那么，让我们以祷告开始。 So, let's start in with a prayer.
奉父、子、圣灵的名。 In the name of the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit.
阿们。 Amen.
主啊，我们求你差遣你的灵进入我们心里，使我们更深入地领悟圣 餐的奥秘，以及它如何在旧约中被预表——这将是本集的重点。 We ask you, Lord, to send your spirit into our hearts to penetrate more deeply into, uh, to the mystery of the Eucharist and how it was prefigured in the Old Testament, which will be the focus of this episode.
我们藉着我们的主基督祈求。 We ask this through Christ our Lord.
阿们。 Amen.
父、子、圣灵。 Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
阿们。 Amen.
教会生活中越是重要的奥秘，我们就越应在救恩历 史中看到它深远的预表——圣餐无疑正是如此。 The more important a mystery in the life of the church, the more deeply we should see it foreshadowed in salvation history, and that is certainly the case with the Eucharist.
它在旧约中被极其丰富地预表，以至于我们很难在半小时内讲完这些内容。 It is super abundantly prefigured, um, in the Old Testament, such that we're gonna have trouble getting, um, through this material in a half an hour.
这很合理，正如上一集所说，圣餐是神能赐给教会 的最大恩赐，它本身包含了道成肉身的根本目的。 Um, and that makes sense, you know, given what we said in the previous episode, that the Eucharist is the greatest possession that God can give his church, and that it, um, encompasses within itself the fundamental purposes of the incarnation itself, you know?
因此，我们理应在旧约的各处发现圣餐的预表。 And so, we should expect to find the Eucharist throughout the pages of the Old Testament.
本集我们将根据上一集提到的圣餐三大目的，来划分这些圣餐的预表。 And the way we're gonna organize this episode is dividing, um, these figures of the Eucharist according to the three purposes of the Eucharist that we saw in the previous episode.
我们看到耶稣设立圣餐，作为他新郎之爱的圣事——为与所爱之人同住。 And we saw that Jesus instituted the Eucharist, um, as the sacrament of his spousal love, of his love as the bridegroom to dwell with his beloved.
这是第一种同在或居住。 That's, that's the first presence or dwelling.
其次，作为他在加略山为新娘献上自己的牺牲之爱的圣事。 Secondly, to be the sacrament of his sacrificial love of giving himself for his bride on Calvary.
第三，作为他将自己全然赐下——身体、血、灵魂与 神性——给所爱之人的方式，即在圣餐中的联合。 And third, to, um, be the means by which he would give himself totally, um, body, blood, soul, and divinity, to his beloved, and in holy communion.
因此我们可以根据这三个目的来划分这些预表。 Um, and so we can look at the figures, dividing them according to these three purposes.
让我们从第一个奥秘——同在的奥秘开始，这早在创世记2章就有预表：我 们看到主在伊甸园的同在，而这种同在实际上是通过失去它才被显明的。 So, let's start in with the first, the mystery of presence, and this is prefigured right at the beginning of scripture in Genesis 2, in which we see, um, a presence of the Lord in the Garden of Eden, and we actually see it, um, only in the, um, the loss of this presence, right?
犯罪后，亚当和夏娃躲避神的面——那位在园中凉风中行走的神。 So after, after the sin, we're told that Adam and Eve hid themselves from the presence of God, um, who walked in the cool of the day, right, in the garden.
创3:8 Genesis 3:8.
这表明在园中曾存在与神的亲密关系。 And so that, that shows us that in the garden, there was an intimacy with God.
那时尚未道成肉身。 It wasn't yet the incarnation.
神尚未成为人，但亚当夏娃仍藉着恩典与他同行，保持亲密友谊。 God had not yet become flesh, but nevertheless, Adam and Eve walked with him, um, through grace in an intimate friendship.
对吧？ Right?
这种神的同在因堕落而悲剧性地丧失，可以说这构成了救恩历史 的戏剧——如何从起初恢复神的同在，并以更美的方式拥有它。 That divine presence was tragically lost through the fall, and we can say that sets up the drama of salvation history, how to recover that divine presence from the beginning and to have it in a still better way, right?
可以说第一次恢复是在旧约中，主住在子民中间——我们马上会看到。 So, the first recovery we could say is in the old covenant, um, the Lord dwelt with his people in their midst, and we'll see that in just a minute.
显然，第二次恢复是更美的同在——道成肉身。 Obviously, the second stage of this recovery is a better presence, the incarnation.
在伊甸园，神以纯粹灵性的方式与人同行。 So, in Eden, God walked in their midst, but in a purely spiritual way.
他尚未成为人。 He hadn't yet become man.
藉着道成肉身，主作为人行走在男女中间。 Through the incarnation, the Lord walks in our midst as man among, uh, men and women.
他在地上时仅在一处，但通过圣餐，他在新娘所在的任何地方同在。 Um, only in one place in his earthly life, but through the Eucharist, wherever his bride is.
