在《基督教各宗派有何不同》系列里，我们会了解不 同的基督教宗派，并看看他们在重要议题上的分歧。 In the What's the Difference Between Christian Denominations series, we take a look at different Christian denominations and see where they differ on important issues.
今天的话题是圣餐，而这个名称本身就引出了第一个差异。 Today's subject is communion, and the name itself leads us to the first difference.
「圣餐」是一个被广泛接受的名称，出自圣经： 「我们所祝福的杯，岂不是同领基督的血吗？」 Communion is a pretty commonly accepted title, which comes from the Bible, which says, "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ?
「我们所擘开的饼，岂不是同领基督的身体吗？」通常也会称为「圣餐」。 The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ?" Commonly, too, this may be called Holy Communion.
另一个常见的名称是「主的晚餐」，出自林前11: 20，或者「主的桌子」，出自林前10:21。 Another common title is The Lord's Supper from First Corinthians 11:20, or The Lord's Table from First Corinthians 10:21.
「感恩祭」也是常用的名称，源自希腊文，意思是「感谢」。 Eucharist is another title often used which comes from the Greek word for thanksgiving.
在路加福音22:19，圣经说：「耶稣拿起饼来，祝谢了」，这是在最后的晚餐时。 In Luke 22:19, the Bible says, "Jesus took bread and gave thanks," in context of the Last Supper.
其他称呼还包括「至圣圣事」、「擘饼」，有时也直接称为「圣事」。 Other terms include Blessed Sacrament, Breaking of Bread, and sometimes just The Sacrament.
有时也会用举行领饼和杯的礼仪名称，比如弥撒、圣餐礼、圣事拜或圣奠祭。 Or sometimes the name of the liturgical service in which the bread and cup are received is used, such as mass, divine liturgy, divine service or holy qurbana.
另一个差异是，圣餐到底被视为圣事、规礼，还是其他什么。 Another difference is whether communion is considered a sacrament, ordinance or something else.
复杂的是，这两个词的定义并不是每个人都一样。 What complicates this is that these two terms aren't always defined the same by everyone.
公教会说：「圣事是基督所设立并托付给教会的有效恩典记号，藉此神的 生命赐给我们。」五旬节主教丹尼尔·托夫勒兰说：「圣事观认为神通过 物质媒介传递救赎的恩典。」托夫勒兰本人喜欢用「圣事」这个词，但许 多其他五旬节派、绝大多数浸信会和许多非宗派教会则不喜欢用这个词。 The Catholic Church says, "Sacraments are efficacious signs of grace instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us." Pentecostal Bishop Daniel Tovleran says, "Sacramentalism suggests that God mediates salvific grace through material means." Tovleran is a Pentecostal that likes the term sacrament, but many other Pentecostals, most Baptists and many non-denominational churches prefer not to use that term.
「规礼」是另一个常用的说法。 Ordinance is a common term used instead.
使用「规礼」这个词，通常（但并非总是）与把圣餐看 作纯粹象征性的观点有关，这一点我们马上会谈到。 Use of ordinance often, but not always, goes hand-in-hand with a strictly symbolic view of communion, which we'll discuss shortly.
那么，基督在圣餐中的同在又是怎么理解的呢？ So what about the presence of Christ in communion?
基督在最后的晚餐时说：「这是我的血」，「这是 我的身体」，不同的宗派对这些话有不同的解释。 Christ said, "This is my blood," and, "This is my body," at the Last Supper, and different denominations have different ways of explaining Christ's words.
公教会的观点被称为「本质变体说」。 The view of the Catholic Church is known as transubstantiation.
在这种观点里，饼和酒变成了基督的身体和宝血。 In this view, the bread and wine change into the body and blood of Christ.
饼和酒本身不再存在，但它们的外在特征仍然保留。 The bread and wine cease to exist, but the characteristics of the bread and wine remain.
这被看作是一种神迹性的转变，即本质上变成了另一种事物，但原来事物 的偶性——比如形状、味道、颜色、质地等非本质特征——仍然保留。 This is viewed as a miraculous transformation where one thing is turned into another in its essential reality, but the accidents, or the inessential characteristics of that original thing such as its shape, taste, color, consistency and such remain.
路德宗持有的是「圣事联合」的观点，认为祝圣后，基督的身体和宝血与饼和酒同在。 Sacramental union is the position held by Lutherans, in which after consecration, Christ's body and blood are present with the elements.
也就是说，与本质变体说不同，饼和酒并没有改变，也没有消失。 That is, unlike transubstantiation, the elements do not change nor go out of existence.
饼和酒依然存在，但基督真实的身体和宝血也同样在其中。 They remain, but Christ's true and real body and blood are also present.
常见的说法是，基督真实地「在饼和酒里、与饼和酒同在、在饼和酒之下」同在。 A common way to say this is that Christ is actually present in, with, and under the elements.
这种观点也认为，基督的身体和宝血不是以自然的方式同在，而是以超自然的方式同在。 This view also says that the body and blood are not present in a natural manner, but a supernatural manner.
这种观点否定了本质变体说里的「本质」和「偶性」的区分。 This view rejects the idea of substance and accidents that is present in the transubstantiation view.
还有一种观点叫「并体说」。 Another position is consubstantiation.
如今许多路德宗信徒否认这个说法。 Many Lutherans today deny this term.
比如，密苏里路德宗百科全书说，这个说法是「错误地加在路德宗头上的 」，并且它的意思是饼和身体合为一体，身体和宝血以自然方式同在。 For example, the LCMS Lutheran Cyclopedia says it is, "Falsely charged to Lutheranism," and that it means the bread and body form one substance and body and blood are present in a natural manner.
那些否认并体说的路德宗信徒通常认为，这个说法实际上接 受了公教会的本质与偶性的区分，而他们并不认同这一点。 Those Lutherans who reject consubstantiation often would say it accepts the substance and accidents via the Catholic position, which those Lutherans don't accept.
实际上，这个定义并不总是被严格遵守，有些路德宗 信徒称自己的观点为并体说，但并不是这个意思。 This definition is not necessarily held to in practice, as some Lutherans call their position consubstantiation, but don't mean it in that way.
还有一些人，比如部分圣公会或新使徒教会，也使用「并体说」这个词，但他 们的意思只是基督的身体和宝血在圣餐中真实同在，同时饼和酒也真实存在。 And others, like some Anglicans or the New Apostolic Church, also affirm the term consubstantiation, but mean by it nothing more than that the body and blood of Christ are truly present in communion, but the bread and wine are also truly present.
对于东正教来说，首先，他们完全接受饼和酒变成基督 的身体和宝血，有时也会说饼和酒已经不再是饼和酒。 For the Orthodox Church, first, there is a full acceptance that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ, and sometimes they have also stated that the elements are no longer bread and wine.
这听起来和本质变体说很相似，事实上，东正教有 时也用过这个词，比如1672年耶路撒冷会议。 This sounds quite similar to the doctrine of transubstantiation, and in fact, this term has been used by Orthodox Churches sometimes, like at the 1672 Synod of Jerusalem.
另一个曾被使用的词是「本质转变」。 Another term that has been used is that of metaousiosis.
不过，现在大多数东正教信徒并不使用这个词，更倾向于只说饼和酒 变成基督的身体和宝血，而不去用哲学方式解释这是如何发生的。 However, most Orthodox today don't use that term and prefer to simply leave it at the bread and wine change into Christ's body and blood without any attempt at explaining philosophically how this happens.
美洲东正教会的约翰·布拉克神父说，这是因为他 们希望保守圣餐的奥秘，不让人的理性过度探究。 Father John Brack of the Orthodox Church in America says this is the case because of a concern to preserve the mystery from the probings of human reason.
