evidence isn't really there in the New Testament, what we know from later assessments is that these Judaizers are the beginning of a trend to talk about Jesus as a human being and to deny or downplay his divine nature.
  zh: 虽然新约中并没有真正的证据，但我们从后来的评估中知道，这些犹太教徒是一种趋势的开始，即把耶稣说成是一个人，并否认或淡化他的神性。
- start: 2598.251
  end: 2605.317
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in other words, the Judaizers are looking at Christ as a human being, but not as divine.
  zh: 换句话说，犹太教徒把基督看作是一个人，而不是神。
- start: 2605.317
  end: 2610.641
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: He's a prophet, a mere human.
  zh: 他是一个先知，仅仅是个人。
- start: 2610.641
  end: 2624.292
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so their answer to the question, how can you call yourself monotheist and worship Jesus, their answer to the question probably would have been, you probably shouldn't worship Jesus.
  zh: 所以他们对这个问题的回答，你如何称自己为一神论者却又敬拜耶稣，他们对这个问题的回答可能是，你可能不应该敬拜耶稣。
- start: 2624.432
  end: 2628.335
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You probably should see him simply as a prophet and leave it at that.
  zh: 你可能应该只把他看作是一个先知，仅此而已。
- start: 2630.56
  end: 2642.824
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, on the other side, you may also remember that in letters like Colossians and Corinthians, Paul is confronting another group of people.
  zh: 现在，另一方面，你可能也记得在歌罗西书和哥林多书这样的书信中，保罗正在面对另一群人。
- start: 2642.985
  end: 2648.927
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: People who seem to be worshiping angels, and people who seem to be practicing magic.
  zh: 似乎在敬拜天使的人，以及似乎在练习魔法的人。
- start: 2649.847
  end: 2663.778
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in this case, what we see are people who probably would have answered the question, you know, again, remember, the question is,  How do you call yourself monotheist and still worship Jesus?
  zh: 在这种情况下，我们看到的是那些可能会回答这个问题的人，你知道，再次记住，问题是，你如何称自己为一神论者却又敬拜耶稣？
- start: 2664.178
  end: 2668.02
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They would have answered the question, well, monotheism is overrated.
  zh: 他们会回答说，嗯，一神论被高估了。
- start: 2670.222
  end: 2671.503
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: What's the difference?
  zh: 有什么区别？
- start: 2671.503
  end: 2674.865
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Worship Jesus, worship angels, worship each other.
  zh: 敬拜耶稣，敬拜天使，彼此敬拜。
- start: 2675.465
  end: 2676.646
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: What's the problem?
  zh: 有什么问题？
- start: 2677.767
  end: 2679.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And so what you have are these two extremes.
  zh: 所以你看到的是这两个极端。
- start: 2679.448
  end: 2689.974
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You have on the one side Jewish Christians who are holding on to their Judaism and saying, well, we accept the humanity of Jesus.
  zh: 一方面，你有坚持犹太教的犹太基督徒说，嗯，我们接受耶稣的人性。
- start: 2690.077
  end: 2692.478
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But they probably would have denied the divinity of Jesus.
  zh: 但他们可能会否认耶稣的神性。
- start: 2693.199
  end: 2707.307
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And on the other extreme, you have these probably former pagans, who are in the church but holding on to their paganism, who are saying, well, what's the problem?
  zh: 而在另一个极端，你有这些可能是前异教徒的人，他们在教会里但仍然坚持他们的异教信仰，他们说，嗯，有什么问题？
- start: 2707.527
  end: 2710.689
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Why can't we worship Jesus as another god?
  zh: 为什么我们不能把耶稣当作另一个神来敬拜？
- start: 2710.689
  end: 2712.65
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or why can't we worship angels?
  zh: 或者为什么我们不能敬拜天使？
- start: 2712.93
  end: 2716.472
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They would have accepted the divinity of Christ.
  zh: 他们会接受基督的神性。
- start: 2716.472
  end: 2718.173
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They would have had no problem with that.