还有第三种更美的同在未来在得胜的教会中等待我们——耶稣可见的同在，不再 被圣事的面纱遮蔽，而是揭开面纱，通过荣福直观被看见——我们仍在等候。 But there's a third and better presence awaiting us in the church triumphant, and that is Jesus' presence visible, no longer veiled by sacramental veils, but unveiled, um, seen through the beatific vision, and that we still await.
因此我们在此看到的是，作为第二阶段的圣餐奥秘 ，如何在旧约中通过主在子民中间的同在被预表。 And so what, um, what we're looking at here is how, um, the, the mystery of the Eucharist, which is the second stage, is prefigured in the old covenant, um, through the Lord's presence in the midst of his people.
上一集我们看到，犹太人称此为「舍金纳」——源自动词「居住」或「停留」。 And we saw in the last episode that, um, the Jewish expression for this is the word shekhinah, which means, um, dwelling or indwelling from the verb shakan, to dwell or abide, right?
我们提到旧约中这种特殊同在有时会通过荣耀的云彩遮盖约柜而显现。 And w- we mentioned that in the Old Testament, there was a, um, even a visible manifestation at times of this special presence through a cloud of glory overshadowing the Arc of the Covenant.
首先是立约时遮盖西奈山，对吧？ And first, overshadowing Mount Sinai at the sealing of the covenant, right?
西奈山被云遮盖，伴有雷轰、闪电和号角声。 So, the Mount Sinai was covered in cloud with thunder and lightning and trumpet blasts, right?
这是神奥秘同在的记号——以某种方式显现，却恰恰通过幽暗显现。 And it's a, a sign of the mysterious presence of God that is, um, somehow made visible, but made visible precisely through obscurity, right?
云彩既彰显又隐藏。 A cloud that both makes visible and hides.
这云彩后来遮盖了约柜。 Um, and then this cloud covered the Arc of the Covenant.
约柜本身就是道成肉身和圣餐的预表。 The Arc of the Covenant itself was a, um, a figure of the incarnation and the Eucharist.
希伯来书9:2-7告诉我们，约柜里有三样东西： Um, in the Arc of the Covenant, there were three things, um, we find out from Hebrews 9:2-7.
里面有刻着…… It contained the tablets of the c-...
十诫的两块法版、一罐吗哪， of the Ten Commandments, two tablets, and a jar of manna, right?
当他们进入应许之地后，将最后赐下的吗哪保存在约柜中。 So when they had finally gotten into the Holy Land, um, they preserved the, the manna, um, that was, um, fi- that was last given to them in the Ark of the Covenant.
还有亚伦发芽的杖，作为他蒙选为大祭司的记号。 And then the Rod of Aaron that had blossomed as a sign of Aaron's election to the high priesthood.
这三样都预表道成肉身：基督是活的律法（妥拉）、生命的粮、永 远的大祭司——因此约柜可说是包含了圣餐中基督同在的预表。 And all three of those prefigure the incarnation, Christ who is the living law, the Torah, Christ who is the bread of life, and Christ who is our eternal high priest, so that the Ark of the Covenant contained, as it were, a figure of Christ present in the Eucharist.
对吧？ Right?
所以圣餐是约柜所指向的实体。 So the, the Eucharist is the reality to which the Ark of the Covenant was pointing.
对吧？ Right?
在圣餐中，我们拥有生命的活粮。 In the, in the Eucharist, we have the living bread of life.
我们拥有永远的大祭司——他本身就是活的律法、活的爱的诫命。 We have the eternal high priest who is himself the, the living Torah, the living commandment of love.
约柜中预表主同在的，正是这荣耀的云彩——神藉此住在以色列民中间。 And that presence in figure of our Lord in the Ark of the Covenant was manifested by this, um, cloud of glory, um, by which the Lord dwelt in the midst of Israel, right?
许多经文都记载这点，比如出埃及记25章8节。 And we see this in many biblical texts, um, one is Exodus 25, verse eight.
「又当为我造圣所，使我可以住在他们中间。」 "And let them make me a sanctuary that I may dwell in their midst.
要照我所指示你的样式造帐幕和约柜上的施恩座。 According to all that I show you concerning the pattern of the tabernacle, you shall make it a, a mercy seat on top of the ark.
我要在那里与你相会，并从施恩座上二基路伯中间 ，将我所要吩咐以色列人的一切命令传给你。」 There I will meet with you and from high and from above the mercy seat, between the cherubim, right, that were above the mercy seat, um, I will speak with you of all that I will give you in commandment for the people of Israel." Right?
这是神独特的同在，可在祷告中遇见。 So it was a unique presence of God to be encountered in prayer, right?
预表圣餐中耶稣真实同在——作为祷告中遇见道成肉身之主的至圣所。 Prefiguring Jesus's real presence in the Eucharist as the, the auspicious place to encounter the Lord made man in prayer.