还有一种观点叫「属灵同在说」，通常是长老会和改革宗的立场。 Another view is that of spiritual presence, commonly identified with the Presbyterian and Reformed positions.
《威斯敏斯特信条》说：「配得的人吃可见的元素，也真实地领受被钉十字架的基督。」 但也明确指出，基督的身体和宝血是真实但属灵地同在，并非以肉身或物质方式同在。 The Westminster Confession of Faith says that, "Worthy receivers eat the visible elements," but also, "Really and indeed feed upon Christ crucified." But also clarifies that Christ's body and blood are really, but spiritually present, not corporally or carnally.
有些长老会信徒进一步说明，领受者是在基督所在的天上领受 祂，祂的身体在天上有本地性同在，在圣餐时并不在地上。 Some Presbyterians have also clarified the position as saying the recipient receives Christ where he is in heaven, and that his body is locally present in heaven, not on Earth during the sacrament.
以上这些观点都认为自己的立场可以称为「真实同在」。 All of these positions just listed would accept their own position being called Real Presence.
不过，一些路德宗和公教会信徒并不认为属灵同在说真的符合「真实同在」的标准。 However, some Lutherans and Catholics don't really view the spiritual presence position as truly meeting that standard.
还有一些少数人自称持有的「真实同在」观点，包括「化饼说」 （认为神在圣餐中成为饼），以及「领受说」（认为祝圣并未改 变饼和酒，但有信心的人领受时也领受了基督的身体和宝血）。 Other Real Presence views today that a small number of people would self-identify as holding, too, include impanation, which is basically that God is made bread in the Eucharist, and receptionism, which says that the consecration changes nothing about the bread and wine, but when they are received by somebody in faith, they also receive the body and blood of Christ.
「纪念说」被认为是对圣餐最低的看法，也叫「象征说」。 The memorial view is what would be called the lowest view of communion, and it may also be called the symbolic view.
很直接，这种观点认为主的晚餐中的元素里根本没有基督的身体和宝血同在。 Pretty straightforward, this view says that Christ's body and blood is not present in the elements of the Lord's Supper at all.
他们并不否认基督在教会聚会中同在（如太18:20所说）， 但圣餐的元素只是饼和酒，或者对许多人来说，是饼和葡萄汁。 They would not deny that Christ is present in the gathering of the Church, like said in Matthew 18:20, but the elements are nothing but bread and wine, or for many in this camp, bread and grape juice.
这种观点在浸信会、非宗派教会、许多再洗礼派、许多五旬节派 、基督教会，以及加拿大联合教会等团体中很常见。持1689 年浸信会信条的改革宗浸信会，可能持象征说或属灵同在说。 This view is common for Baptists, non-denominational churches, many Anabaptists, many Pentecostals, Churches of Christ, and many others like the United Church of Canada.Reformed Baptists, who adhere to the 1689 Baptist Confession, may hold to a symbolic or spiritual presence view.
信条第30章说，圣餐是规礼，只是纪念，但也重复了《威斯 敏斯特信条》中的话，认为基督的身体和宝血是属灵地同在。 Chapter 30 says that it is an ordinance and only a memorial, but also repeats the words from the Westminster Confession that the body and blood of Christ are spiritually present.
需要强调的是，并不是所有教会都持有与自己传统历史上一致的圣餐观点。 It must be emphasized that not all churches hold to the view of communion that is historically identified with their tradition.
比如，这间长老会教会就持象征说。 For example, this Presbyterian church affirms a symbolic view.
对于相信基督真实同在的人，还有一个问题：圣餐是祭吗？ For those who believe Christ is truly present, another question can be asked: Is the Eucharist a sacrifice?
对公教会来说，答案是肯定的。 For the Catholic Church, the answer is yes.
教理问答说：「教会举行圣餐礼时，是纪念基督的逾越节，并使之成为现实。」 The catechism says, "When the church celebrates the Eucharist, she commemorates Christ's Passover, and it is made present.
「基督在十字架上一次献上的祭，始终长存。」值得注意的是，公教会的立场不 是基督被一再献祭，而是弥撒使基督在十字架上的那一次献祭再次呈现出来。 The sacrifice Christ offered once for all on the cross remains ever-present." Notably, the position of the Catholic Church is that Christ is not re-sacrificed again and again, but rather the mass presents again that one sacrifice of Christ on the cross.
美洲东正教会也肯定圣餐礼是无血的祭，东正教各教会都认为这祭是为赎罪、带来赦免的。 The Orthodox Church in America also affirms the Eucharist as a bloodless sacrifice, and Orthodox churches affirm that the sacrifice is propitiatory for the forgiveness of sins.
新使徒教会在祝圣词中称之为「耶稣基督一次献上的、永远有效的祭 」。低教会派的圣公会可能否认圣餐礼是祭，而高教会派则认为是。 The New Apostolic Church's words of consecration call it the "once brought eternally valid sacrifice of Jesus Christ." Low church Anglicans may deny that the Eucharist is a sacrifice, while high church Anglicans believe that it is.
密苏里路德宗表示，他们反对把弥撒当作为生者和死者赎罪的祭。 The Lutheran Church Missouri Synod says that they object to the mass as a propitiatory sacrifice for the living and the dead.
在《奥格斯堡信条辩护》中，区分了赎罪祭和感恩祭，后者不是为赦罪，而是为感谢。 In the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, a distinction is made between a propitiatory sacrifice and Eucharistic sacrifice, which does not remit sin, but has a purpose of thanksgiving.
在这个意义上，路德宗可以接受「祭」这个说法。 And in this sense, Lutherans may accept the terminology of sacrifice.
美国长老会在某些礼仪中称圣餐礼为「赞美的祭」。 The Presbyterian Church USA calls the Eucharist a "sacrifice of praise" in one of their liturgies.
保守派长老会的利格尼尔事工说：「我们来到主的桌前，披戴基督的宝血，领受祂为 我们所献的祭。」至于浸信会，彼得·詹特里博士在一篇关于主的晚餐的文章中，代 表南方浸信会信仰声明的普遍观点说：「主的晚餐并不是基督祭的再一次献上。」 Ligonier Ministries, which is conservative Presbyterian, says, "We come to the Lord's table covered by the blood of Christ and partake of his sacrifice for us." For Baptists, Dr. Peter Gentry states the common view on this issue in an article about the Lord's Supper in the Southern Baptist Convention Statement of Faith, saying, "The Lord's Supper is not a new offering of Christ's sacrifice.
它是对那一次为罪所献的祭的纪念。 It is a remembering of the one sacrifice for sin done once for all.
此外，并没有认为通过实际领受饼和酒就能从神那里 得到救恩的恩典。这是所有持象征说的教会的观点。 Furthermore, there is no idea presented that by a physical participation of the bread and the wine a person receives saving grace from God." This is the viewpoint held by all churches that have a symbolic view of the Lord's Supper.
圣餐有两种元素，也叫形态、种类或形体，就是饼和杯。 Communion has two elements, also known as forms, kinds, or species, the bread and cup.
这又引出了另一个问题：领圣餐的人应该领哪一种，还是两种都领？ This leads to another question: Which of the two should the communicants receive?
公教会的教导是，由于本质变体说，基督的身体和宝血在饼和酒中都同在。 For the Catholic Church, the teaching is that the body and blood are both present in both bread and wine due to transubstantiation.
所以无论领哪一种，都是同时领受基督的身体和宝血。 So receiving one or the other, a person still receives both the body and blood.