  zh: 他们对此不会有任何问题。
- start: 2718.173
  end: 2723.581
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The interesting thing is,  What they did have a problem with was dis-humanity.
  zh: 有趣的是，他们确实有问题的是非人性。
- start: 2724.442
  end: 2737.13
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because they came from a philosophical point of view that believed that whatever was divine could not come into contact with the material world.
  zh: 因为他们来自一种哲学观点，认为任何神圣的东西都不能与物质世界接触。
- start: 2737.751
  end: 2739.272
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Some of you may have read Plato.
  zh: 你们中的一些人可能读过柏拉图。
- start: 2739.272
  end: 2740.812
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Remember Plato?
  zh: 记得柏拉图吗？
- start: 2742.234
  end: 2759.328
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Plato had this idea that the things of the spiritual realm were more real  The things in the spiritual realm are more real than the things of the physical realm.
  zh: 柏拉图有这样一个想法，即精神领域的事物更真实，精神领域的事物比物质领域的事物更真实。
- start: 2759.789
  end: 2772.674
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, if you take that and push it to the extreme, some people believe that the things of the spiritual realm were good, and the things of the material realm were inherently evil.
  zh: 好吧，如果你把这个想法推到极端，一些人认为精神领域的事物是好的，而物质领域的事物本质上是邪恶的。
- start: 2774.035
  end: 2777.896
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, everything that's tangible is bad.
  zh: 换句话说，一切有形的东西都是坏的。
- start: 2778.832
  end: 2795.52
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Which means that if Jesus was divine for them, he could not, in fact, become human, because that would be saying, like, if you want to say the Word became flesh, to them that would be saying the good became evil.
  zh: 这意味着如果耶稣对他们来说是神圣的，他实际上就不能成为人，因为那就等于说，如果你想说道成了肉身，对他们来说就是在说善变成了恶。
- start: 2796.301
  end: 2797.462
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Wouldn't make sense.
  zh: 这是说不通的。
- start: 2798.422
  end: 2805.666
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so, they, again, would have been fine with the idea of the divinity of Christ.
  zh: 所以，他们再次会接受基督神性的观念。
- start: 2806.281
  end: 2809.544
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But would have had a problem with the idea of his humanity.
  zh: 但会对他的人性观念有问题。
- start: 2811.626
  end: 2815.169
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you see we have these two extremes right at the beginning.
  zh: 所以你看，我们一开始就有这两个极端。
- start: 2815.169
  end: 2821.275
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We can already see them forming in the New Testament.
  zh: 我们已经可以看到它们在新约中形成。
- start: 2824.658
  end: 2830.182
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Jesus is believed by many in the church to have these two natures, humanity and divinity.
  zh: 教会中的许多人相信耶稣有这两种本性，人性和神性。
- start: 2830.182
  end: 2837.764
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But on the one hand you have the Judaizers who would have accepted his humanity but probably would have denied his divinity.
  zh: 但一方面，你有犹太教徒，他们会接受他的人性，但可能会否认他的神性。
- start: 2837.764
  end: 2844.325
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the other hand you have the other group which I haven't actually named for you.
  zh: 另一方面，你有另一个我实际上还没有给你们命名的群体。
- start: 2844.325
  end: 2845.545
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We do give them a name.
  zh: 我们确实给他们起了一个名字。
- start: 2845.545
  end: 2848.566
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's not a name they would have given themselves.
  zh: 这不是他们会给自己起的名字。
- start: 2849.646
  end: 2851.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But we call them Docetes.
  zh: 但我们称他们为幻影说者。
- start: 2853.227
  end: 2856.808
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It comes from a Greek verb.
  zh: 这来自一个希腊动词。
- start: 2857.527
  end: 2860.589
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The verb means to seem or to appear.
  zh: 这个动词的意思是似乎或显现。
- start: 2860.589
  end: 2869.234
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And these folks apparently taught that Jesus only seemed or appeared to be human, but was not really human.