我们如今拥有实体——道成肉身的主，这旧约仅 是预表的，却是以色列在万民中尊贵的根源。 So we've got the, the reality, the Lord made man that was only prefigured in the Old Testament, but nevertheless was held so precious, it was Israel's dignity among the nations, right?
因神住在他们中间。 And that God dwelt in their midst.
民数记35章34节，神说：「你们不可玷污所住之地，就是我住在其中之地， 因为我耶和华住在以色列人中间。」我们常忘记为何以色列地对犹太人是圣地。 In Numbers, um, chapter 35, um, verse 34, God says, "You shall not defile the land in which you live in the midst of which I dwell, for I, the Lord dwell in the midst of the people of Israel." We should often, I think, forget this, why the land of Israel was sacred for the Jewish people, right?
因那是神居住的所在。 It was sacred because it was the place of the divine indwelling, right?
所以至今对犹太人仍是圣地。 And that's why it's still sacred for Jewish people today, right?
神以这独特方式住在会幕约柜上，伴随他们走过旷 野，又在约书亚带领下渡过约旦河进入以色列。 The Lord dwelt in this unique way in their midst, covering, covering the Ark of the Covenant in the Tent of Meeting, um, throughout their journeying in the desert, and then continuing to accompany them as they, um, crossed the Jordan into Israel, right, under Joshua.
后来由大卫运往耶路撒冷，最终安放在他儿子所罗门所建圣殿的至圣所中。 And then being taken, um, ultimately by David to Jerusalem, and then, um, into the Holy of Holies built by his son, Solomon, in the temple.
申命记4章7节，摩西说…… In Deuteronomy, um, chapter four, verse seven, Moses says...
神对摩西说：「哪一大国的人有神与他们相近，像耶和 华我们的神、在我们求告他的时候与我们相近呢？」 Well, God says to Moses, "What great nation is there that has a God so near to it as the Lord our God is to us whenever we call upon him?" Right?
这是以色列的荣耀。 That was the glory of Israel.
他们有主住在中间，祷告时不单是向天上呼求，更是神秘地在他们中间。 They had the Lord dwelling in their midst so that they could call upon him in prayer, not simply, yes, as to heaven, but in some mysterious sense, in their midst, right?
预表神在教会中赐给我们更丰盛的恩典。 Prefiguring, right, God's more super abundant generosity with us in His church.
好。 All right.
所罗门建殿时，再次出现可见的记号。 When Solomon built the temple, again, a visible sign of this was given.
有火从天上降下。 Fire came down from heaven.
历代志下7章1-2节： This is 2 Chronicles 7 verses one to two.
「有火从天上降下来，烧尽燔祭和别的祭。耶和华的荣光充满 了殿，祭司因耶和华的荣光充满了耶和华的殿，不能进去。」 "Fire came down from heaven and consumed the burnt offering and the sacrifices, and the glory of the Lord filled the temple, and the priests could not enter the house of the Lord because the glory of the Lord filled the Lord's house." Right?
这一切都预表更美的同在——主临在于每间教堂的圣体龛中。 All of this, a figure of a better presence of the Lord in every tabernacle, in every church.
但问题在于，神过于丰盛的恩典反让我们视为理所当然。 But again, we, the problem is the very super abundance of God's, um, generosity to us can lead us to take it for granted, right?
我们可曾…… Do we visit...
这同在昔日只限于以色列一处。 So that was present in only one place in Israel, right?
约柜存放在圣殿至圣所中。 The Ark of the Covenant, which was kept in the Holy of Holies in the temple, right?
圣殿在巴比伦之囚时被毁，约柜遗失，虽重建圣殿但至圣所已空 ——至今仍是犹太人对神敬虔的对象，表现为朝圣与西墙祷告。 The temple was destroyed, um, in the Babylonian exile, um, the Ark of the Covenant was lost, but the temple was rebuilt, right, with an empty Holy of Holies, um, and yet, right, that was the object of the reverence of the Jewish people for the Lord, um, expressed in pilgrimage and still today in visiting the West Wall.
这不过是预表，如今我们在每处圣体龛中拥有的实体。 Um, now that was just a figure of what we have in every tabernacle.
是神亲自成为人。 God Himself made man, right?
耶稣在约翰福音2章19-21节表明自己是真圣 殿：「你们拆毁这殿，我三日内要再建立起来。」 And Jesus demonstrates that he is the true temple in John chapter two, uh, 19 to 21, "Destroy this temple, um, and in three days I will raise it up." Right?
不是指石造的殿，而是指他身体的真圣殿。 Speaking not of the physical temple, but the temple, the real temple of his body.
明白吗？ All right?
虽然预表很荣耀，但所预表的实体更荣耀，却更谦卑。 Although the type was glorious, the reality prefigured is infinitely more glorious, but it's more humble.
这对我们仍是挑战。 And so this is again, a challenge for us, right?