因此，历史上有很长一段时间，几乎所有公教会 的弥撒中，信徒只领饼，只有神父才同时领酒。 Because of this, there have been times in history where nearly all Catholic masses would have communicants only receive the bread while the priest alone would also have the wine.
这被称为「单形领圣餐」或「单种领圣餐」。 This is called communion under one kind or under one species.
不过，现今教理问答指出，圣餐在两种形态下更为完整，因此在许多堂区都很常见。 Today, though, the catechism says that the sign of communion is more complete when given under both kinds, and so this is common in many parishes.
公教会也禁止只祝圣一种形态。 The Catholic Church also forbids the consecration of only one kind.
两种形态都必须祝圣，圣餐才有效，即使并非所有领圣餐的人都领受两种。 Both are necessary for a valid Eucharist, even if not all communicants receive both.
圣公会是少数新教团体中较常接受单形领圣餐的，但这通常只是例外情况。 Anglican churches are one of the Protestant groups where one would be most likely to see acceptance of communion under one kind, although it is still only done by exception.
有一间圣公会教会表示，只领圣餐也是完整的圣餐。 One Episcopal Church says that taking only the host is a complete communion.
对大多数其他基督教团体来说，圣餐通常要求两种都要领受 ，除非有人因病等原因无法领受其中一种，才会有例外。 For most of the rest of Christianity, communion is required to always be received under both kinds, though some may have exceptions if a person is sick and unable to receive one of the kinds for some reason.
接下来我们来谈谈与圣餐中的「杯」或「葡萄的果子」有关的差异。 Let's now discuss differences that relate to the element of communion called in the Bible the cup or the fruit of the vine.
一个实际上的差异是使用公用杯还是分杯。 One difference in practice is whether there is a common cup or individual cups.
高教会派的宗派通常会使用一个公用圣杯，全体会众共饮，这也是历史上的做法。 Denominations that are more high church are often more likely to have a communion chalice that the entire congregation may drink from, which has been a historic practice as well.
近年来，尤其是出于对细菌的担忧，许多教会开始提供分杯。 More recently, especially based on concerns about germs, many churches have begun to offer individual cups.
不过，公用杯并没有被证实会带来细菌问题，有些人还提到葡萄酒中的酒精有杀 菌作用，以及某些圣杯（金属如银）本身有抗菌特性，尽管这些效果有争议。 The common cup, however, has not been shown to be problematic for germs, and some reference the germ-killing properties of alcohol containing wine and the antimicrobial qualities of the metal some chalices are made from, such as silver, though the effectiveness of these is disputed.
有些教会会用布在每位领圣餐者之间擦拭圣杯。 In some churches, a cloth may be used to wipe the cup between communicants.
在东正教中，只有一个圣杯，里面盛着葡萄酒。 In Orthodoxy, there is a single chalice used which contains the wine.
新教各宗派在使用公用杯还是分杯上做法不一。 Protestant denominations vary in use of common or individual cups.
分杯可以是可重复使用的玻璃杯，也可以是一次性塑料杯。 Individual cups may be reusable glass or disposable plastic.
即使使用公用杯，在较大的会众中，可能会设有多个领圣餐点，因此会有多个圣杯。 Even if there is a common cup, in larger congregations, there may be multiple stations where people can go to receive communion, and thus, multiple cups.
不过，有些教会认为必须只有一个圣杯，比如基督教会中的一小部分团体。 However, some congregations view it as necessary that there be only one cup, such as a small minority group in Churches of Christ.
不过，杯中所盛的内容往往争议更大。 The contents of the cup, though, are often an even larger controversy.
首先，大多数教会在圣餐中使用葡萄汁，无论是发酵的还是未发酵的，我们先从这里说起。 First, most churches use the juice of the grape in the ceremony, whether fermented or unfermented, so we'll begin there.
对公教会来说，不得阻止葡萄酒的自然发酵过程，所以如果是新鲜榨取或冷冻的 未发酵葡萄汁可以使用，但经过巴氏杀菌、为了防止发酵的葡萄汁则不可以。 For the Catholic Church, the natural fermentation process must not be prevented, so unfermented grape juice would be valid to use if it was freshly squeezed or frozen, but pasteurized grape juice to prevent fermentation is not.
不过，这种做法只在极特殊情况下才会采用。 However, this is still done only in exceptional circumstances.
所以一般来说，都是使用发酵的葡萄酒。 So in general, fermented wine is always used.
葡萄酒里总是要加一点水。 The wine is always to have a little water mixed with it.
许多东正教会对葡萄酒的要求更严格，比如俄罗斯海外东正教会规定， 必须是天然葡萄酒，口感宜人，颜色为红，无任何添加剂或强化剂。 Many Eastern Orthodox churches put greater restrictions on the wine, such as is stated by the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia, which says it must be natural grape wine, pleasant to the taste, red in color, and with no additives or fortifiers.
圣杯中也要加水。 Water is also added to the chalice.
亚美尼亚使徒教会和东方正统教会则使用不加水的葡萄酒。 The Armenian Apostolic Church and Oriental Orthodox Church uses wine unmixed with water.
高教会派的新教徒通常会用葡萄酒，有的加水，有的不加。 More high church Protestants often will use wine, some mixed, others unmixed.
有些会用加烈葡萄酒。大多数浸信会、五旬节派、基督教会、圣洁派，以及许 多非宗派和其他低教会派的新教徒，在圣餐中使用巴氏杀菌的无酒精葡萄汁。 Some use fortified wine.Most Baptists, Pentecostals, Churches of Christ, and Holiness denominations, and many non-denominational and other low church Protestants use pasteurized non-alcoholic grape juice in communion.
有些人这样做只是出于传统，这种传统多始于节制运动时期，后来美国 禁酒令让酒精在宗教仪式中的名声变差，尽管那时宗教用途仍然合法。 Some do this simply out of tradition, often one that started around the time of the Temperance Movement, and following that, prohibition in the US which gave alcohol a worse reputation, even in religious ceremonies, though its use for that case was still legal.
但也有一些人，尤其是部分浸信会和基督教会，教导圣经完全禁止 饮酒，认为最后的晚餐用的是未发酵的葡萄汁，耶稣也没有喝酒。 Others, however, especially some Baptists and Churches of Christ, teach that the Bible prohibits the drinking of alcohol altogether, that unfermented juice was used at the Last Supper, and that Jesus did not drink alcohol.
对后期圣徒教会（摩门教）来说，吃喝什么并不重要，杯中的元素就是水。 For the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, it does not matter what is eaten or drunk and the element of the cup is simply water.
美国联合卫理公会大平原年议会对线上圣餐的参与 者说：「请准备面包或饼干，最好有葡萄汁。」 The Great Plains Conference of the United Methodist Church said of those participating in online communion, "Participants should have bread or crackers available and grape juice if possible.
「如果没有葡萄汁，就用水。」 If grape juice isn't available, simply use water.
「要记得，耶稣行过许多与水有关的神迹。」特别是在 家庭或远程圣餐时，有些教会允许使用不同的物质。 Remember, water was the means of many miracles of Jesus." Especially for things like home or remote communion, some churches have allowed different types of substances to be used.
比如，这间长老会教会在社交媒体上发文，默认可以用蔓越莓葡萄汁混合饮料。 For example, this Presbyterian church's social media post implicitly allowing a cran-grape juice cocktail.
2022年Reddit上的一则帖子显示，至少有 些教会用一颗葡萄代替杯，与面包一起插在牙签上。 A post on Reddit in 2022 showed that there are at least some churches in which the cup has been replaced with a grape, in this case combined with the bread on a toothpick.
