- start_time:
    secs: 19
    nanos: 859000000
  end_time:
    secs: 30
    nanos: 699000000
  text: In this fourth episode of this series on the, on the Eucharist, um, mystery, presence, sacrifice, and communion, we're gonna look at the Eucharist in the Fathers of the Church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 30
    nanos: 699000000
  end_time:
    secs: 33
    nanos: 400000000
  text: So, in this first part, we're going through the sources.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 33
    nanos: 400000000
  end_time:
    secs: 40
    nanos: 299000000
  text: In the last two episodes, we looked at scripture, the Old Testament and the New Testament, and here, we'll look at the Fathers of the Church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 40
    nanos: 299000000
  end_time:
    secs: 43
    nanos: 540000000
  text: So, let's ask for the Lord's intercession and blessing.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 43
    nanos: 540000000
  end_time:
    secs: 59
    nanos: 699000000
  text: Lord, send us the Holy Spirit so that we can penetrate more deeply into the mystery of the Eucharist, um, as you made it, um, live in the Fathers of the Church and speak to us today through that.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 59
    nanos: 699000000
  end_time:
    secs: 62
    nanos: 159000000
  text: Through Christ our Lord, amen.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 62
    nanos: 159000000
  end_time:
    secs: 64
    nanos: 179000000
  text: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 64
    nanos: 179000000
  end_time:
    secs: 72
    nanos: 279000000
  text: So, we're gonna look at the Fathers of the Church on the Eucharist, and there's a lot of material.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 72
    nanos: 279000000
  end_time:
    secs: 78
    nanos: 359000000
  text: The Fathers speak about the Eu- about the Eucharist, um, in many, many different contexts.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 78
    nanos: 359000000
  end_time:
    secs: 85
    nanos: 899000000
  text: They don't write treatises or textbooks on the Eucharist as, as we do today, as theologians do.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 85
    nanos: 899000000
  end_time:
    secs: 86
    nanos: 839000000
  text: That's interesting.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 86
    nanos: 839000000
  end_time:
    secs: 87
    nanos: 419000000
  text: That, um...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 87
    nanos: 419000000
  end_time:
    secs: 91
    nanos: 599000000
  text: We'll look at that in the next episode, the first treatise on the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 91
    nanos: 599000000
  end_time:
    secs: 97
    nanos: 619000000
  text: But the Fathers speak about the Eucharist on many different occasions in their preaching, in their teaching, and writing.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 97
    nanos: 619000000
  end_time:
    secs: 103
    nanos: 899000000
  text: And they, um, they emphasize above all the reality of Christ's body and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 103
    nanos: 899000000
  end_time:
    secs: 104
    nanos: 939000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 104
    nanos: 939000000
  end_time:
    secs: 105
    nanos: 699000000
  text: The real present.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 105
    nanos: 699000000
  end_time:
    secs: 110
    nanos: 139000000
  text: And we'll see graphic and strong affirmations of this by all the Fathers.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 110
    nanos: 139000000
  end_time:
    secs: 128
    nanos: 219000000
  text: And secondly, they affirm that it is a sacrifice and the sacrifice of Calvary, and speak of its oneness, right, and that it's a sacrifice foretold by the Prophet Malachi, as I mentioned in the second episode, and we'll see in a minute.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 128
    nanos: 219000000
  end_time:
    secs: 140
    nanos: 659000000
  text: Um, and then they also emphasized the aspect of communion and unity, unity with God and ecclesial unity among all the faithful worked through the, the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 140
    nanos: 659000000
  end_time:
    secs: 141
    nanos: 279000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 141
    nanos: 279000000
  end_time:
    secs: 145
    nanos: 259000000
  text: And even the fact that it must be celebrated with the bishop, in union with the bishop.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 145
    nanos: 259000000
  end_time:
    secs: 155
    nanos: 939000000
  text: Um, and they speak of, so, the real present, how does it become, um, how does Jesus' body and blood become present?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 155
    nanos: 939000000
  end_time:
    secs: 161
    nanos: 619000000
  text: The Fathers speak of a conversion of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 161
    nanos: 619000000
  end_time:
    secs: 162
    nanos: 19000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 162
    nanos: 19000000
  end_time:
    secs: 163
    nanos: 899000000
  text: We call that transubstantiation.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 163
    nanos: 899000000
  end_time:
    secs: 177
    nanos: 79000000
  text: The word itself, we'll see in the next talk, comes, um, is first used in the 12th century, but the idea of a substantial conversion of bread and wine into Christ's body and blood is developed by the Fathers.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 177
    nanos: 79000000
  end_time:
    secs: 179
    nanos: 339000000
  text: We'll see in a particular way Saint Ambrose.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 179
    nanos: 339000000
  end_time:
    secs: 180
    nanos: 259000000
  text: All right.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 180
    nanos: 259000000
  end_time:
    secs: 189
    nanos: 19000000
  text: Let's look at, um, the first, um, writing after the, um, the New Testament that speaks of the Eucharist, and that's the Didache.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 189
    nanos: 19000000
  end_time:
    secs: 207
    nanos: 919000000
  text: Um, uh, we don't know exactly when it was written, but it, a good, um, approximation would be the, towards the end of the first century, um, and that this writing, um, reflects a time in which there aren't yet bishops in each city, and you still have itinerant prophets who are going from town to town.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 207
    nanos: 919000000
  end_time:
    secs: 216
    nanos: 399000000
  text: In chapter 14 of the Didache, it speaks of the Eucharist, um, on the Lord's own day.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 216
    nanos: 399000000
  end_time:
    secs: 217
    nanos: 859000000
  text: S- so that's Sunday.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 217
    nanos: 859000000
  end_time:
    secs: 228
    nanos: 839000000
  text: So, we see that by the end of the first century, the Eucharist is celebrated in a par- with particular solemnity on Sunday, which is al- also called the first day of the week in the Jewish reckoning.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 228
    nanos: 839000000
  end_time:
    secs: 229
    nanos: 759000000
  text: Sunday.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 229
    nanos: 759000000
  end_time:
    secs: 237
    nanos: 699000000
  text: Um, so on the Lord's own day, gather together and break bread and give thanks, having first confessed your sins.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 237
    nanos: 699000000
  end_time:
    secs: 245
    nanos: 539000000
  text: So, breaking of bread is a technical term in the Acts of the Apostles and in the writings of Luke for the Eucharist, right, and give thanks.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 245
    nanos: 539000000
  end_time:
    secs: 250
    nanos: 79000000
  text: That's the meaning of the word Eucharist, comes from the Greek to give thanks.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 250
    nanos: 79000000
  end_time:
    secs: 253
    nanos: 159000000
  text: Having first confessed your sins, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 253
    nanos: 159000000
  end_time:
    secs: 259