至少在所罗门圣殿时期、耶稣时代的第二圣殿，那殿有可见的荣耀。 In Israel, at least in the time of Solomon's temple and in the time of the second temple, time of Jesus, um, that temple was visibly glorious, right?
但在圣餐中，那荣耀是隐藏的。 Um-But in the Eucharist, that glory is veiled, right?
我们看不见圣体龛上的荣耀云彩，却拥有成为人的整个神。 We don't see a glory cloud over the tabernacle, um, but nevertheless, we have the whole of God made man.
不仅在世界某一处，而是在每个有祭司、弥撒和圣体龛的地方。 And not just in one tabernacle in one place in the world, but in every place where there is a priest, a mass, and a tabernacle.
对吧？ Right?
这再次体现虚己的逻辑。 So again, that logic of self-emptying.
好。 All right.
现在来看圣餐的第二层面——牺牲。 Let's move on now to the second aspect of the Eucharist, the sacrifice.
基督的牺牲预表在全世界宗教的祭礼中，尤其以色列的祭礼。 So Christ's sacrifice was prefigured in all of the, um, the rites, uh, the rites of sacrifice of the religions of the world, and in a particular way of Israel.
对吧？ Right?
在以色列，我们看到神为子民设立众多祭礼，最突出的是逾越节与逾越节羔羊。 So in Israel, um, we see, um, abundant sacrifices prescribed by God for his people, um, them, maybe the most prominent would be the Passover and the Paschal Lamb.
逾越节羔羊是这牺牲的预表，此外还有早晚献羔羊的祭。 So the Paschal Lamb is a type of the sacrifice, but there also was, um, a sacrifice every morning and evening of a lamb.
有平安祭、交通祭、感恩祭、纪念祭、素祭、麦子祭、饼与酒 祭——如麦基洗德的祭，圣殿中早晚也献羔羊时同献饼与酒。 There were peace offerings, communion offerings, thanksgiving offerings, memorial offerings, offerings of wheat, offerings of bread and wine, um, of Melchizedek, but also in the temple every morning and evening there was, um, an offering of bread and wine together with the lamb.
这些祭礼赐予以色列作为敬拜神的方式，是以色列的荣 耀——不仅献祭，更是按神直接启示的旨意顺服献祭。 And all of these, um, were given to Israel to be a way of worshiping God, um, and that was a- a glory that Israel received, not simply to offer sacrifice, but to offer sacrifice in obedience, direct obedience to God's will expressed to them.
但所有这些祭都指向加略山的牺牲及其在每场弥撒中的圣事性重现。 Um, but all of these sacrifices pointed beyond themselves to the sacrifice of Calvary, and to its sacramental representation in every mass.
对吧？ Right?
正如以色列每日有早晚祭，节期更有附加祭，教会每日…… And so just as Israel had a morning and evening sacrifice every day, and abundant, um, additional sacrifices on the great feasts, so his church, every day- Right?...
拥有那唯一完美的祭。 has the one perfect sacrifice.
托马斯·阿奎那说：「旧约一切祭礼都为预表这独一至高的牺牲， 以不完美的预示完美的。」圣大利奥论弥撒牺牲的预表时说：「当 各类动物祭停止后，你身体与血的唯一奉献成全了所有祭礼。 So although Thomas Aquinas says, "All of the sacrifices of the old law were offered up to foreshadow this one individual and paramount sacrifice, the imperfect forecasting, prefiguring the perfect." Saint Leo the Great, on the- the figures of the sacrifice of mass says, "When the variety of animal sacrifices has ceased, the one oblation of your body and blood fulfills all the many kinds of offer.
你是除去世人罪孽的真羔羊，因此在你自己内成全一切奥秘。 You are the true lamb that takes away the sins of the world, and thus you perfect all mysteries in yourself.
正如一个祭代替所有祭物，将有一个国度为万民而立。」 As one sacrifice is made on behalf of all victims, so there'll be one kingdom for all nations." Right?
许多宗教有各类祭礼，连神的子民以色列也有多 种祭，都预表新以色列——教会的那独一祭献。 So, um, there are many religions offering all different kinds of sacrifice, and even one people, um, Israel, right, the people of God, having many different kinds of sacrifice, all prefiguring the one sacrifice of the new Israel, the church.
这预表早在亚伯拉罕之前就有。 And yet we see it even before Abraham, right?
洪水后挪亚第一件事就是筑坛，献各类洁净牲畜与飞鸟为燔祭。 So we see the first thing Noah does after the flood is to build an altar for the Lord, and to offer every clean animal and every clean bird, um, in burnt offerings on the altar.
耶和华闻那馨香之气就说：「我不再因人的缘故咒诅地。」 And the Lord smelled the pleasing odor and said, "I will never again curse the ground because of man." Right?
可见挪亚首先献祭感恩，也为赎罪。 So again, the first thing that Noah does, right, is offer sacrifice in thanksgiving, but also, um, in satisfaction for sin.
祭礼有双重动向：上升——可见的烟上升归神， And we can see in it two movements, the, um, the sacrifice has an ascending movement, even visibly, right?