现在我们来说说圣餐的饼。 Now, let's turn to the bread.
圣餐的饼有不同的名称。 The bread can have different names.
可以叫圣事饼、圣餐饼、感恩祭饼、圣餐薄饼、「羔羊」或「圣餐」。 It may be called sacramental bread, communion bread, Eucharistic bread, the communion wafer, the lamb, or the host.
在东正教会中，整块饼叫做「普罗斯福隆」。 For Eastern Orthodox churches, the entire loaf of bread is called a prosforon.
公教会法规定必须使用无酵饼。 Catholic canon law requires unleavened bread.
而且只能用小麦和水制作，必须含有麸质。 It also must be made only of wheat and water and must contain gluten.
东正教则用有酵饼，材料有四种：小麦粉、酵母、盐和水。 Eastern Orthodox have leavened bread and have four ingredients; wheat flour, yeast, salt, and water.
有些东正教会为乳糜泻患者祝圣无麸质饼，但这种做法目前还不常见。 Some Orthodox churches have consecrated gluten-free bread for those with celiac disease, but this is still unusual today.
在东方教会，酵母本身（称为Maltah）就是一种圣事。 In the Church of the East, the leaven itself called Maltah, is a sacrament.
许多新教教会也用无酵饼，但这并非普遍做法。 Many Protestants also use unleavened bread, but this is not a universal practice.
在一些传统中，比如卫理公会，做法多样，用有酵饼也很常见。 In some traditions like Methodist, there is quite a bit of variety and leavened bread is not uncommon.
有些教会会提供无麸质饼，几乎没人反对这种做法。 Some provide a gluten-free option and few would be opposed to that practice.
美国长老会的州立学院长老会为所有人提供无麸质米饼。 State College Presbyterian Church, part of the Presbyterian Church USA, serves everyone gluten-free rice crackers.
国际恩典圣餐教会允许使用有酵或无酵饼。 Grace Communion International allows leavened or unleavened bread.
正统长老会在其网站上说，他们用普通面包，但有些人用 无酵饼，因为旧约逾越节后的除酵节就是这样规定的。 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church says on their website that ordinary bread is used, though some use unleavened bread made without yeast because that was commanded in the Old Testament Feast of Unleavened Bread, which followed the Passover feast.
耶和华见证人使用无酵饼，认为圣经中酵常被用作罪和败坏的象征。 Jehovah's Witnesses use unleavened bread and say leaven is often used in the Bible as a symbol of sin and corruption.
因此，只有没有酵和其他添加物的饼才适合象征基督无罪的身体。 Thus, only bread free from leaven and other additives can be a fitting symbol for Christ's sinless body.
由于公教会要求圣餐必须含麸质，所以对麸质不耐受者允许使用低麸质圣餐饼。 Since for the Catholic Church the host must contain gluten, low gluten hosts are allowed for people with gluten intolerance.
如果连低麸质也无法接受，就建议只领酒。 If even this is too much, then communicants will be advised to receive the wine only.
不过，有些公司生产的圣餐饼标为无麸质，因其麸质含量 极低，符合某些国家的无麸质标准，也被公教会接受。 However, some companies produce hosts branded as gluten-free that are acceptable for Catholic use because the gluten level is so low that it meets some countries' requirements to be labeled as gluten-free.
至于圣餐饼的来源，历史上公教会通常由修道院或隐修院制作。 As for the source of the bread, historically in Catholic churches, the wafers were normally made in monasteries or cloisters.
虽然现在仍有这种做法，但如今也有公司批量生产，许多堂区都是这样采购圣餐饼。 Though this still happens, today there are companies that produce them in bulk and many parishes obtain the bread this way.
也有些堂区有自己的烘焙师。 Other parishes may have bakers.
大多数新教教会在这方面也很灵活，有的从公司购买，有的由教会成员自己烘焙。 Most Protestants also have variety on this point with some purchasing the bread from a company and others having a church member bake it.
东正教通常由教会成员烘焙普罗斯福隆。 For Orthodoxy, normally a member of the church will bake the prosfora.
那应该有几块饼呢？ How many loaves of bread should there be?
大多数传统对此没有特别要求，但也有例外。 Most traditions don't have any preference on this, but there are some that do.
东正教斯拉夫传统的教会用五个小普罗斯福隆，象征福音书中耶稣用五个饼喂饱众人。 The Slavic churches in the Eastern Orthodox tradition use five small prosfora, referencing the five loaves Jesus used to feed the multitude as recorded in the Gospels.
但在希腊等其他东正教传统中，并不特别强调五个饼，数量多少只看会众需要。 However, in some other Orthodox traditions like Greek Orthodoxy, there's no intention of having five loaves, so there may be as few or as many necessary to provide enough for the congregation.
真耶稣教会（中国一位论五旬节派）无论会众多少，都只用一块饼。 True Jesus Church, a Chinese Oneness Pentecostal denomination, requires only one loaf no matter the size of the congregation.
同样，一些基督教会也只用一块饼。 Likewise, one loaf only is the practice of some Churches of Christ.
至于饼的形状，如前所述，公教会常用圣餐薄饼，就是小巧、扁平、圆形的饼片。 On the shape of the bread, as mentioned, Catholics often have the communion wafer, which is a small, flat, round disc.
神父所用的圣餐饼通常比分给会众的要大一些，这样在礼仪中举起时更容易被大家看到。 The priest will often have a larger host than the ones given to the congregants, partially so that it can be more easily seen when held up as part of the liturgy.
有些新教教会也使用圣餐薄饼。 Some Protestants also use wafers.
对于由教会成员自制圣餐饼的新教教会，饼的外观可以有很大差异。 For Protestants that have someone within the church make the bread, there can be significant variety on how it looks.
教会用品商店和公司通常会提供几种圣餐饼选择，包括薄饼、 小方块或小长方块，有硬的、软的、无麸质的等不同类型。 Church supply stores and companies often provide a few options for communion bread, one being the wafer, but also little squares or rectangles available in varieties like hard, soft, and gluten-free.
此外，现在有些教会使用带锡箔封口的小塑料杯，里面 预先装有葡萄汁和一片圣餐薄饼，或者一小块圣餐饼。 Additionally, some churches now use a small plastic pre-filled cup of grape juice with a foil seal that contains a communion wafer or one that has a piece of communion bread.
东正教会的普罗斯福隆通常是一大块圆形面包，有时也会有几块较小的。 For Orthodox churches, the prosforon is a large rounded loaf or sometimes several smaller ones.
通常在烘焙前会在面包上盖上特殊印章，常见的是希腊文缩写，意思是「耶稣基督得胜」。 Typically, there is a special seal stamped on the bread before it is baked, often with a Greek abbreviation that means Jesus Christ conquers.
在许多传统中，掰饼也是礼仪中很重要的一环。 For many traditions, breaking the bread is also an important part of the service.
这也被称为「掰饼礼」。 This may be referred to as the fraction.
1912年出版的《祈祷书词典》指出有三种掰饼方式：模仿式——在诵读「擘饼」经文 时掰饼；奥秘式——在祝圣后某个时刻掰饼；实用式——单纯为了分发而把饼掰成多块。 The 1912 book, The Prayer Book Dictionary points out three types: imitative, where the minister breaks the bread at the point when he quotes the scripture saying he broke it; the mystical, where the fraction happens sometime after the consecration; and the utilitarian, which is simply practical, breaking the bread into various parts to be distributed.