  zh: 这些人显然教导说，耶稣只是看似或显现为人，但实际上并不是人。
- start: 2870.475
  end: 2874.017
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And so we call them after this verb, to seem or to appear.
  zh: 所以我们用这个动词来称呼他们，意为似乎或显现。
- start: 2874.017
  end: 2884.643
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: To them, Jesus was not really human, and if he appeared to be human, he was a phantom, or it was an illusion, or he was a hologram, or something.
  zh: 对他们来说，耶稣并不是真正的人，如果他看起来像人，那他就是幻影，或者是幻觉，或者是全息图，或者是别的什么。
- start: 2886.687
  end: 2917.308
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, in fact, we can still see the docetics are still around in the Johannine literature, in the later literature of the New Testament, because in 1 John, where the author is talking about the false teachers, or the false prophets, depending on your translation, and here in 1 John chapter 4, the author mentions the Antichrist,  And who are the Antichrists?
  zh: 事实上，我们仍然可以看到幻影说者在约翰文献中，在新约的后期文献中仍然存在，因为在约翰一书中，作者谈到假教师或假先知，取决于你的翻译，在约翰一书第4章，作者提到了敌基督，那么谁是敌基督？
- start: 2918.309
  end: 2925.195
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Those who believe, or those who deny that Jesus Christ came in the flesh.
  zh: 那些相信或否认耶稣基督在肉身中来的人。
- start: 2925.195
  end: 2928.256
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, they deny his real humanity.
  zh: 换句话说，他们否认他真实的人性。
- start: 2930.439
  end: 2942.067
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When you read the letters of Ignatius of Antioch, look for him to still be battling this same issue.
  zh: 当你读安提阿的伊格内修斯的书信时，注意他仍在与这同样的问题作斗争。
- start: 2942.307
  end: 2949.912
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Ignatius of Antioch is still dealing with the docetics when he's writing his letters around 110 or so.
  zh: 安提阿的伊格内修斯在大约110年左右写他的书信时，仍在处理幻影说者的问题。
- start: 2952.614
  end: 2959.758
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So for the author of 1 John, anyone who doesn't believe in the humanity of Christ is an antichrist.
  zh: 所以对约翰一书的作者来说，任何不相信基督人性的人都是敌基督。
- start: 2960.499
  end: 2962.46
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So that's what we're seeing.
  zh: 这就是我们所看到的。
- start: 2962.46
  end: 2964.721
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So you get the idea.
  zh: 所以你明白了这个概念。
- start: 2964.721
  end: 2967.383
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We've got these two extremes.
  zh: 我们有这两个极端。
- start: 2967.443
  end: 2972.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And this is setting the stage for what we're going to see in the second century and the third century.
  zh: 这为我们将在第二世纪和第三世纪看到的情况奠定了基础。
- start: 2974.565
  end: 2981.047
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On one extreme, those who accepted Jesus as humanity but denied his divinity.
  zh: 一个极端是那些接受耶稣的人性但否认他神性的人。
- start: 2981.047
  end: 2986.848
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: On the other extreme, those who accepted Jesus as divinity but denied his humanity.
  zh: 另一个极端是那些接受耶稣的神性但否认他人性的人。
- start: 2987.388
  end: 2998.814
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in the middle, what you have is what I call, for lack of a better term, the mainstream, the majority, who accepted both natures, affirmed both natures.
  zh: 在中间，你所看到的是我所称的，因为缺乏更好的词，主流，大多数人，他们接受并肯定两种本性。
- start: 2998.814
  end: 3014.202
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to see, as we go throughout the history, we're going to see how the early Christian writers understood that the Savior had to be both human and divine in order to be the Savior.
  zh: 随着我们纵观历史，我们将看到早期基督教作家如何理解救主必须既是人又是神才能成为救主。
- start: 3014.202
  end: 3027.068
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is where Christology intersects with soteriology, because they believed that a human-only Savior could not save, because salvation requires some divine intervention.