为尊崇神（敬拜感恩），也为人类求福。 So there's the smoke that goes up to the Lord, um, seeking to give him honor, so adoration, thanksgiving, but also to win his blessing for mankind, right?
这就是神应允不再降洪水的承诺。 And that's the promise, never again to, um, to send the world another flood like that.
对吧？ Right?
这就是下降的恩典。 So that would be the descending dimension.
以撒的牺牲也预表加略山与圣餐。 We see in the sacrifice of Isaac prefiguring, again, both Calvary and the Eucharist.
亚伯拉罕献祭之地名为「耶和华以勒」。 Even the- the place in which Abraham was told to sacrifice is the Lord will provide, right?
神预备祭物不是以撒，而是代替的公羊。 And so the Lord provided the sacrifice, um, not Isaac, but the lamb- ram who took its place.
以撒的牺牲是多方面的奇妙预表。 Um, so the sacrifice of Isaac in many ways, it's a marvelous figure.
时间有限无法详述。 Don't have time to fully go into it.
以撒预表耶稣—— Um, so Isaac prefigures, um, Jesus, right?
儿子；亚伯拉罕预表天父——「不爱惜自己的儿子为我们众人舍了」。 The son, and Abraham, the father, God the Father, who gives up his- did not spare his own son, but gave him up for us all.
但以撒不是应许本身，只是应许之福——基督——的祖先。 But Isaac was not the promise itself, just the forefather, right, of the promised blessing, who is the Messiah, the Christ.
以撒被保留， And he is spared, right?
基督却在每场弥撒中将自己赐给我们。 Christ is not spared, but gives himself in every mass to us.
对吧？ Right?
神预备了完美的祭物。 The Lord providing the perfect sacrifice.
旧约祭司献祭给神，也将祝福与教导带给人类。 So the Old Testament priests offered up sacrifice to God, and brought down blessings and teaching from God to man.
对吧？ Right?
我们提过早晚祭、特别祭、三大节期——逾越节、五旬节、赎罪日与秋天的住棚节。 And we mentioned morning and evening offerings, special sacrifices, the great feasts, Passover, Pentecost, Day of Atonement, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles in the fall.
对吧？ Right?
这些节期祭司都献大量燔祭。 In all of these feasts, the priests offered abundant burnt offerings, right?
赎罪祭为过失，赎愆祭为故意，素祭、平安祭、甘心祭。 Sin offerings for inadvertent sins, guilt offerings for deliberate sin, cereal offerings, peace offerings, free will offerings.
所有祭的关键都是流血， And in all of these offerings, we see a key part is the shedding of blood, right?
因血是生命，我们将神所赐的归还他——燔祭完全烧尽，预表基督全然奉献。 And that is because the blood is the life, and we give back to God what he has given to us, and thus the blood is God's portion-Um, burnt offerings entirely consumed by fire, prefiguring Christ's total self-gift, right?
其他祭部分归神，部分由祭司和信徒分食——如平安祭、感恩祭， Other offerings were, um, partly, um, given to the Lord, but also consumed by the priests and even by the faithful in peace offerings and thanksgiving offerings, right?
这预表共融，稍后再谈。 And that prefiguring communion, we'll, we'll come back to that.
对吧？ Right?
牺牲与共融相连，因所献的部分被领受，形成与神的筵席相交。 So sacrifice and communion go together because a part of what is offered is then received, making meal fellowship with God Himself.
因此这些祭一面预表加略山，一面预表弥撒使加略山临在。 And so all of these sacrifices are figures of Calvary on the one hand, and of the mass, making Calvary present in our midst.
对吧？ Right?
基督是燔祭因全然献上，也是交通祭因全然赐给我们。 So Christ is burnt offering because He gave Himself wholly, but yet He's communion offering because He gives Himself to us wholly, right?
但藉圣事性标记——下集会详述。 But under sacramental signs as we'll see in the next talk.
他献自己赎世罪如赎罪祭，但他的祭远比罪更蒙悦纳——以色列的祭做不到。 And He offers Himself to atone for the sins of the world, as in sin offerings, but He actually is a more pleasing offering than sin is displeasing, which was not true of the offerings of Israel, and couldn't be true.
对吧？ Right?
这祭建立神人和平，因此成全所有平安祭的预表。 And it establishes peace between God and man, and thus fulfills all the types of the peace offerings.
另一关键预表是西奈山立约时用牛血行的严肃祭。 Another key figure was the solemn sacrifice, um, sealing the Mosaic covenant on Mount Sinai with the blood of oxen, right?
十二头牛代表十二支派，血一半洒祭坛，一半洒百姓。 So 12 oxen to represent the 12 tribes, and their blood was poured out, half of it onto the altar, and the other half sprinkled on the people.
摩西…… And Moses...
出埃及记24章8节： So this is Exodus 24:8.