    nanos: 999000000
  text: So, that's very interesting, the, um, connection of the, the Eucharistic sacrifice with, um, confession.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 259
    nanos: 999000000
  end_time:
    secs: 275
    nanos: 59000000
  text: Now, this, we don't know, um, what exactly is meant, um, by that having first confessed your sins, but certainly it would be an ecclesial communal act here, um, as in, um, as in our mass today.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 275
    nanos: 59000000
  end_time:
    secs: 283
    nanos: 759000000
  text: Um, but it could also refer to, um, sacramental confession, um, so that your sacrifice may be made pure.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 283
    nanos: 759000000
  end_time:
    secs: 284
    nanos: 879000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 284
    nanos: 879000000
  end_time:
    secs: 292
    nanos: 999000000
  text: So again, the association of the Eucharist with sacrifice and the necessity for reconciliation before the offering of the sacrifice.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 292
    nanos: 999000000
  end_time:
    secs: 301
    nanos: 479000000
  text: That no one who has a quarrel with a companion join you until they've been reconciled so that your sacrifice may not be defiled.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 301
    nanos: 479000000
  end_time:
    secs: 315
    nanos: 759000000
  text: For this is the sacrifice concerning which the Lord said, this is Malachi, "In every place and time, offer me a pure sacrifice, for I am a great king," says the Lord, "and my name is marvelous among the nations." All right.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 315
    nanos: 759000000
  end_time:
    secs: 327
    nanos: 339000000
  text: So, what's so interesting about this text from Didache is how clearly the Eucharist is put forth as a sacrifice and the need for, um, spiritual, um, union, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 327
    nanos: 339000000
  end_time:
    secs: 334
    nanos: 139000000
  text: And, and therefore, um, sacri- um, confession and reconciliation to offer it in a pleasing way.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 334
    nanos: 139000000
  end_time:
    secs: 343
    nanos: 659000000
  text: Move on to Saint Ignatius of Antioch, so great, um, bishop and martyr.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 343
    nanos: 659000000
  end_time:
    secs: 356
    nanos: 999000000
  text: He was the Bishop of Antioch for decades, um, after Saint Peter, and he was, um, martyred by being taken to Rome, um, from Antioch and fed to the wild beasts in the Colosseum.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 356
    nanos: 999000000
  end_time:
    secs: 373
    nanos: 630000000
  text: And on his way to be fed to the wild beasts, he wrote letters to the different churches, to seven churches, and to Polycarp.And we have these letters surviving today, and they're a magnificent source of our knowledge of the church in the first decade of the second century.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 373
    nanos: 630000000
  end_time:
    secs: 375
    nanos: 989000000
  text: So about the year 107.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 375
    nanos: 989000000
  end_time:
    secs: 388
    nanos: 149000000
  text: Um, and Saint Ignatius was, in particular, combating the heresy of Docetism, which is a christological heresy denying the true humanity of Christ, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 388
    nanos: 149000000
  end_time:
    secs: 389
    nanos: 589000000
  text: So they thought he was...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 389
    nanos: 589000000
  end_time:
    secs: 396
    nanos: 489000000
  text: I mean just simply the scandal of the cross, that God could become man and be nailed to a cross, um, would be too demeaning for God.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 396
    nanos: 489000000
  end_time:
    secs: 405
    nanos: 689000000
  text: And so they thought of Jesus' humanity as a mere appearance or some kind of, um, yeah, um, not, not real flesh.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 405
    nanos: 689000000
  end_time:
    secs: 413
    nanos: 850000000
  text: And Saint Ignatius combats this in all kinds of ways, and one very interesting way he combats it is through the Eucharist, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 413
    nanos: 850000000
  end_time:
    secs: 421
    nanos: 709000000
  text: Um, Christ in the Eucharist is present with his body and blood, and a phantasm doesn't have body and, and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 421
    nanos: 709000000
  end_time:
    secs: 426
    nanos: 749000000
  text: So, so he combats this using the Eucharist, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 426
    nanos: 749000000
  end_time:
    secs: 431
    nanos: 649000000
  text: And when you argue against something, you argue from what is more secure to what is less secure.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 431
    nanos: 649000000
  end_time:
    secs: 436
    nanos: 150000000
  text: So it's very interesting that he argues from the real presence to Christ's true humanity.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 436
    nanos: 150000000
  end_time:
    secs: 447
    nanos: 129000000
  text: For us, we would have to argue the other way around, but it shows the, um, the, the certainty or the, the, um, of that faith of the early church in Christ's real presence.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 447
    nanos: 129000000
  end_time:
    secs: 487
    nanos: 89000000
  text: So for example, in his letter to the Smyrnaeans, one of those seven churches, he writes, "They," the Docetists or early Gnostics, "abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer because they do not admit that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior, Jesus Christ, the flesh which suffered for our sins and which the Father in his graciousness raised from the dead." In his letter to the Romans, so in, this is very interesting, he's begging the influential Romans, uh, Christians in Rom- in Rome, not to intercede for him with the em- empire, emperor so as to, um, take away his sentence because he wants to shed his blood with Christ.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 487
    nanos: 89000000
  end_time:
    secs: 491
    nanos: 869000000
  text: So he writes to them, "My passionate love has been crucified.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 491
    nanos: 869000000
  end_time:
    secs: 496
    nanos: 309000000
  text: I take no pleasure in corruptible food or the pleasures of this life.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 496
    nanos: 309000000
  end_time:
    secs: 518
    nanos: 409000000
  text: I want the bread of God, which is the flesh of Christ who is of the seed of David, and for drink I want his blood, which is incorruptible love." So again, the realism of the Eucharist and that, um, say that mystical order to be joined with Christ in his body and blood and in his sacrifice.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 518
    nanos: 409000000
  end_time:
    secs: 528
    nanos: 109000000
  text: Um, he's also very concerned about church unity and, um, spiritual nourishment in the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 528
    nanos: 109000000
  end_time:
    secs: 539
    nanos: 189000000
  text: So in his letter to the Ephesians he writes, "At these meetings you should heed the bishop and the pres- presbytery..." That would be the college of presbyters or priests.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 539
    nanos: 189000000
  end_time:
    secs: 541
    nanos: 169000000
  text: '"...and break one loaf." Right?'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 541
    nanos: 169000000
  end_time:
    secs: 543
    nanos: 589000000
  text: So that's the, his concern about the unity of the church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 543
    nanos: 589000000
  end_time:
    secs: 549
    nanos: 649000000
  text: And the reason for this is because there was already beginning the proliferation of Gnostic sects.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 549
    nanos: 649000000
  end_time:
    secs: 556
    nanos: 149000000