  zh: 这就是基督论与救赎论相交的地方，因为他们相信仅仅是人的救主不能拯救，因为救赎需要某种神圣的干预。
- start: 3028.389
  end: 3029.045
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Yes?
  zh: 是的？
- start: 3029.045
  end: 3031.607
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: How far back do you want me to go?
  zh: 你想让我回溯到多远？
- start: 3031.607
  end: 3032.287
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 3033.488
  end: 3041.593
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A human-only savior could not save, because salvation requires some sort of divine intervention.
  zh: 仅仅是人的救主不能拯救，因为救赎需要某种神圣的干预。
- start: 3041.873
  end: 3044.114
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: A mere human could not be the savior.
  zh: 一个普通人不能成为救主。
- start: 3044.395
  end: 3049.938
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But at the same time, a divine-only savior also could not save.
  zh: 但同时，仅仅是神的救主也不能拯救。
- start: 3050.018
  end: 3053.82
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or he could save, he couldn't save us, because we're human.
  zh: 或者说他可以拯救，但他不能拯救我们，因为我们是人。
- start: 3053.961
  end: 3057.803
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in order to be the savior of humans, he had to become one of us.
  zh: 为了成为人类的救主，他必须成为我们中的一员。
- start: 3058.188
  end: 3067.43
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, for these reasons, and more which we'll get into, the early Christians, for the most part, believed that Christ had to be both human and divine.
  zh: 所以，出于这些原因，以及我们将要讨论的更多原因，早期基督徒大多相信基督必须既是人又是神。
- start: 3067.43
  end: 3076.391
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Now, again, I'm giving you a sort of base here, and we're going to nuance this as we go, but this is the place to start.
  zh: 现在，再次强调，我在这里给你们一个基础，我们将随着学习进程细化这一点，但这是开始的地方。
- start: 3078.352
  end: 3084.613
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Alright, with the last ten minutes before we take a break, I want to just briefly talk about the Didache.
  zh: 好的，在我们休息前的最后十分钟，我想简单谈谈《十二使徒遗训》。
- start: 3085.84
  end: 3091.064
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is one of the documents you're going to read this week.
  zh: 这是你们本周要读的文献之一。
- start: 3091.064
  end: 3101.632
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The D.K. is probably the one main document we have, along with 1st Clement as well.
  zh: 《十二使徒遗训》可能是我们拥有的主要文献之一，还有《克莱门特一书》。
- start: 3102.393
  end: 3103.774
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So there's two.
  zh: 所以有两个。
- start: 3104.174
  end: 3115.943
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But the D.K. is one of them that was written during the first century, during the same time that other documents were being written that are in our New Testament.
  zh: 但《十二使徒遗训》是其中之一，它写于第一世纪，与我们新约中的其他文献写作时间相同。
- start: 3116.494
  end: 3123.857
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It's not heretical, it's an Orthodox document, it was accepted by the Church, but it didn't make it into the New Testament.
  zh: 它不是异端，它是一份正统文献，被教会接受，但它没有被收入新约。
- start: 3125.238
  end: 3145.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, I want you to read this, and you'll read about it in the textbook as well, but the title, Didache,  The Greek word for the teaching is actually part of a longer Greek title.
  zh: 所以，我希望你们阅读这个，你们也会在教科书中读到它，但标题《十二使徒遗训》，希腊语中的「教导」这个词实际上是一个更长的希腊标题的一部分。
- start: 3145.693
  end: 3152.416
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: The full title is The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, but we don't know who wrote it.
  zh: 完整的标题是《十二使徒的教导》，但我们不知道是谁写的。
- start: 3152.516
  end: 3168.224
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: It was most certainly not written by the Twelve Apostles, but it was written by someone who believed that it was appropriate to attribute it to the Twelve Apostles because apparently the teaching was thought to go back to them.