摩西将血洒在百姓身上说：「看，这是立约的血 ，是耶和华按这一切话与你们立约的凭据。」 Moses took the blood and threw it upon the people and said, "Behold, the blood of the covenant, which the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words." Right?
这血是神与以色列立约的记号——生命（神的恩赐）与恩典（分享神性生命）的象征。 Again, a sign of covenant between God and His people, Israel, and the blood being the sign of the life, which is God's gift, and a sign of grace, which is a sharing in the divine life, right?
血洒百姓和祭坛（神的份），表明与神建立血亲关系，确保生命。 Poured, um, on the people or sprinkled on the people as well as the altar representing God's portion to show a blood kinship established now with God Himself, and assuring therefore of life.
对吧？ Right?
这仅是预表，因他们未像我们在圣餐中真实领受主，却是每次圣餐共融的奇妙预表。 So again, that, um, was done in figure because they didn't actually receive the Lord physically as we do in the Eucharist, but a marvelous figure of what happens in every holy communion, right?
为立约盖印。 Sealing the covenant.
下集再详述。 And again, we'll come back to this in the next episode.
逾越节。 The Passover.
以色列一切祭礼中，逾越节羔羊的宰杀是最完美的圣餐预 表，因它同时体现同在、牺牲与灵粮（共融）三层面。 Of all the sacrifice of Israel, the immolation of the Paschal Lamb during the feast of Passover is the most perfect figure for the Eucharist, because it brings out the three aspects of present sacrifice and spiritual nourishment or communion.
对吧？ Right?
羔羊为每个家庭宰杀， So the lamb, um, was immolated on behalf of each household, right?
每家须带一只羔羊。 So every household had to bring a lamb.
正月十四日在圣殿宰杀…… He was, the lamb was sacrificed on the 14th of the month of Nisan in the temple, in the, in the...
血由祭司洒祭坛，肉由各家分食。 And the blood poured out on the altar by the priests, um, and then taken, um, to be consumed by each household.
因此兼具牺牲与共融，而同在层面体现在必须于 耶路撒冷——神居住的至圣所所在地——举行。 Um, and thus it has the aspect both of sacrifice and communion, and then the aspect of dwelling is the fact that this had to be done in Jerusalem, in the place of God's indwelling presence, um, in the Holy of Holies.
试想耶稣时代的逾越节场景： Now, imagine, let's imagine ourselves being there at a Passover about the time of Jesus.
会有大量鲜血。 There would have been a lot of blood.
毫不夸张。 Understatement.
想想以色列有多少家庭会上耶路撒冷过节。 Um, think of, um, how many households there were in Israel that would have come to Jerusalem for the Passover.
约五十万人，即两万到五万个家庭。 Um, maybe a half a million people, um, and that would, could be 20 to 50,000 family groups.
两万…… 20,000...
保守估计一个下午宰杀两万只羔羊。 Let's, uh, underestimate 20,000 lambs sacrificed in one afternoon.
所有血都洒在祭坛上。 All that blood poured onto the altar.
对吧？ Right?
而且…… All...
每年重复，用不同的羔羊。 And then this repeated every year, always with a dif- different lambs, right?
这显示赎罪、与神联合的需要，也显明其不足——需如此大量且年年重复。 And this shows, on the one hand, the need for, um, atonement, the need for, um, what's being expressed, that union with God, um, and satisfaction for sin, but the insufficiency of it, that it had to be done in such quantity repeated year after year.
对吧？ Right?
这必给以色列信徒留下深刻印象。 And this would have made a huge impression on the minds of the faithful of Israel.
都预表神的真羔羊——施洗约翰如此指认： All of that prefiguring the true Lamb of God, and that's how John the Baptist, right?
在约翰福音中向门徒揭示耶稣。 Speaks of Jesus and reveals Him to His disciples in, in John's Gospel.
「看哪，神的羔羊！」这才是所有逾越节羔羊预表的实体。 "Behold the Lamb of God." That is the real, the reality of which all those Paschal lamb were figures.
逾越节另一要素是无酵饼与酒——也是圣餐的象征，耶稣正是在此背景下设立圣餐。 And then another aspect of the, the Passover we'll look at in just a minute, is the, um, the bu- unleavened bread and wine that was joined together with it, um, also symbols of the Eucharist precisely the context in which Jesus institutes the Eucharist.
新旧约祭礼的关键区别：旧约祭物总是祭司以外的物品， Key difference, though, between the sacrifice of the Old Covenant and that of the new is that in the Old Covenant, the victim was always something other than the priest, right?
祭司献羔羊、公牛、饼或酒；新约中加略山上耶稣献自己。 The priest offered lambs or bulls or oxen or bread or wine, um, in the New Covenant, well, in, on Calvary, Jesus offers Himself.
圣餐中祭物永远是耶稣——他同时是藉祭司行动的大祭司。 In the Eucharist, the victim is always Jesus, who is also the high priest acting through the ministerial priest.