已故英国正教会的格里高利·蒂莱特神父写道：「科普特礼仪中有实用式掰饼， 即身体被掰开，但没有特别的礼仪规定或配套用语，直接在分发给神职人员和平 信徒前掰开。」在东正教和许多东方公教会中，整块普罗斯福隆并不全部祝圣。 The late Father Gregory Tillet of the British Orthodox Church wrote, "The Coptic liturgy includes a utilitarian fraction in that the body is broken, albeit without any specific rubrics or accompanying words immediately prior to communion being distributed to the clergy and laity." In Orthodoxy and many Eastern Catholic churches, the entire prosforon is not consecrated.
而是在称为「备祭礼」的过程中，将中间一块切出来，称为「羔羊」， 用于整个圣餐礼。剩下未祝圣的饼则在礼仪后切开分发，称为祝福饼。 Rather, in a process called the proskomedia, a central section is cut out called the lamb, which is used for the whole Eucharist.The rest of the bread, unconsecrated, is cut up and distributed following the service, which is blessed bread.
在使用大块普罗斯福隆的传统中，神父会把「羔羊」进一步分成小块，通常还会分成 两部分，一部分为在世者，一部分为已故者，并为教会成员提交的名字逐一祈祷。 As part of the liturgy in traditions with a larger prosphoron, the priest will further divide the lamb into smaller pieces, and often at the same time, place it into two sections, representing on the one hand for the living, and on the other hand for the dead, praying for individuals by name that were submitted by members of the church.
还会有代表圣母、众圣徒和天使的饼块，这样神面前的每一个存在都被代表。 There may also be pieces of bread that represent The Theotokos, saints, and angels, so that every being in God's presence is represented.
在其他东正教传统中，也会用单独的小普罗斯福隆以类似方式切割，分出不同部分。 In other Orthodox traditions, separate prosphora are individually cut in a similar way to produce the different sections.
在弥撒礼仪中，公教会神父会掰开圣餐饼。 As part of the liturgy of the mass, Catholic priests break a host.
当然，在只用一块饼的教会，必然要掰开来分发。 Of course, in any church where only one loaf is used, of necessity, it is broken to distribute.
我们已经谈了许多宗派对圣餐杯和饼的严格要求， 但实际上，也有人把这些看作指导而非硬性规定。 We've spent some time talking about the precision many denominations have on what they use for the cup or for the bread, but let's also acknowledge that in practice, there are those who view these as guidelines more than requirements.
新冠疫情期间，人们在Instagram和T witter上晒出自己用来做圣餐的食物。 During the COVID-19 pandemic, people posted on Instagram and Twitter what they were using as communion elements.
有位女士用葡萄果酱和薯片，这位男士用的是面包丁。 This woman had grape jelly and potato chips, and this man used a crouton.
墨西哥恰帕斯有一间教会用可口可乐做圣餐，也用于其他礼仪环节。 A church in Chiapas, Mexico uses Coca-Cola for communion, and also many other parts of their services.
2005年，圣公会礼仪委员会的一份报告没有认同，但记录了有教会用以下物品代替 主的晚餐：米饼、圆蛋糕、可口可乐、芬达、香蕉汁、菠萝汁、百香果和水煮葡萄干。 And a 2005 report from the Inter-Anglican Liturgical Commission did not condone, but reported that churches had used the following as substitutes in the Lord's Supper: rice cakes, round cake, Coca-Cola, Fanta, banana juice, pineapple juice, passion fruit, and raisins boiled in water.
这种思路有时会导致一些不敬的网络迷因，比如「这个能祝圣做圣 餐吗？」把人分成原料纯粹派（身体只能用小麦粉、水和盐，宝血 只能用葡萄制品）和激进派（身体和宝血可以用任何原料）。 This kind of thinking in some cases ends up leading to things like this irreverent meme, "Can I consecrate this for communion?" Which categorizes people in ways like ingredient purists, where the body is made from wheat flour, water, and salt, and the blood from grapes, to radicals, where the body and blood can be any ingredients.
同样，也有从形式纯粹派到激进派的分法。 And likewise, a scale from structure purist to radical.
根据立场不同，有人认为只有红酒和圣餐薄饼可 以祝圣，有人则认为番茄汁和玉米面包也可以。 Depending on where someone lands, they may view red wine and communion wafers as what can be consecrated, or maybe tomato juice and cornbread.
虽然这种迷因缺乏敬意，但确实说明了一个问题：如果没有规则，事情很快就会变得混乱。 Despite the lack of reverence, the meme does drive the point home, that if there are no rules, things can devolve into chaos quite quickly.
不过，有些宗派正谨慎地对更多样化的做法敞开大门。 However, some denominations are cautiously opening the door to a bit more variety.
基督联合教会在其网站上说：「随着我们越来越意识到教会丰富的文 化多样性，使用面包和葡萄酒以外的元素已成为全球普世反思的话题 。」圣餐礼有两个相关方面：分发圣餐的方式和领受时的姿势。 The United Church of Christ says on their website, "As we grow increasingly aware of the rich cultural diversity of the church, the use of elements other than bread and wine is becoming an issue for global ecumenical reflection." Two aspects of the communion service that goes somewhat together is the way that communion is served, and the posture in which it is received.
实际上只有四种姿势：站立、跪下、坐着和躺着。 There are really only four postures: standing, kneeling, sitting, and laying.
躺着通常是病人，其他姿势则在不同传统中出现。 Laying would generally be someone who is sick, and the others show up in different traditions.
我们来谈谈圣餐的分发和领受方式。 Let's discuss the way in which communion is served or received.
比如，在长老会和改革宗传统中，早期的做法是走 到圣餐桌前坐下，这在一些教会至今仍在实行。 For example, in the Presbyterian and Reform tradition, early on it became a practice to come forward and sit at the communion table, and this is still practiced today in some churches in this tradition.
坐在长椅或椅子上领圣餐也是许多低教会派常见的传统。 Sitting in the pews or chairs is also a common tradition for especially the more low church denominations.
浸信会、五旬节派、非宗派教会、弟兄会、大多数再 洗礼派、复临安息日会等，通常都是这样领圣餐。 Baptists, Pentecostals, non-denominational churches, Plymouth Brethren, most Anabaptists, Seventh Day Adventists, and others will receive this way most commonly.
在高教会派中，常见的做法是排队走到前面，在指定地点站立或跪下领受圣餐。 In more high church denominations, it is common to come forward and receive the elements at a station, walking in a line and partaking while standing or sometimes kneeling.
在东正教会，常见的做法是双臂交叉放在肩上领受圣餐，并向神父报上自己的名字。 In Orthodox churches, it is common to cross one's arms with the hands on the shoulders to receive, and to state one's name to the priest.
这个视频展示了在公教会堂区跪在圣坛栏杆前领圣餐的例子。 This video shows another example receiving communion kneeling at the altar rail in a Catholic parish.
还要注意，这里领受后会划十字。 Note too the practice here to make the sign of the cross after receiving.
神父在把圣餐饼放入口中或手中前会说：「基督的身体」，领受者回应 ：「阿们。」在公教会和许多圣公会教会，与东正教交叉双臂领圣餐不 同，这个动作或把一只手放在胸前，表示不领圣餐，只求神父祝福。 The priest will say, "The body of Christ," before placing the host in the mouth or hand, and the communicant responds, "Amen." In Catholic and many Anglican churches, in contrast to the Orthodox practice of crossing the arms for receiving communion, this same gesture or sometimes putting one arm across the chest is made as an indication the person will not be receiving communion, but instead only desiring a blessing from the priest.