  zh: 它肯定不是十二使徒写的，但它是由某个认为将其归于十二使徒是恰当的人写的，因为显然这些教导被认为可以追溯到他们。
- start: 3168.305
  end: 3170.706
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So we don't really know who wrote it.
  zh: 所以我们实际上不知道是谁写的。
- start: 3171.227
  end: 3184.334
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: If we don't know who wrote it, we also don't know when it was written, although there's a range of dates given here from the late 1st century to the early 2nd century.
  zh: 如果我们不知道是谁写的，我们也不知道它是什么时候写的，尽管这里给出的日期范围从第一世纪末到第二世纪初。
- start: 3184.334
  end: 3195.98
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So depending on which scholars you ask, and this is something you might as well know right up front, when it comes to dating and assigning authorship to documents, there's always debate.
  zh: 所以这取决于你问哪位学者，这是你最好一开始就知道的事情，当涉及到文献的年代和作者归属时，总是存在争议。
- start: 3196.547
  end: 3204.993
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So, I will tell you what I think, but, you know, other scholars will tell you something else, and they'll have good reasons for that.
  zh: 所以，我会告诉你我的看法，但是，你知道，其他学者会告诉你别的东西，他们也有充分的理由。
- start: 3204.994
  end: 3215.502
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And, I might as well say this right up front, too, you may find that my colleagues here within this school and I, they disagree on some of this stuff, and that's okay.
  zh: 而且，我也不妨直接说，你可能会发现我和这所学校里的同事在一些事情上意见不一致，这没关系。
- start: 3215.502
  end: 3217.944
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So, when you're in my class, I'm right.
  zh: 所以，当你在我的课上时，我是对的。
- start: 3217.944
  end: 3221.207
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: When you're in their class, they're right, and everybody can.
  zh: 当你在他们的课上时，他们是对的，每个人都可以。
- start: 3221.207
  end: 3221.927
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Okay.
  zh: 好的。
- start: 3222.187
  end: 3225.782
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But as far as the date on the DDoc page,  I tend to go early.
  zh: 但就《十二使徒遗训》的日期而言，我倾向于较早的时间。
- start: 3225.782
  end: 3230.423
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, I usually tend to go with earlier dating on most things.
  zh: 事实上，我通常倾向于在大多数事情上采用较早的日期。
- start: 3231.004
  end: 3240.746
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So I'm going to say that the Didache was probably written in the 70s or the 80s of the first century, which makes it pretty contemporary with the Gospel of Matthew.
  zh: 所以我要说《十二使徒遗训》可能是在第一世纪70年代或80年代写的，这使它与马太福音几乎同时代。
- start: 3241.026
  end: 3249.428
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, it may have even been a companion volume to the Gospel of Matthew, sort of a book of discipline for the early church.
  zh: 事实上，它甚至可能是马太福音的配套卷，是早期教会的一种纪律手册。
- start: 3250.848
  end: 3263.003
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The document is a...  It's a two-part document, really, but it has a lot to do with preparing people for baptism.
  zh: 这份文献是...它实际上是一份两部分的文献，但它与为人们准备洗礼有很大关系。
- start: 3263.383
  end: 3275.927
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So some of it is for the people who are preparing to be baptized, some of it is for the people who are going to do the baptizing, but it really is an interesting resource from the early church.
  zh: 所以其中一些是为准备受洗的人准备的，一些是为要施洗的人准备的，但它确实是早期教会的一个有趣资源。
- start: 3275.967
  end: 3289.67
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll notice something interesting, and you're going to see this as we go throughout, too, that when we talk about catechesis or catechism,  That is, the stuff you have to learn to prepare for baptism.
  zh: 你会注意到一些有趣的事情，在我们整个过程中你也会看到这一点，那就是当我们谈论教理问答或教理问答时，也就是你为准备洗礼必须学习的东西。
- start: 3290.17
  end: 3299.297
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the early church, catechesis in the early church is usually a lot more about morality than it is about theology.