可谓新约定律：祭司与祭物同一。 So we could say that's a law of the New Covenant, priest and victim are one and the same.
我们教会全体参与这君尊/普通祭司职分，同样蒙 召献上自己。旧约中所有祭须在圣殿一处献上。 And we, all the people of the church, are part of that royal or common priesthood, and we're called likewise to offer ourselves.Now, in the Old Testament, um, all the sacrifice had to be offered in one place, in the temple.
这是朝圣要求——每年三次到耶路撒冷。 And that was, um, a, a pilgrimage requirement, to come to Jerusalem three times a year.
因此圣殿被毁（巴比伦之囚与公元70年）时，所有祭礼必须停止。 Um, and that meant that when the temple was destroyed, as it happened in the Babylonian exile, and then in 70 AD, all sacrifice had to cease because it, it could only be offered in that one place.
这预表以色列敬拜的统一性。 Um, that was a figure of the unity of Israel's worship, right?
必须在一处举行，表明以色列作整体献祭。 It had to be done in one place to show that Israel was making, as it were, um, a unified offering, an offering for the whole people.
新约中…… Um, now, in the new covenant...
旧约是许多羔羊在一处献上， So, in the old covenant, many, many lambs were offered in one place.
新约正相反。 In the new covenant, it's reversed.
只有一只羔羊， We have just one lamb, right?
神的羔羊耶稣在弥撒中献上。 The lamb of God, Jesus offered in the mass.
却在各处——这预表/预言见于玛拉基书1章11节。 But in every place, and this is prefigured or prophesied in Malachi, um, chapter one, verse 11.
神说：「从日出之地到日落之处，我的名在外邦中必 尊为大，在各处必有人向我的名烧香。」——各处。 "From the rising of the sun to its setting, my name," God says, "is great among the nations, and in every place, incense is offered to my name." In every place.
对吧？ Right?
这是…… He speak...
这是对未来数世纪新约祭献的预言。 That's a, a prophecy of something centuries in the future, the sacrifice of the new covenant, which is made...
是同一祭献在各处举行。 It's one sacrifice made in every place.
公元70年圣殿被毁后，旧约祭礼无法再献， All right, after the destruction of the J- of the temple in AD 70, the sacrifice of the old covenant could no longer be offered, right?
延续至今——每年阿布月初九，犹太人禁食哀悼圣殿被毁。 And continued that way to this day, no longer able to be offered, um, which is, um, mourned by Jews every year on the ninth of Av, um, this, uh, a, a fast day to, um, to mourn the destruction of the temple.
但可见神特定的安排—— Um, but, uh, we can see a certain providential ordering there, right?
新约祭礼如今在各处延续。 That, um, the sacrifice of the new covenant now, um, continues in every place.
第三，圣餐作为灵粮的预表。 Third, um, figures of the Eucharist as spiritual nourishment.
关键是吗哪。 The key figure here is the manna, right?
这是最著名的。 And this is the most well-known.
旧约中，神在旷野用从天而降的神秘食物喂养子民。 So, in the Old Testament, in the wandering in the desert, God fed his people with a mysterious food from above, right?
「吗哪」意为「这是什么」——本身就是圣餐的预表。 And the very name manna means, what is it, is itself a type of the Eucharist, right?
因其神秘性。 Which is mysterious.
他们不知其来源，非人手所造，乃神从上赐下的恩赐。 So, they didn't know what it was, and it came from above rather than below and wasn't the work of their hands, but was the Lord's gift to them, all...
预表圣餐——虽饼酒是人手所制，但成为基督体血、以神性生命滋养我们，实为天上恩赐。 And this prefiguring the Eucharist, which even though the bread and the wine are the work of human hands, what they become, Jesus' body and blood, um, and nourishing us with His divine life, is not the work of human hands, but the gift of God from above.
还有许多…… And there are many...
奇妙的预表。 Ah, it's a marvelous figure.
从天而降，且无论收集多少， Um, so it comes from above, but also an interesting thing is that it didn't matter how much you gathered.
每人所得刚好足够。 Um, everyone got the right amount, right?
多收不见余， If you gathered a lot, you got just enough for your family.
少收不见缺。 If you gathered a little, you got just enough for your family.
圣餐中每位信徒领受同一位耶稣，却得不同恩典—— In the Eucharist, each one of the faithful receive Jesus, we receive the same Jesus, but everyone receives a different grace.
按各人渴慕与预备程度。 We receive a grace according to our desire, our hunger and thirst, and our dispositions.
吗哪奇妙地预表这点。 And so, the, the manna marvelously, uh, represented that.
它味道平淡， It w- didn't have a strong taste.
使人…… You couldn't...
若心未预备好，领圣餐时仍会「怀念埃及的肉锅」。 So, one could, um, still, um, hunger for the, the fleshpots of Egypt, receiving the Eucharist if one wasn't rightly disposed.