  text: So heretical and schismatic sects that would, um, not celebrate the Eucharist together with the bishop.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 556
    nanos: 149000000
  end_time:
    secs: 563
    nanos: 309000000
  text: So he writes, "Heed the bishop and break one loaf, which is the medicine of immortality." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 563
    nanos: 309000000
  end_time:
    secs: 564
    nanos: 329000000
  text: So that's the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 564
    nanos: 329000000
  end_time:
    secs: 581
    nanos: 69000000
  text: Um, it binds the church together, but it binds us, um, into union with the risen Lord, right, as the medicine of immortality and the antidote which wards off death, but yields continuous life in union with Jesus Christ.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 581
    nanos: 69000000
  end_time:
    secs: 582
    nanos: 769000000
  text: Such a magnificent quote.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 582
    nanos: 769000000
  end_time:
    secs: 593
    nanos: 449000000
  text: Um, so as I said, he highlights the ecclesial dimension of the Eucharist uniting us in one, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 593
    nanos: 449000000
  end_time:
    secs: 605
    nanos: 809000000
  text: And so for that reason, it's celebrated in Ignatius time particularly by the bishop in union with the presbyters, so a concelebration in each city and manifesting the unity of the church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 605
    nanos: 809000000
  end_time:
    secs: 610
    nanos: 589000000
  text: Take care...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 610
    nanos: 589000000
  end_time:
    secs: 624
    nanos: 129000000
  text: This is in the letter to the Philadelphians, "Take care to participate in one Eucharist for there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ and one cup that leads to unity through his blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 624
    nanos: 129000000
  end_time:
    secs: 635
    nanos: 749000000
  text: There is one altar just as there is one bishop together with the Council of Presbyters and the deacons, my fellow servants, in order that whatever you do, you do in accordance with God." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 635
    nanos: 749000000
  end_time:
    secs: 642
    nanos: 409000000
  text: So as the sacrament of unity as well as the sacrament, we could say, of immortality.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 642
    nanos: 409000000
  end_time:
    secs: 654
    nanos: 429000000
  text: In his letter to the Smyrnaeans he writes, "Only that Eucharist which is under the authority of the bishop or whoever the bishop designates is to be considered, um, valid." Today we would say, listen.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 654
    nanos: 429000000
  end_time:
    secs: 669
    nanos: 149000000
  text: '"Wherever the bishop appears, there let the congregation be just as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church." And incidentally, this is the first mention of that expression, the Catholic Church.'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 669
    nanos: 149000000
  end_time:
    secs: 686
    nanos: 69000000
  text: Skip now 50 years to the middle of the second century, Saint Justin Martyr, and in his first apology he gives a description of the Eucharistic liturgy as it would have been celebrated in his time in the middle of the second century.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 686
    nanos: 69000000
  end_time:
    secs: 690
    nanos: 349000000
  text: He writes, "On the day called Sunday..." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 690
    nanos: 349000000
  end_time:
    secs: 692
    nanos: 209000000
  text: So that's again, the Lord's Day, see?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 692
    nanos: 209000000
  end_time:
    secs: 697
    nanos: 489000000
  text: Um, "All who live in cities or in the country gather together in one place.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 697
    nanos: 489000000
  end_time:
    secs: 702
    nanos: 589000000
  text: The memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 702
    nanos: 589000000
  end_time:
    secs: 707
    nanos: 929000000
  text: So we see the liturgy of the word as we do today, Old and New Testaments, "As long as time permits.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 707
    nanos: 929000000
  end_time:
    secs: 711
    nanos: 429000000
  text: Then when the reader has finished, the ruler"...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 711
    nanos: 429000000
  end_time:
    secs: 716
    nanos: 909000000
  text: All right, so this is, um, wha- the way we should understand this ruler would be the bishop, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 716
    nanos: 909000000
  end_time:
    secs: 733
    nanos: 767000000
  text: So again, this is before the time in which a technical termino- terminology has crystallized for, um, these various ecclesial offices.So, I think the meaning is, the bishop in a discourse instructs and exhorts to the imitation of these good things.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 733
    nanos: 767000000
  end_time:
    secs: 736
    nanos: 508000000
  text: So, it could be the presbyter if the bishop isn't present.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 736
    nanos: 508000000
  end_time:
    secs: 739
    nanos: 947000000
  text: Then we all stand up together and offer prayers, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 739
    nanos: 947000000
  end_time:
    secs: 743
    nanos: 808000000
  text: So, that's the first part of the Eucharistic liturgy, the Liturgy of the Word.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 743
    nanos: 808000000
  end_time:
    secs: 765
    nanos: 148000000
  text: Then there is brought to the presider or ruler, um, bread and a cup of water and of wine mixed with water, and he taking them, right, so that's our offertory, and now the, um, offertory prayers, and he taking them, sends up praise and glory to the Father of the universe through the name of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 765
    nanos: 148000000
  end_time:
    secs: 770
    nanos: 527000000
  text: And what we see here is the Trinitarian, um, dimension of the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 770
    nanos: 527000000
  end_time:
    secs: 777
    nanos: 988000000
  text: It's offered to the Father, right, and it's the sacrifice of the Son in the unity in the Holy Spirit.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 777
    nanos: 988000000
  end_time:
    secs: 778
    nanos: 688000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 778
    nanos: 688000000
  end_time:
    secs: 787
    nanos: 727000000
  text: And the presider, continuing, offers thanksgiving at some length for being accounted worthy to receive these things f- from Him.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 787
    nanos: 727000000
  end_time:
    secs: 791
    nanos: 727000000
  text: So, this would be the Eucharistic prayer, right, which, and Eucharist means thanksgiving.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 791
    nanos: 727000000
  end_time:
    secs: 800
    nanos: 187000000
  text: When he has concluded the prayers and the thanksgiving, all the people present assent by saying amen.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 800
    nanos: 187000000
  end_time:
    secs: 800
    nanos: 387000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 800
    nanos: 387000000
  end_time:
    secs: 803
    nanos: 967000000
  text: So that's our amen of the faithful at the end of the Eucharistic prayer.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 803
    nanos: 967000000
  end_time:
    secs: 814
    nanos: 687000000
  text: And when the ruler has given thanks and all the people have assented, those who are called pious deacons give to each of those present a portion of the Eucharistized bread.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 814
    nanos: 687000000
  end_time:
    secs: 815
    nanos: 187000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 815
    nanos: 187000000
  end_time:
    secs: 823
    nanos: 47000000
  text: So again, we would, gives, um, the consecrated host, that is, um, Christ in his body and blood, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 823