  zh: 在早期教会，早期教会的教理问答通常更多是关于道德而不是神学。
- start: 3300.078
  end: 3305.882
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, the most important thing you have to learn to prepare for your baptism is how to live as a Christian.
  zh: 换句话说，为准备洗礼你必须学习的最重要的事情是如何作为一个基督徒生活。
- start: 3306.322
  end: 3308.324
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll learn the theology later.
  zh: 你以后会学习神学。
- start: 3308.544
  end: 3311.766
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's usually the assumption here.
  zh: 这通常是这里的假设。
- start: 3311.766
  end: 3314.248
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So in the Didache is no exception.
  zh: 所以《十二使徒遗训》也不例外。
- start: 3316.15
  end: 3325.417
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The author of the DDoc page seems to have known Matthew's Gospel, so again, there may be some connection here.
  zh: 《十二使徒遗训》的作者似乎知道马太福音，所以再次说明，这里可能有一些联系。
- start: 3326.578
  end: 3334.745
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The two sacraments that are mentioned here are Baptism and Eucharist.
  zh: 这里提到的两个圣礼是洗礼和圣餐。
- start: 3334.745
  end: 3337.407
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And for most of you, that's all the sacraments there are.
  zh: 对你们大多数人来说，这就是所有的圣礼了。
- start: 3337.407
  end: 3344.793
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what you need to know is that in the early church, each of these two sacraments is kind of two in one.
  zh: 但你需要知道的是，在早期教会，这两个圣礼中的每一个都有点像二合一。
- start: 3346.868
  end: 3353.349
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In the early church, for the most part, baptism and confirmation are done together.
  zh: 在早期教会，大多数情况下，洗礼和坚信礼是一起进行的。
- start: 3353.57
  end: 3356.19
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: They're two parts of one ritual.
  zh: 它们是一个仪式的两个部分。
- start: 3356.19
  end: 3371.573
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And confirmation becomes a separate rite, primarily because when more and more infants are being baptized, then it becomes a good idea to postpone the confirmation until later.
  zh: 坚信礼成为一个单独的仪式，主要是因为当越来越多的婴儿受洗时，将坚信礼推迟到以后就成为一个好主意。
- start: 3373.424
  end: 3383.51
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Same thing with Eucharist, and that is that Eucharist is probably always done along with some sort of confession of sins.
  zh: 圣餐也是一样，就是说圣餐可能总是伴随着某种形式的认罪。
- start: 3383.971
  end: 3388.533
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, confession and Eucharist are done together.
  zh: 所以，认罪和圣餐是一起进行的。
- start: 3388.533
  end: 3404.311
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You wouldn't receive the Eucharist without confessing your sins, although in the early days, confession probably meant most likely a communal  confessional prayer of some kind, or something like that.
  zh: 你不会在不认罪的情况下领受圣餐，尽管在早期，认罪可能最有可能意味着某种形式的集体认罪祷告，或类似的东西。
- start: 3404.311
  end: 3410.353
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We will actually see and talk about when private confession comes in, but that's later.
  zh: 我们实际上会看到并讨论私下忏悔是何时出现的，但那是以后的事。
- start: 3411.254
  end: 3415.816
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So, when you read the didactylate, you'll read some interesting stuff about baptism.
  zh: 所以，当你阅读《十二使徒遗训》时，你会读到一些关于洗礼的有趣内容。
- start: 3415.916
  end: 3423.159
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll find out that full immersion is the norm, but pouring is acceptable.
  zh: 你会发现全身浸入是常规做法，但浇水也是可以接受的。
- start: 3423.319
  end: 3426.881
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In fact, this is our earliest reference to baptism by pouring.
  zh: 事实上，这是我们最早提到浇水洗礼的参考。
- start: 3427.119
  end: 3444.648
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But what you need to remember, though, is before you think, oh, well, there's the answer to that question, remember that this document, like many of the documents we will read, if not most of them, are specific to a particular time and place.