但若预备妥当，就有甘甜滋味。 But if one was rightly disposed, it, um, it had, um, it w- had a sweetness, right?
预表圣餐共融的甘饴——按各人所需滋养灵魂。 A sweetness, again, prefiguring the sweetness of holy communion in which we're nourished with church, suited to every taste, right?
以合宜方式滋养每人。 And nourishing each one in its own proper way.
也是象征—— And it also was a symbol.
吗哪保存在约柜中，预表圣体敬拜。 We could say there's a symbol of Eucharistic adoration in the fact that the jar of manna was kept and preserved in the Ark of, Ark of the Covenant, so prefiguring, um, Eucharistic adoration.
较不为人知的是「陈设饼」（面饼）。 A less well-known figure is the bread of the presence or bread of the face.
在圣所内， So, this was, um, in the temple, um, in the, in the sanctuary.
十二块饼代表十二支派摆在坛上——再次预表圣餐：非摆在主前，而是成为主的临在。 Um, 12 cakes representing the 12 tribes were put on an altar before the Lord in the sanctuary.Um, and again, prefiguring the Eucharist, um, not put before the Lord, but, um, being the very presence of the Lord.
马太福音12:3-6记载耶稣提及大卫逃避扫罗时吃陈设饼的旧约事件。 This bread of the presence, um, figures in, uh, Matthew 12:3-6, where Jesus speaks of the Old Testament episode of, um, of David eating the bread of the presence when, um, when he was fleeing from Saul.
对吧？ Right?
预表我们在圣餐中领受真面饼——耶稣圣容。 And again, a type of our receiving the, the real bread of the presence of the face, the face of Jesus in holy communion.
布拉德·佩特里指出：朝圣节期时陈设饼被举起祝福朝圣者，预表降福。 Um, Brad Petry also shows an interesting thing, that the bread of the presence was, um, elevated, um, for the pilgrims who came to Jerusalem for the pilgrimage feast, and they were blessed with the bread of the presence, a kind of figure of benediction.
祭司说：「看，神爱你们。」逾越节也—— And the word, the priest saying the words, "Behold God's love for you." I mentioned the Passover.
除羔羊外，无酵饼与四杯酒预表圣餐灵粮——以 饼酒形质设立。最后是伊甸园生命树的预表。 Um, in addition to the Paschal Lamb, also had the, the unleavened bread and four cups of wine, prefiguring the spiritual nourishment of the Eucharist, um, instituted under the appearances of bread and wine.And one last figure is the tree of life in, um, in Eden.
伊甸园中不仅有神奥秘的同在， So in Eden, not only did the Lord dwell in their midst and with a mysterious presence, but he...
更有神秘滋养——生命树，堕落后被封锁。 there was a nourishment there, a mysterious nourishment, the tree of life that precisely was, um, sealed off after the fall.
因此圣餐应视为生命树的重现——如今是生命之粮。 And so the Eucharist should be understood as the return of the tree of life, now the bread of life.
耶稣在迦百农讲生命之粮时，听众本应明白此意。 And I think this would have been understood or ought to have been understood by the listeners at Capernaum when Jesus ga- gave the bread of life discourse, right?
他正重新开启因堕落而中断的神性生命通道。 That, um, he was opening up that, um, means of communicating divine life closed by the fall.
最后是旧约圣徒的渴慕—— And one last aspect is the, um, the desire of, of the saints of the Old Testament, right?
如诗篇42篇： So the old, the Old Testament saints, um, are yearning.
「神啊，我的心切慕你，如鹿切慕溪水。」 So Psalm 42, "As the heart longs for flowing streams, so longs my soul for thee, oh God.
「我的心渴想神，就是永生神。」 My soul thirsts for God, for the living God.
「几时得朝见神呢？」 When shall I come and behold the face of God?" Right?
先知与诗人的渴慕在圣餐中得满足。 That yearning of the prophets and the psalmists is satisfied by the Eucharist.
以赛亚书64章：「愿你裂天而降」——他已降临。 Or Isaiah 64, "Oh that you would tear the heavens and come down." Well, he has.
以赛亚书55章：「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来。」 Isaiah 55, "Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters.
「不用银钱，不用价值，来买酒和奶。」 He who has no money come, buy wine and milk without money." Right?
这应许在圣餐中实现。 And that is fulfilled for us in the Eucharist.
诗篇34:8：「你们要尝尝主恩的滋味。」 Um, and then Psalm 34 Verse 8, "Taste and see that the Lord is good." Right?
圣餐传递耶稣的生命， The Eucharist communicates Jesus's own life, right?
将神的美善赐给我们。 The very goodness of the Lord to us.
让我们结束本集，感谢主预备这些奥秘，将旧约先知、 诗人和圣徒渴慕的恩赐给我们——藉着我们主基督。 And so let's end this episode by thanking the Lord for prefiguring these mysteries and giving to us what the prophets and psalmists and saints of the Old Testament so yearned for in the Holy Through Christ our Lord.