    nanos: 47000000
  end_time:
    secs: 828
    nanos: 587000000
  text: They carry the Eucharistized bread and wine and water, and they carry it away to those who are absent.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 828
    nanos: 587000000
  end_time:
    secs: 848
    nanos: 907000000
  text: And this food is called among us the Eucharist of which no one is allowed to partake except one who believes these things which we teach are true, has received the washing for the remission of sins and rebirth, and who lives as Christ has handed down.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 848
    nanos: 907000000
  end_time:
    secs: 855
    nanos: 307000000
  text: We'll come back to this text in our last episode when we look at the, um, reception of holy communion.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 855
    nanos: 307000000
  end_time:
    secs: 855
    nanos: 687000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 855
    nanos: 687000000
  end_time:
    secs: 860
    nanos: 787000000
  text: So, um, Saint Justin Martyr gives three conditions for receiving holy communion, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 860
    nanos: 787000000
  end_time:
    secs: 865
    nanos: 667000000
  text: Faith, baptism, and Christian life, living as Jesus taught.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 865
    nanos: 667000000
  end_time:
    secs: 869
    nanos: 67000000
  text: That is, um, not having the awareness of mortal sin.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 869
    nanos: 67000000
  end_time:
    secs: 887
    nanos: 407000000
  text: And the reason is, he- he goes on to explain, quote, "For we do not receive these things as common bread nor common drink, but in like manner as Jesus Christ, our Savior, having been incarnate by God's logos, took both flesh and blood for our salvation.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 887
    nanos: 407000000
  end_time:
    secs: 904
    nanos: 847000000
  text: So also, we have been taught that the food eucharistized through the word of prayer that is from Him is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who became incarnate." This is very rich.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 904
    nanos: 847000000
  end_time:
    secs: 914
    nanos: 827000000
  text: He's saying, so first of all, um, the- the consecrated host, the consecrated bread and wine are not received as common bread nor common drink, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 914
    nanos: 827000000
  end_time:
    secs: 920
    nanos: 647000000
  text: But they've been transformed, they've been transformed by the word of prayer that is from Him.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 920
    nanos: 647000000
  end_time:
    secs: 923
    nanos: 427000000
  text: In other words, the institution narrative.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 923
    nanos: 427000000
  end_time:
    secs: 935
    nanos: 67000000
  text: He doesn't fully spell it out, but I think that's what we should understand, the words that Jesus said at the Last Supper said by the priest in the Mass, um, do what they say, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 935
    nanos: 67000000
  end_time:
    secs: 938
    nanos: 807000000
  text: Because it's a prayer from Christ, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 938
    nanos: 807000000
  end_time:
    secs: 940
    nanos: 47000000
  text: The Word Incarnate.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 940
    nanos: 47000000
  end_time:
    secs: 946
    nanos: 667000000
  text: And it makes them, transforms them into the flesh and blood of that Jesus who became incarnate.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 946
    nanos: 667000000
  end_time:
    secs: 947
    nanos: 647000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 947
    nanos: 647000000
  end_time:
    secs: 955
    nanos: 267000000
  text: So, he's clearly speaking in a, um, a highly realistic way of the Eucharistic conversion, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 955
    nanos: 267000000
  end_time:
    secs: 957
    nanos: 647000000
  text: What we call today transubstantiation.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 957
    nanos: 647000000
  end_time:
    secs: 959
    nanos: 747000000
  text: Yeah.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 959
    nanos: 747000000
  end_time:
    secs: 962
    nanos: 167000000
  text: Right, and he's making this parallel.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 962
    nanos: 167000000
  end_time:
    secs: 974
    nanos: 27000000
  text: Christ took on flesh and blood, um, that flesh and blood, um, is made present in the Eucharist, and it nourishes our flesh and blood with His divine life.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 974
    nanos: 27000000
  end_time:
    secs: 989
    nanos: 47000000
  text: And he also highlights the sacrificial dimension as we've seen the Didache do by quoting, um, the prophesy- prophecy of Malachi 1, uh, Verse 11.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 989
    nanos: 47000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1006
    nanos: 727000000
  text: That the, um, the sacrifice, "My name is great among the Gentiles, from the rising of the sun even to the going down, and in every place incense is offered to my name, and a clean oblation." And he clarifies that this is being realized in the Eucharist offered in every place.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1006
    nanos: 727000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1020
    nanos: 187000000
  text: Okay, let's move on to Saint Irenaeus, about 30 years later towards the end of the first centur- of the second century, and, um, Saint Irenaeus has been recently made a Doctor of the Church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1020
    nanos: 187000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1021
    nanos: 567000000
  text: I was very happy about that.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1021
    nanos: 567000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1032
    nanos: 687000000
  text: He's one of my heroes, great and first really systematic theologian, um, his Against the Heresies and the first great work of systematic theology, combating the Gnostics.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1032
    nanos: 687000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1041
    nanos: 547000000
  text: And he was, um, a pupil of Saint Polycarp, right, and who, and Polycarp was a pupil of John the Apostle, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1041
    nanos: 547000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1047
    nanos: 287000000
  text: And so he's, um, one generation removed from the apostles, um.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1047
    nanos: 287000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1064
    nanos: 567000000
  text: And in his, um, great work Against the Heresies, the Eucharist, um, is put forward as, um, like, um, Saint Ignatius of Antioch, the medicine of immortality and, um, a proof, we could say, of the truth of Christ's humanity.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1064
    nanos: 567000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1065
    nanos: 187000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1065
    nanos: 187000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1067
    nanos: 527000000
  text: So similar to Ignatius of Antioch.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1067
    nanos: 527000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1075
    nanos: 747000000
  text: And like Justin, he speaks of a conversion of the bread and wine into Christ's, um, flesh and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1075
    nanos: 747000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1082
    nanos: 507000000
  text: Now, the Gnostics, like the Docetists I mentioned before, denied, um, the humanity of Christ, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1082
    nanos: 507000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1092
    nanos: 234000000
  text: They saw matter as the source of all evil, they denied the goodness of the body, um, the resurrection of the body, the true humanity of Christ, and therefore they......