  zh: 但你需要记住的是，在你认为，哦，这就是那个问题的答案之前，要记住这份文献，就像我们将要阅读的许多文献一样，如果不是大多数的话，都是特定于某个特定的时间和地点的。
- start: 3445.009
  end: 3449.891
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So when you read, on the one hand, you might read, well, immersion is the norm.
  zh: 所以当你阅读时，一方面，你可能会读到，嗯，浸入是常规做法。
- start: 3450.472
  end: 3456.355
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You cannot simply assume from that that that goes for all of the whole church everywhere.
  zh: 你不能简单地从中假设这适用于所有地方的整个教会。
- start: 3457.301
  end: 3464.544
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: This is something that was written by someone at a certain time in a certain place.
  zh: 这是某人在某个时间某个地点写的东西。
- start: 3464.804
  end: 3473.187
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So yeah, immersion was the norm in that person's opinion in that particular place at that particular time, maybe.
  zh: 所以是的，在那个人看来，在那个特定的地方和特定的时间，浸入可能是常规做法。
- start: 3473.867
  end: 3479.109
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Or maybe it was just wishful thinking on the part of the author.
  zh: 或者可能这只是作者的一厢情愿。
- start: 3479.47
  end: 3483.711
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So again, just be careful that you don't assume too much when you read these things.
  zh: 所以再次强调，当你阅读这些内容时，要小心不要假设太多。
- start: 3485.888
  end: 3491.649
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Fasting before baptism is expected of both the initiate and the clergy.
  zh: 洗礼前的禁食对受洗者和神职人员都有要求。
- start: 3494.31
  end: 3498.751
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When it comes to the Eucharist, and by the way, I will tend to use the word Eucharist.
  zh: 说到圣餐，顺便说一下，我倾向于使用「圣餐」这个词。
- start: 3498.751
  end: 3499.791
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It is a Greek term.
  zh: 这是一个希腊词。
- start: 3499.791
  end: 3501.431
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: It means Thanksgiving.
  zh: 它的意思是感恩。
- start: 3503.192
  end: 3518.448
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And in the early church and in the medieval church, the sacrament that we know as communion or the Lord's Supper was known as  How are you defining clergy in the 70s and 80s?
  zh: 在早期教会和中世纪教会中，我们所知道的圣餐或主的晚餐被称为...你如何定义70年代和80年代的神职人员？
- start: 3542.076
  end: 3547.217
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You'll read more in the text about the evolution of the hierarchy.
  zh: 你会在课文中读到更多关于等级制度演变的内容。
- start: 3547.778
  end: 3549.978
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We might get into that, let me see.
  zh: 我们可能会讨论这个，让我看看。
- start: 3552.159
  end: 3557.341
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Let me say this, and then we come back from break, I'll say some more.
  zh: 让我说这个，然后我们休息回来后，我会多说一些。
- start: 3558.401
  end: 3566.443
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But for right now, in the D.K, it's a lot similar to what you find in the New Testament.
  zh: 但就目前而言，在《十二使徒遗训》中，它与你在新约中发现的很相似。
- start: 3566.744
  end: 3578.796
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: In other words, there's still an assumption that  The apostolic office is a lie.
  zh: 换句话说，仍然有一个假设，即使徒职分是存在的。
- start: 3578.796
  end: 3590.88
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And whatever apostles are still around function as kind of overseers with authority over local pastors.
  zh: 而任何仍然存在的使徒都作为一种监督者，对当地牧师有权威。
- start: 3592.641
  end: 3594.841
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And they're probably itinerant.
  zh: 他们可能是巡回的。
- start: 3596.382
  end: 3600.883
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: And they are referred to as the prophets of the time.
  zh: 他们被称为当时的先知。
- start: 3601.271
  end: 3606.134
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: So, in a sense, the Apostles are the prophets of the Church.
  zh: 所以，从某种意义上说，使徒是教会的先知。
- start: 3607.736
  end: 3611.979
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: After the break, you're going to find a different situation.