美国公教主教团表示，在美国，「通常应站立领圣餐，除非有信徒 愿意跪着领。」美国长老会的《敬拜指南》允许任何方式，可以围 桌而坐、走到服事者前，或由服事者把圣餐送到会众所在之处。 The US Conference of Catholic Bishops states that in the US, "The norm is that holy communion is to be received standing, unless an individual member of the faithful wishes to receive communion while kneeling." The Directory for Worship of the Presbyterian Church USA allows any method, gathering around the table, coming to those serving, or having the elements distributed to where the people are.
联合卫理公会表示，如何领圣餐由个人决定，通常有多种方式。 The United Methodist Church says that how one receives is up to them, and that there are normally several ways.
如果你无法走到前面，会有人把祝福过的圣餐送到你座位上。 If you are unable to come forward, someone may bring you the blessed elements where you sit.
圣餐的分发方式也有不同。 The way the elements are given also varies.
对于走到前面在指定地点或圣坛栏杆前领圣餐的人，饼可以放在手中。 For those who go forward to receive communion at a station or altar rail, the bread may be received in their hand.
这样时，通常是把饼放进领受者摊开的手心，而不是让领受者自己从服事者手中拿走。 If this is done, nearly always it will be placed into the communicant's open hand, as opposed to being held out and then taken from the minister's hand by the communicant.
这里的观念是，圣餐是被领受的。 The idea here is that a person receives communion.
不是自己去拿圣餐。 They do not take communion.
不过，圣餐也可以直接放在舌头上领受。 However, communion may also be received on the tongue.
也就是说，圣餐薄饼直接放在舌头上，领受者完全不用手接触。 That is, a communion wafer is placed directly onto the tongue with the communicant not touching the elements with their hands at all.
在美国的公教会里，现在大多数情况下，领受者会 通过自己的动作表示是要用舌头还是用手领受。 In Catholic churches in the US today, in most cases, the communicant indicates by their behavior whether they would like to receive on the tongue or in the hand.
在公教会，如果要给信众领酒，圣杯不会让领受者自己拿，也不会在领受者之间传递。 If in the Catholic Church the wine is being given to the communicants, the chalice is not left to be picked up by the communicant, nor can it be passed between communicants.
而是由服事圣杯的人递给领受者，领受者喝一口后再还回去。 Rather, a minister of the chalice must hand it to the communicant, who will have a sip and then return it.
东正教会的常规做法是用同一把勺子把饼和酒一起送入口中。 For Orthodox churches, the common practice is to receive the elements together on a spoon, the same common spoon.
神父会把祝圣过的饼放进圣杯，然后用勺子舀一些饼和酒，直接送进领受者口中。 The priest will put the consecrated bread into the chalice, and then put some of each onto the spoon and place them directly into the communicant's mouth.
在俄罗斯东正教和其他一些东正教传统中，领完圣餐后亲吻圣杯也是常见做法。 In Russian Orthodox and some other Orthodox traditions, it is common to kiss the communion chalice after receiving communion as well.
有些宗派还有「蘸领法」，就是把圣餐饼或薄饼蘸进 酒里。这在公教会是允许的，但不如其他方式常见。 Another practice of some denominations is that of intinction, in which the communion bread or wafer is dipped into the wine.This is a licit practice in the Catholic Church, though less common than other methods.
采用这种方式时，圣餐必须直接放入口中，不能用手 接，且必须由服事者蘸饼，而不是领受者自己蘸。 If this is done, communion must be received in the mouth, not in the hand, and the minister, not the communicant, dips the wafer in the cup.
在圣公会，有些堂会采用这种做法。 For the Episcopal Church, some congregations practice this.
有人说：「蘸领法越来越普及和被接受。」采用蘸领法时， 领受者把圣餐饼放在右手掌心，由圣餐服事者蘸进公用杯。 One saying, "The process of intinction has become more widespread and accepted." With intinction, the communicant keeps the host in his or her right palm, then the Eucharistic minister dips it into the common cup.
这样就能同时领受两种圣餐。 This way, one receives the Eucharist in both kinds simultaneously.
在许多新教传统中，领受者可以自己把饼或薄饼蘸进杯中。 In many cases of Protestant traditions, the communicants themselves may dip the wafer or bread into the cup.
新使徒教会的圣餐是把葡萄酒滴在薄饼上分发。 In the New Apostolic Church, communion is served in the form of a wafer sprinkled with wine.
在许多低教会派中，分杯装在金、银或木托盘里，另有 托盘装着小块饼，像奉献盘一样在坐着的会众中传递。 In many low church denominations, individual cups are in gold, silver, and wooden trays, and other trays have small pieces of bread, and these are passed along like an offering plate from row to row of the seated congregation.
在圣餐礼中，大家是什么时候领用圣餐的呢？ When during the communion service do people partake of the elements?
对于坐在长椅或椅子上的会众，通常的做法是每 个人先拿到圣餐，等大家都拿到后一起领用。 For congregations where everyone receives the elements while they are seated in pews or chairs, it is most commonly the practice for each person to hold onto the element until everyone has received, and then partake simultaneously.
比如，国际恩典圣餐教会建议大家都领到圣餐后，一起作为一个身体领用。 For example, Grace Communion International suggests everyone be served, and then partake together as one body.
有些教会则由领受者自己决定，是当场领用还是回到座位后再领用。 In some churches, it is up to the communicant to either partake of communion immediately or when they are back in their pew.
还有些教会的做法是，大家走到前面领圣餐，然后带回座位一起领用。 And in other churches, the practice is to come forward for communion, but then to take it back to the seats and partake together.
在公教会，圣餐应当当场吃下，不应带回座位，除非是被授权带给病人。 For the Catholic Church, communion should be eaten immediately and not taken back to the pew, unless a person has been authorized to administer it to the sick.
举行圣餐礼时需要多少人参与呢？ How many people need to be present for communion?
公教会允许没有会众的弥撒，虽然这只是例外情况。 The Catholic Church permits masses celebrated without the people, though this is a by exception practice.
比如，神父被鼓励每天举行弥撒，即使没有人参加。 For example, a priest is encouraged to hold daily mass, even if nobody shows up.
基督弟兄会网站christadelphian. com说：「每周擘饼一次，是属灵健康的标志。」 The Christadelphian website christadelphian.com says, "Breaking bread about once a week is therefore a sign of a healthy spiritual state.
「如果不能与同信真理的弟兄姊妹一起擘饼，也应当自己单独擘饼。」与 此同时，1662年英格兰教会的《公祷书》规定：「除非至少有三四人 与神父一同领圣餐，否则不得举行圣餐礼。」1969年，宇航员巴兹· 奥尔德林（也是长老会长老）在教会许可下，在登月舱里独自领了圣餐。 If one cannot do it with fellow believers of the truth, it should be done alone." Meanwhile, the 1662 Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England says, "There shall be no communion except four or three at the least communicate with the priest." With permission from his church, astronaut Buzz Aldrin, also a Presbyterian elder, took communion by himself in the Lunar Lander after it landed on the moon in 1969.
他这样描述：「我把教会给我的酒倒进圣杯里。」 He said of it, "I poured the wine into the chalice our church had given me.
「在月球六分之一重力下，酒缓缓优雅地沿着杯壁上升。」 In the one-sixth gravity of the moon, the wine curled slowly and gracefully up the side of the cup.
「有趣的是，月球上倒下的第一滴液体和吃下的第一口食物，都 是圣餐的元素。」尼尔·阿姆斯特朗当时也在，但没有参与。 It was interesting to think that the very first liquid ever poured on the moon and the first food eaten there were communion elements." Neil Armstrong was there, but did not participate.