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1092
    nanos: 234000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1096
    nanos: 53000000
  text: by consequence, denied the presence of His human nature in the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1096
    nanos: 53000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1101
    nanos: 633000000
  text: And so, Saint Irenaeus argues against them in many different ways, but one of those ways is through the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1101
    nanos: 633000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1112
    nanos: 333000000
  text: He says, "Vain in every respect are they," the Gnostics, "who despise the entire dispensation of God." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1112
    nanos: 333000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1114
    nanos: 694000000
  text: That would be, above all, the incarnation.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1114
    nanos: 694000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1124
    nanos: 933000000
  text: And disallow the salvation of the flesh, and treat with contempt its regeneration, the resurrection, maintaining it's not capable of immortality.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1124
    nanos: 933000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1138
    nanos: 14000000
  text: If the body be not saved, then in fact, neither did the, the Lord redeem us with His blood, and neither is the cup of the Eucharist the partaking of His blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1138
    nanos: 14000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1141
    nanos: 993000000
  text: Nor is the bread which we break the partaking of His body.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1141
    nanos: 993000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1144
    nanos: 853000000
  text: That is, if the Gnostics, um, were correct, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1144
    nanos: 853000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1145
    nanos: 593000000
  text: But they are not.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1145
    nanos: 593000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1154
    nanos: 493000000
  text: Um, blood can only come from veins, and flesh from them, the substance of a man, which the Word of God was actually made.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1154
    nanos: 493000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1161
    nanos: 693000000
  text: So again, like Ignatius, he's arguing from Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist, to the fact that Jesus was truly man.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1161
    nanos: 693000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1179
    nanos: 593000000
  text: And then he also argues from that that we're capable of resurrection, because we're being nourished by the flesh and blood of Christ who died to redeem us, and rose to be the pledge of our rising.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1179
    nanos: 593000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1179
    nanos: 793000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1179
    nanos: 793000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1184
    nanos: 53000000
  text: So we're being nourished by the very body and blood of the risen one.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1184
    nanos: 53000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1201
    nanos: 553000000
  text: So he writes, "He took that created thing, bread, gave thanks, and said, 'This is my body,' and the cup likewise, he confessed to be His blood, and taught the new oblation of the new covenant," right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1201
    nanos: 553000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1206
    nanos: 93000000
  text: Which the church received from the apostles, and offers to God throughout all the world.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1206
    nanos: 93000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1215
    nanos: 613000000
  text: So, he's putting it forward as real presence, but also as sacrifice, and precisely the sacrifice that realizes the prophecy of Malachi.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1215
    nanos: 613000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1215
    nanos: 993000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1215
    nanos: 993000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1218
    nanos: 33000000
  text: The same as in Justin and the .