  zh: 休息之后，你会发现一个不同的情况。
- start: 3611.979
  end: 3617.603
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But for now, in the Didache, we still see this.
  zh: 但现在，在《十二使徒遗训》中，我们仍然看到这一点。
- start: 3617.983
  end: 3621.586
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: But, you notice, I didn't call the Apostles bishops.
  zh: 但是，你注意到，我没有称使徒为主教。
- start: 3621.946
  end: 3632.166
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Because in the Didache, we still have the same situation that we have in the New Testament documents, where the term bishop  is synonymous with the term presbyter or priest.
  zh: 因为在《十二使徒遗训》中，我们仍然有与新约文献中相同的情况，即「主教」这个词与「长老」或「祭司」这个词是同义的。
- start: 3632.207
  end: 3639.23
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So bishops and priests or presbyters, those titles are still synonymous in the Didache.
  zh: 所以在《十二使徒遗训》中，主教和祭司或长老，这些头衔仍然是同义的。
- start: 3639.73
  end: 3661.896
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: By the way, I will tend to use the word priest as opposed to presbyter because the word priest, I think, highlights the function as  Presider over the sacraments, but at any rate, priest, presbyter, pastor, elder, these are all synonymous in here as well.
  zh: 顺便说一下，我倾向于使用「神父」这个词而不是「长老」，因为我认为「神父」这个词突出了主持圣事的功能，但无论如何，神父、长老、牧师、长者，这些在这里都是同义词。
- start: 3662.216
  end: 3684.941
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: So to answer your question in part, so part A to your answer, and we'll get to part B in a minute, part A is that there is a hierarchy here in the D.K that is, you have the apostles, and then you have the sort of  Resident pastors who are called either bishops or presbyters.
  zh: 所以部分回答你的问题，这是你答案的A部分，我们稍后会讲到B部分，A部分是在《十二使徒遗训》中确实存在一个等级制度，即你有使徒，然后你有那种被称为主教或长老的常驻牧师。
- start: 3685.842
  end: 3687.182
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And then you have deacons.
  zh: 然后你有执事。
- start: 3687.683
  end: 3690.524
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: You have this sort of three-part hierarchy.
  zh: 你有这种三部分的等级制度。
- start: 3690.644
  end: 3696.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Apostles, pastors, who may be called bishops or presbyters, and deacons.
  zh: 使徒、可能被称为主教或长老的牧师，以及执事。
- start: 3697.007
  end: 3704.671
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: That's the hierarchy as we see it in the Didache, and it really has not evolved at all from the New Testament document.
  zh: 这就是我们在《十二使徒遗训》中看到的等级制度，它实际上与新约文献相比没有任何演变。
- start: 3704.671
  end: 3708.993
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: The same thing you see in the later New Testament documents.
  zh: 你在后期新约文献中看到的是同样的情况。
- start: 3710.011
  end: 3713.353
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: When we come back from the break, though, we're going to see an evolution.
  zh: 不过，当我们休息回来后，我们将看到一个演变。
- start: 3713.353
  end: 3715.654
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: We're going to see a shift, I think.
  zh: 我认为我们将看到一个转变。
- start: 3715.654
  end: 3722.057
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: And we're going to start to see the beginning of the office of bishops.
  zh: 我们将开始看到主教职位的开始。
- start: 3723.858
  end: 3726.639
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, I think that's all I want to say right now.
  zh: 好的，我想这就是我现在想说的全部内容。
- start: 3726.639
  end: 3733.803
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Are there any questions before we take a break?
  zh: 在我们休息之前，有什么问题吗？
- start: 3733.803
  end: 3734.523
  speaker: SPEAKER_B
  en: Yes.
  zh: 是的。
- start: 3734.783
  end: 3736.504
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Well, hold that thought then.
  zh: 好的，那就先记住这个想法。
- start: 3736.504
  end: 3738.645
  speaker: SPEAKER_A
  en: Okay, let's go ahead and shut down.
  zh: 好的，让我们继续结束吧。