改革宗浸信会牧师马克·德弗教导说，生病的人不能单独领主 的晚餐，但他也澄清，因病不能参与的人不算违背主的命令。 Mark Dever, a reformed Baptist pastor, teaches that a person who is sick cannot be served the Lord's Supper alone, but clarifies that their inability excuses them from the command to participate in the Lord's Supper.
类似的问题是，圣餐必须在什么场合举行？ A similar question is, what is the required setting for communion?
绝大多数教会都鼓励并允许在会众聚会时一起领圣餐。 It is preferred and allowed in the vast majority of churches for communion to be received together during a gathering of the congregation.
比如，福音派长老会认为圣餐应当作为常规敬拜的一部分举行。 For example, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church says it should be celebrated ordinarily as part of a regular service of worship.
现在我们来看一些例外。 Now let's see some exceptions.
有一小部分独立浸信会（New IFB）倾向于在家中以家 庭为单位领圣餐，而不是在教会聚会时，除非教会人数很少。 A small group of independent Baptist churches called the New IFB prefer the practice of taking communion as families at home and not when the church gathers together unless the church is very small.
国际恩典圣餐教会说：「教会成员通常与会众一起参加主的晚餐礼。」 Grace Communion International says, "Church members usually participate in the Lord's Supper service with their congregation.
「如果无法做到，也可以私下或小组中举行。」新冠疫情 让这个问题变得突出，因为许多人不愿意聚集领圣餐。 When this is not possible, it may be observed privately or in small groups." The COVID-19 pandemic brought this issue to the forefront, as people were often hesitant to come together to receive communion.
《圣公会新闻社》的一篇文章引用了苏珊·海恩斯主教对人们提出的一些想法的看法。 In an article published by the Episcopal News Service, Bishop Susan Haynes is quoted about some of the ideas people came up with.
文章说：「海恩斯很快否决了一个建议，就是通过邮寄方式发送祝圣过的圣餐饼。」 The article says, "One suggestion which Haynes quickly turned down was to send consecrated hosts through the mail.
海恩斯说：「虽然邮寄通常很可靠，但有时也不然。我不想 让耶稣冒险，结果丢在邮递员的卡车上，再也找不到了。」 'While the mail is often very reliable, sometimes it isn't, and I didn't want to be reckless with Jesus and have him lost on some postal carrier's truck, never to be found again,' Haynes said.
其他教区也有变通做法，就是把祝圣过的圣餐饼送到信徒家门口。 A variation that has shown up in other dioceses was to deliver consecrated hosts to parishioners' homes and leave them at the door.
虽然海恩斯很欣赏这个创意，但她认为这失去了自濯足节最后的晚 餐以来圣餐的一个核心要素——大家共同在场、一起庆祝圣事。 While Haynes really liked the ingenuity of that idea, it removed an element that has defined the Eucharist since the Last Supper commemorated on Maundy Thursday, the physical presence of a community celebrating the sacrament together.
尽管情况特殊，海恩斯仍不愿打破两千年的传统。 Despite the extraordinary circumstances, Haynes was reluctant to break with 2,000 years of tradition.
虽然《公祷书》的礼仪规定没有明文要求圣餐必须面对面举行 ，许多圣公会信徒认为这一点在礼仪写法中是默认和隐含的。 Though the rubrics in the Book of Common Prayer do not stipulate that the Eucharist is only valid when celebrated as an in-person gathering, many Episcopalians believe it is understood and implicit in the way the rite is written.
不过，也有人有不同解释。英国《教会时报》的一篇文章中，一位前英格 兰教会主教说，疫情期间确实有人邮寄圣餐饼，但他重申这不是好做法。 Some, however, interpret it differently." In an article from the Church Times in the UK, a former Church of England bishop said that some people did mail communion hosts during the pandemic and reiterated that this is not a good practice.
不过，也有人经常这样做，比如电视布道家理查德·罗伯茨 会给他的邮寄名单上的人寄三片圣餐薄饼，并请求奉献。 However, others have done this more regularly, like televangelist Richard Roberts, who would send those on his mailing list three communion wafers and request a donation.
值得注意的是，罗伯茨本人并不认为自己是在邮寄耶稣，因为他持象征说。 Though notably, Roberts did not believe he was sending Jesus in the mail since his view is the symbolic one.
在美国西路易斯安那圣公会教区，雅各布·欧文斯比主教允许神父远程祝圣圣餐，表 示在家的人可以「自己准备饼和酒（只用饼也可以），放在自己面前的桌子上」。 In the Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana, Bishop Jacob Owensby permitted priests to consecrate communion remotely, saying that people at home would, "Provide for themselves bread and wine, bread alone is also permissible, and place it on a table in front of them.
神父在自己面前祝圣的元素也延伸到每个家庭的饼和酒上。 The priest's consecration of elements in front of her or him extends to the bread and wine in each household.
「大家会领用祝圣过的圣餐。」这一做法后来被取消，但2 020和2021年许多不同宗派的教会都曾有类似做法。 The people will consume the consecrated elements." This was later rescinded, but similar practices did happen in many churches of various denominations in 2020 and 2021.
有些人完全不同意远程圣餐的做法。 Some disagree with the idea of remote communion entirely.
改革宗浸信会牧师鲍比·贾米森说：「身体聚集是圣餐礼的本质，而不是可有可无的。」 Reformed Baptist pastor Bobby Jamison says, "The physical act of gathering is essential, not incidental to the ordinance.
「不是说线上、分散的主的晚餐只是次优选择。」 It's not the case that a virtually mediated, physically dispersed Lord's Supper is less than optimal.
「那根本就不是主的晚餐。」我们讨论的另一个问题是，有时为 了解决无法来聚会的人领圣餐的问题，圣餐元素能否被保留？ It's simply not the Lord's Supper.Part of the question we've been discussing, and one that was sometimes used to solve problems of communing people unable to come to services, is may communion elements be reserved?
换句话说，祝圣过的圣餐能否留到以后使用？ In other words, may consecrated elements be saved for later?
比如，在公教会和东正教会，病人和不能出门的人通常会领用之前祝圣过的圣餐。 For example, for the Catholic Church and Orthodox Church, the sick and shut-ins are commonly given communion with previously consecrated elements.
在公教会，所有剩下的祝圣饼都要保留。 In the Catholic Church, any consecrated bread that remains is to be reserved.
宝血一般不保留，除非是要带给病人。 The precious blood is not to be reserved, except for the case of giving some to the sick.
密苏里路德宗协同神学院在其季刊中讨论了这个问题，认为保留圣餐的做法 偏离了路德宗的历史传统，确实较为次要，但也没有完全否定所有情况。 The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod's Concordia Theological Seminary took on this question in an article in their quarterly magazine and said that the practice of reservation is a deviation from the historical Lutheran practice and is definitely inferior, though they did not go so far as to say it is definitely ruled out in all cases.
对圣公会来说，《三十九条信纲》规定主的晚餐不是基督设立用来保留的。 For Anglicans, the Thirty-Nine Articles say that the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved.
不过，仍有一些圣公会信徒实行保留圣餐，尤其是倾向公教的高教会派。 However, some Anglicans do still practice reservation, especially those of an Anglo-Catholic persuasion.
北美圣公会2019年版《公祷书》虽然保留了那句话，但也说：「如果圣餐后有 剩余的祝圣饼或酒，可以放在安全的地方，留待以后领用。」联合卫理公会牧师阿 舍·图尼克在博客上写道：「有些情况下，平信徒也会想要一起分享圣餐。」 The Anglican Church in North America's 2019 Book of Common Prayer, while still containing that wording, also says, "If any consecrated bread or wine remains after the communion, it may be set aside in a safe place for future reception." United Methodist Church Pastor Asher Tunic writes on his blog, "There are certain situations when members of the laity may want to share the Sacrament of the Holy Communion.