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1218
    nanos: 33000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1223
    nanos: 533000000
  text: All right, let's pass to the...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1223
    nanos: 533000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1232
    nanos: 753000000
  text: There's much more that could be said about Saint Irenaeus, but, um, let's pass on to the Apostolic Tradition, um, attributed to, uh, Saint Hippo-Hippolytus.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1232
    nanos: 753000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1235
    nanos: 273000000
  text: Um, although we don't know actually the author.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1235
    nanos: 273000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1243
    nanos: 533000000
  text: And in reality, it's, um, our first, our earliest liturgical book, dated, n- normally to the beginning of the third century.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1243
    nanos: 533000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1250
    nanos: 613000000
  text: So that's marvelous that we have a liturgical book, um, of such antiquity, and, um, it's the source.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1250
    nanos: 613000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1257
    nanos: 673000000
  text: So it gives us a Eucharistic prayer, and it's the source of the second Eucharistic prayer in the current, uh, Roman Missal.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1257
    nanos: 673000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1263
    nanos: 293000000
  text: Um, anyway, reading, um, the Apostolic Tradition, so much seems familiar.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1263
    nanos: 293000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1265
    nanos: 293000000
  text: We get the, um, the dialogue.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1265
    nanos: 293000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1267
    nanos: 413000000
  text: '"The Lord be with you and with your spirit.'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1267
    nanos: 413000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1268
    nanos: 273000000
  text: Lift up your hearts.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1268
    nanos: 273000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1269
    nanos: 493000000
  text: We lift them up to the Lord.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1269
    nanos: 493000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1271
    nanos: 113000000
  text: Let us give thanks to the Lord.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1271
    nanos: 113000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1289
    nanos: 573000000
  text: It is right and just." Um, and then it goes on into the, the Eucharistic prayer, um, and we see the, uh, the fundamental parts of Eucharistic prayers, um, in, in various, um, rites are present also in, in the Apostolic Tradition.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1289
    nanos: 573000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1294
    nanos: 293000000
  text: So the consecration, the anamnesis, the epiclesis.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1294
    nanos: 293000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1303
    nanos: 913000000
  text: And I'll leave it there for the Apostolic Tradition, and move to Saint Cyprian in the middle of the third century.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1303
    nanos: 913000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1304
    nanos: 693000000
  text: So, a little bit later.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1304
    nanos: 693000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1319
    nanos: 933000000
  text: Um, we have an interesting liturgical document of Saint Cyprian in which he writes to a bishop, um, concerning an, a liturgical abuse that was going on in one of the churches in his, um, um, di- in his region.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1319
    nanos: 933000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1325
    nanos: 213000000
  text: And it was that, um, a church was not using wine in the Eucharist, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1325
    nanos: 213000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1347
    nanos: 613000000
  text: They were just, um, they had bread and water, and so he writes to the bishop to say that, um, "This cannot be done." He writes, quote, "But if it is not allowed to break the least of the commandments of the Lord, how much more important is it not to infringe upon matters which are so great, so tremendous, so closely connected to the sacrament of the passion of the Lord and our redemption?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1347
    nanos: 613000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1373
    nanos: 813000000
  text: For if Christ," right, um, "who is Himself the high priest of God the Father, and offered Himself as a sacrifice to His father, and commanded this be done in commemoration of Him, certainly the priest who imitates that which Christ did, and then offers the true and full sacrifice in the Church of God, um, he performs truly in the place of, of Christ." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1373
    nanos: 813000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1379
    nanos: 53000000
  text: In other words, the priest has to do what Christ Himself first did in the last supper.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1379
    nanos: 53000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1379
    nanos: 333000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1379
    nanos: 333000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1383
    nanos: 453000000
  text: And that's why we have the same words being said in Christ's own pronoun.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1383
    nanos: 453000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1388
    nanos: 633000000
  text: Um, now, Jesus took bread, unleavened bread, and wine.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1388
    nanos: 633000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1389
    nanos: 333000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1389
    nanos: 333000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1407
    nanos: 313000000
  text: And so he goes on, quote, "Since we make mention of, of His passion in all sacrifices, for the passion of the Lord is indeed the sacrifice which we offer, we ought to do nothing other than what He did at the last supper." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1407
    nanos: 313000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1412
    nanos: 253000000
  text: We find that the chalice which the Lord offered was mixed, and He called blood what had been wine.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1412
    nanos: 253000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1428
    nanos: 13000000
  text: Whence, it appears that the blood of Christ is not offered if wine is lacking in the chalice, and that the sacrifice of the Lord is not celebrated unless our sacrifice corresponds to the passion, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1428
    nanos: 13000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1432
    nanos: 173000000
  text: Corresponds sacramentally to Christ's own passion, which it makes present.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1432
    nanos: 173000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1437
    nanos: 53000000
  text: And then he explains the mixing of water and wine very interesting.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1437
    nanos: 53000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1443
    nanos: 633000000
  text: He says, quote, "We see that people are signified in the water, but in the wine, the blood of Christ is shown.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1443
    nanos: 633000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1453
    nanos: 793000000
  text: When water is mixed with wine in the chalice, the people are united to Christ, and the multitude of the believers is bound and joined to Him in whom they believe." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1453
    nanos: 793000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1466
    nanos: 183000000
  text: It's a symbol, but it's, uh, again, the Eucharist is a symbol that does what it signifies.Skipping another hundred years and to the middle of the fourth century, let's look at Saint Athanasius.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1466
    nanos: 183000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1472
    nanos: 664000000
  text: And here's a- um, a- this is a fragment in which he speaks of the real present, presence.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1472
    nanos: 664000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1480
    nanos: 883000000
  text: He says, quote, "You shall see the Levites bringing loaves and a cup of wine and placing them on the table." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1480
    nanos: 883000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1481
    nanos: 963000000
  text: That would be the offertory.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1481
    nanos: 963000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1491
    nanos: 603000000
  text: '"So long as the prayers of supplication and entreaties have not been made, there is only bread and wine." That is, before the Eucharistic prayer, there''s only bread and wine.'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1491
    nanos: 603000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1509
    nanos: 524000000
  text: Continues, quote, "But after the great and wonderful prayers have been completed, then the bread has become the body and the wine, the blood of our Lord Jesus." All right, so that right there is the transformation, right, of bread and wine into Christ's body and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1509
    nanos: 524000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1511
    nanos: 124000000
  text: And through what means?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1511
    nanos: 124000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1512
    nanos: 824000000
  text: Through the word, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1512
    nanos: 824000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1515
    nanos: 843000000
  text: The word of prayer and- that comes from Jesus.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1515
    nanos: 843000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1531
    nanos: 123000000
  text: About the same time, a little bit later, um, Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, and we have the- um, the transcript of his sermons to the neophytes, and we have this from several fathers of this time.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1531
    nanos: 123000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1546
    nanos: 243000000
  text: So, um, at this time, um, in the RC- the RCA was a lengthy process, and the, um, the catechumens were instructed in the Christian life, but they didn't instruct them about the sacraments until they were initiated.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1546
    nanos: 243000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1547
    nanos: 743000000
  text: That means, until they were baptized.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1547
    nanos: 743000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1550
    nanos: 263000000
  text: And this happened during Easter week, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1550
    nanos: 263000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1558
    nanos: 724000000
  text: So, they were baptized on the Easter vigil, and for Easter week, the bishop would catechize them on the mysteries of baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1558
    nanos: 724000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1570
    nanos: 803000000
  text: And we have, um, uh, records of this preaching of Saint Cyril preaching in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, and we likewise have Saint Ambrose preaching Milan and Saint Augustine in Hippo.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1570
    nanos: 803000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1576
    nanos: 963000000
  text: So, Cyril of Jerusalem says this to the neophytes, that is, the newly baptized.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1576
    nanos: 963000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1597
    nanos: 463000000
  text: Quote, "You have now been taught and fully instructed that what seems to be bread is not bread, though it appeared to be such to the sense of taste, but rather the body of Christ, and that what seems to be wine is not wine, though the taste would have it so, but the blood of Christ.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1597
    nanos: 463000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1603
    nanos: 563000000
  text: So, strengthen your heart by partaking of that spiritual bread, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1603
    nanos: 563000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1614
    nanos: 723000000
  text: It's not- not properly bread, but it's the bread of life." And then he kind of addresses objections that the neophytes might be having.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1614
    nanos: 723000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1624
    nanos: 263000000
  text: Um, quote, "Since then, Christ himself clearly described the bread to us in this, in the words, 'This is my body,' who will dare henceforth to dispute it?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1624
    nanos: 263000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1636
    nanos: 943000000
  text: And since he has emphatically said, 'This is my blood,' who will have this and who will waver in the slightest and say it is not his blood?" In other words, our faith in the real presence has a very simple source.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1636
    nanos: 943000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1640
    nanos: 383000000
  text: Christ's own words at the Last Supper, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1640
    nanos: 383000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1642
    nanos: 903000000
  text: Said in every mass, in the consecration.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1642
    nanos: 903000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1650
    nanos: 763000000
  text: And then he points to the miracles worked by Christ to show that he had the power to do it.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1650
    nanos: 763000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1667
    nanos: 183000000
  text: Continuing, "So, let us partake with the fullest confidence that it is the body and blood of Christ, for his body has been bestowed on you in the form of bread." We would say the species or appearances of bread.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1667
    nanos: 183000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1682
    nanos: 143000000
  text: '"And his blood in the form of wine," appearances of wine, "so that by partaking of Christ''s body and blood, you may share with him the same body and blood." That is, the same life, right?'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1682
    nanos: 143000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1683
    nanos: 183000000
  text: Human and divine.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1683
    nanos: 183000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1690
    nanos: 403000000
  text: This is how we become bearers of Christ, since his body and blood spreads throughout our limbs.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1690
    nanos: 403000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1700
    nanos: 63000000
  text: This is how, in the blessed Peter's- in Peter's words, "We become partakers of the divine nature." That's a quote of, um, Second Peter, um, chapter one, verse four.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1700
    nanos: 63000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1704
    nanos: 703000000
  text: Partakers of the divine nature, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1704
    nanos: 703000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1707
    nanos: 323000000
  text: Which is the definition, by the way, of sanctifying grace.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1707
    nanos: 323000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1710
    nanos: 43000000
  text: Um, and the Eucharist feeds us with that.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1710
    nanos: 43000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1714
    nanos: 903000000
  text: And he speaks also of the role of the Holy Spirit.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1714
    nanos: 903000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1724
    nanos: 383000000
  text: We call down, um, upon the merciful God to send the Holy Spirit on our offerings so that he may make the bread Christ's body and the wine Christ's blood, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1724
    nanos: 383000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1725
    nanos: 603000000
  text: That's the Epiclesis.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1725
    nanos: 603000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1726
    nanos: 623000000
  text: Yeah.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1726
    nanos: 623000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1736
    nanos: 703000000
  text: We offer Christ, who has been slain for our sins, sacrificial dimension, and we appease the merciful God both on the behalf of the faithful departed and our own.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1736
    nanos: 703000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1737
    nanos: 923000000
  text: Very interesting.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1737
    nanos: 923000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1744
    nanos: 883000000
  text: So, it's in the middle of the fourth century, the Eucharist is offered for the, um, for the living, but also for the faithful departed.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1744
    nanos: 883000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1766
    nanos: 663000000
  text: At the same time, as Saint Cyril was preaching Jerusalem, Saint Ambrose was preaching in Milan, and- um, it sounds very similar, um, and we have rec- and we know that Saint Augustine was baptized by, um, Saint Ambrose in Milan, and he would have heard, um, preaching, um, if not this exact, um, very like it.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1766
    nanos: 663000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1771
    nanos: 363000000
  text: He says, "Perhaps you say the bread I have here is ordinary bread.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1771
    nanos: 363000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1777
    nanos: 123000000
  text: Yes, before the sacramental words are uttered, this bread is nothing but bread.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1777
    nanos: 123000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1781
    nanos: 103000000
  text: But at the consecration, this bread becomes the body of Christ.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1781
    nanos: 103000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1783
    nanos: 83000000
  text: Let us reason this out.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1783
    nanos: 83000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1786
    nanos: 783000000
  text: How can something which is bread become the body of Christ?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1786
    nanos: 783000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1789
    nanos: 923000000
  text: Well, by what words is the consecration effected?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1789
    nanos: 923000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1791
    nanos: 563000000
  text: Whose words are they?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1791
    nanos: 563000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1793
    nanos: 743000000
  text: The words of the Lord Jesus.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1793
    nanos: 743000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1795
    nanos: 823000000
  text: And what is this word of Christ?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1795
    nanos: 823000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1801
    nanos: 483000000
  text: It is the word by which all things were made." So beautiful.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1801
    nanos: 483000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1811
    nanos: 463000000
  text: He's saying, look, we should believe Jesus' words because he's the same one who, in the beginning, spoke and things were made, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1811
    nanos: 463000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1813
    nanos: 643000000
  text: Let there be light, and there was light.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1813
    nanos: 643000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1828
    nanos: 994000000
  text: It's not hard for the word of God, right, to make one thing into another thing, since he made all things.Anyway, S- St. Ambrose has much more to say to us, but I'm going to skip ahead to St. Augustine.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1828
    nanos: 994000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1835
    nanos: 633000000
  text: So, St. Augustine, baptized by Ambrose, um, also preaches to the catacombs.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1835
    nanos: 633000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1846
    nanos: 253000000
  text: Now, very often, um, Protestants will quote St. Augustine as, um, not, um, mentioning the real presence, totally false, or the, the conversion, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1846
    nanos: 253000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1850
    nanos: 733000000
  text: In the, his preaching to the catacombs, it's very similar to St. Ambrose.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1850
    nanos: 733000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1865
    nanos: 54000000
  text: So for example, in a sermon, um, on Easter day to the neophytes, he says, um, "You ought to know what you have received, what you are about to receive, and what you ought to receive every day." Very interesting, daily communion.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1865
    nanos: 54000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1871
    nanos: 313000000
  text: '"That bread which you can see on the altar, sanctified by the Word of God, is the body of Christ.'
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1871
    nanos: 313000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1880
    nanos: 874000000
  text: That cup, or rather what the cup contains, sanctified by the word of God, is the blood of Christ." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1880
    nanos: 874000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1889
    nanos: 753000000
  text: So he's highlighting the real presence and the power of Christ's word to make it that, to make it be what he said it would, would be.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1889
    nanos: 753000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1902
    nanos: 813000000
  text: Um, he says, "This bread and wine, when the word is applied to it, becomes the body and blood of the word." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1902
    nanos: 813000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1908
    nanos: 493000000
  text: When the word of prayer, that is, this is my body, is applied, um, it becomes his body and blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1908
    nanos: 493000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1912
    nanos: 53000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1912
    nanos: 53000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1915
    nanos: 713000000
  text: It's exactly what we call transubstantiation.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1915
    nanos: 713000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1920
    nanos: 893000000
  text: Take away the word, it's just bread and wine.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1920
    nanos: 893000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1923
    nanos: 453000000
  text: Add the word, it's now something else.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1923
    nanos: 453000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1925
    nanos: 33000000
  text: And what is that something else?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1925
    nanos: 33000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1928
    nanos: 73000000
  text: The body of Christ and the blood of Christ.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1928
    nanos: 73000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1930
    nanos: 73000000
  text: And to this, we say amen.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1930
    nanos: 73000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1948
    nanos: 473000000
  text: And interestingly, in a commentary on a Psalm, Psalm 99, um, which mentions worship at his footstool, um, St. Augustine says, um, speaking of the Eucharist, "No one receives it without first worshiping it." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1948
    nanos: 473000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1956
    nanos: 653000000
  text: We don't rightly receive without recognizing, right, what we are receiving, the body of Christ, and thus we worship first.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1956
    nanos: 653000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1958
    nanos: 673000000
  text: And we would sin if we did not.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1958
    nanos: 673000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1972
    nanos: 73000000
  text: And he even speaks of Christ at the Last Supper, tearing himself in his own hands when he said, "This is my body." He was holding that very body in his hands as he spoke.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1972
    nanos: 73000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1990
    nanos: 353000000
  text: But he highlights above all, the aspect of unity, that it makes us into one, and that when we offer it, we offer the whole life of the church, recognized in the bread what hung on the cross, in the cup what flowed from his side, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1990
    nanos: 353000000
  end_time:
    secs: 1996
    nanos: 473000000
  text: But we're offering, um, the sacrifice of the whole church as well with it.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 1996
    nanos: 473000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2002
    nanos: 833000000
  text: Um, I'm gonna have to, uh, leave St. Augustine there.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2002
    nanos: 833000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2009
    nanos: 413000000
  text: Let me just say something about the Cappadocian Fathers, Saint Gregory of Nazianzen and Gregory of Nyssa.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2009
    nanos: 413000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2015
    nanos: 33000000
  text: Um, so about the same time, uh, towards the end of the fourth century, he speaks...
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2015
    nanos: 33000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2023
    nanos: 693000000
  text: So, Gregory of Nyssa- Nazianzen is a bishop, and he's, at a certain point he's ill, and he writes to another bishop to offer the mass for him.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2023
    nanos: 693000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2033
    nanos: 693000000
  text: He says, "Do the greater thing in your priestly ministry and loose the mass of my sins when you lay hold of the sacrifice of resurrection.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2033
    nanos: 693000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2052
    nanos: 93000000
  text: Cease not to pray and to plead for me when you draw down the word by your word, and when with a bloodless cutting, you sever the body and blood of the Lord using your voice for the sacrificial knife." Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2052
    nanos: 93000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2059
    nanos: 393000000
  text: So he's describing the mass as sacrifice, an unbloody sacrifice, a bloodless cutting through the word, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2059
    nanos: 393000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2062
    nanos: 573000000
  text: Through the word, this is my body, this is the chalice of my blood.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2062
    nanos: 573000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2068
    nanos: 13000000
  text: And it effects, um, a sacramental sacrifice, right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2068
    nanos: 13000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2075
    nanos: 973000000
  text: By severing sacramentally the blood from the body as Jesus' blood was physically separated from his body on Calvary.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2075
    nanos: 973000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2076
    nanos: 813000000
  text: Right?
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2076
    nanos: 813000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2087
    nanos: 613000000
  text: So it shows the faith of the church in the fourth century in the mass as sacrifice and the same sacrifice, even though a different mode, unbloody as opposed to bloody.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2087
    nanos: 613000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2088
    nanos: 953000000
  text: I'm gonna have to leave it here.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2088
    nanos: 953000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2102
    nanos: 593000000
  text: Um, there's much, much more that could be added from the Father's Church, and particularly Saint John Chrysostom who highlights the, um, the realism of the, um, of the Eucharistic conversion and the unity of the sacrifice with cover.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2102
    nanos: 593000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2109
    nanos: 653000000
  text: And we'll come back to Saint John Chrysostom in the seventh talk when we look at the sacrifice of the mass.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2109
    nanos: 653000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2130
    nanos: 733000000
  text: We give you thanks, almighty God, for so many rich testimonies of faith in your real presence, in the mass as sacrifice, and in the effects of Holy Communion, um, as an antidote and the medicine of immortality and the means of building up the unity of the church.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2130
    nanos: 733000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2133
    nanos: 733000000
  text: Um, we thank you through Christ our Lord.
  speaker: speaker_0
- start_time:
    secs: 2133
    nanos: 733000000
  end_time:
    secs: 2134
    nanos: 713000000
  text: Amen.
  speaker: speaker_0