比如在查经班或小组聚餐时。 It may happen during a Bible study or at a fellowship meal shared by a small group.
在这种情况下，长老可以祝圣圣餐，之后即使长老不在场，也可以在小组中分发。联合 卫理公会的另一个网站指出，把圣餐延伸给无法到场的人，并不等同于保留圣餐元素。 In those situations, an elder can consecrate the elements that can later be shared in a small group without the elder present." Another UMC website states that extending the table to those unavoidably absent is not the same as reserving the elements.
如果圣餐饼或酒不够怎么办？ What happens if one runs out of bread or wine?
在公教会，如果祝圣饼不够分给每个人，可以把饼掰成多块，每人领一小块。 In the Catholic Church, if one does not have enough consecrated hosts for all to receive one, it is permitted to break the hosts into multiple pieces and for each communicant to only receive a part.
不允许再祝圣新的饼，所以如果神父完全用完了，剩下的信众就不能再领受实物圣餐。 It's not allowed to consecrate additional bread, and so if the priest runs out completely, the remaining faithful are not served any physical elements.
东正教神父如果快用完饼，也会把饼掰得更小。 Orthodox priests will break the bread into smaller pieces if they begin to run out.
对于持纪念说的教会，如果还有多余的饼和酒或葡萄汁，通常可以直接再拿出来。 For those churches that hold to a memorial view, if additional bread and wine or juice is present, there is generally no issue with simply getting more out.
新西兰圣公会的祷告书说：「如果祝圣薄饼或面包不够，可以掰成更小的块。」 The Anglican Church of New Zealand's prayer book says, "If there is a shortage of consecrated wafers or bread, these can be broken into smaller pieces.
如果饼用完了，可以安慰大家，基督在祝圣酒中也完全与他们同在。 Again, if the bread runs out, the people can be reassured that Christ meets them fully in the consecrated wine.
如果祝圣饼和酒都用完了，也可以确信大家的渴慕和祷告使他们属灵地领受了基 督的身体和宝血。不过，在圣公会，《公祷书》规定：「如果祝圣饼或酒不够分 给所有人，主持者应回到圣坛再祝圣更多的饼或酒。」我们来谈谈主持人。 If both consecrated bread and wine run out, we are assured that people's desire and prayers ensure that they do spiritually receive the body and blood of Christ." However, in the Episcopal Church, the Book of Common Prayer says, "If the consecrated bread or wine does not suffice for the number of communicants, the celebrant is to return to the Holy Table and consecrate more of either or both." Let's discuss the officiant.
谁可以主持圣餐礼？ Who is permitted to lead the communion service?
对许多教会来说，这只限于特定的受按立职分。 For many, this is limited to certain ordained offices.
比如，公教会只有有效按立的神父才能祝圣圣餐。 For example, for the Catholics, only a validly ordained priest can consecrate communion.
不过，在没有神父的情况下，可以用之前祝圣过的圣餐，由平信徒主持圣餐礼。 However, a communion service can be held in the absence of a priest with elements consecrated before, and a layperson can lead the service.
这并不等同于弥撒。 This is not the same as mass.
联合卫理公会只有牧师可以祝圣并主持圣餐礼。 For United Methodists, only pastors can consecrate and preside at a communion service.
后期圣徒教会（摩门教）的圣餐由亚伦或麦基洗德等祭司职分持有人主持。 In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the sacrament is administered by a holder of the Aaronic or Melchizedek priesthood.
长老会的利格尼尔事工说：「虽然圣经证据不算充分，但最好还是认为只有受按立的人才有 权主持圣事。」美国福音路德会通常也要求由受按立的牧师主持，但有特殊流程可获例外。 Ligonier Ministries, a Presbyterian ministry, says, "Though the biblical evidence is not overwhelming, it seems best to conclude that only ordained people have the authority to administer the sacraments." For ELCA Lutherans, it normally must be an ordained minister, though there is a process to get exceptions.
国际恩典圣餐教会认为应由牧师或受按立的长老 主持，但在长老无法到场时也可委派其他人。 Grace Communion International says a pastor or ordained elders should conduct the service, but says other individuals can be appointed when elders cannot be present.
由于某些宗派对女性按立的限制，女性不能主持圣餐礼。 Due to some denominations' restrictions on women in ordained office, women do not lead in the communion service.
但在其他宗派，男女都可以主持。 However, in others, women as well as men officiate.
Life.Church（隶属福音圣约教会的大型教会）在其网站上说：「如果你 来过Life.Church，可能注意到圣餐总是在侧墙或后墙处随时可领。」 Life.Church, a large megachurch, part of the Evangelical Covenant Church denomination, says on their website, "If you're attending Life.Church, you've probably noticed that communion is always available along the side or rear walls.
「我们希望你在敬拜时，按神的带领参与圣餐。」他们还鼓励会众把圣餐 带回家自己主持：「请一人为饼祷告，带领大家完成圣餐的第一部分。」 We hope you'll take the opportunity to participate in communion as God leads you during our worship time together." They also encourage church members to take communion home and officiate it themselves, saying, "Ask one person to pray for the bread and lead the group in this first part of communion.
「然后请另一人为杯祷告，带领大家完成圣餐的第二部分。」有些立场比较折 中，比如威斯康星福音路德宗说：「我们不能绝对断言只有受按立的人才能有 效祝圣主的晚餐，但路德宗的惯常做法是只有代表会众的牧师这样做。」 Next, ask someone to pray for the cup and lead the group in the second part of communion." Splitting the difference are positions like that of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, which says, "We cannot say dogmatically that one must be ordained to validly consecrate the Lord's Supper, but the regular practice of the Lutheran Church has been that only pastors acting in the name of the congregation do this.
在一般情况下，不认为平信徒祝圣主的晚餐是合适的。基督教会 没有圣职和平信徒的区分，教会里的男性都可以主持主的晚餐。 It has not been considered appropriate for laymen to consecrate the Lord's Supper under ordinary circumstances." Churches of Christ do not have a clergy/laity distinction, and men of the church may lead in the Lord's Supper observance.
在许多宗派中，主持人不一定亲自分发圣餐，或者即使分发，也不会是唯一的分发者。 In many denominations, the officiant may not themselves distribute the communion, or if they do, they may not be alone in doing so.
根据宗派不同，分发圣餐的人可能被称为圣餐服事者、圣餐 执事，或者没有特别称呼，也可能是长老、执事或平信徒。 Depending on denomination, a person who distributes communion may be called a Eucharistic minister or a communion steward, or may not have a title for this role at all, but may be an elder, deacon, or layperson.
在公教会，主教、神父和执事是普通服事者，但也可以有非常服事者，包括男女平信徒。 In the Catholic Church, bishops, priests, and deacons are the ordinary ministers, but there may also be extraordinary ministers, including laypersons, both men and women.
有些堂区有平信徒长期担任这个服事角色。 Some parishes have laypeople that regularly serve in this role.
密苏里路德宗的立场是只有男性可以分发圣餐元素。 The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod's position is that only men distribute the elements.
同样，威斯康星路德宗也建议不要让女性担任这个角色。 Similarly, the Wisconsin Synod recommends against having women in this role.
几乎所有举行圣餐的团体都有某种礼仪成分。 Nearly all groups that practice communion have some element of liturgy.
比如，许多低教会派教会让大家一起等候、同时领用圣餐，这本身就是一种礼仪。 For example, even the idea for many low-church congregations to wait and consume the elements together is liturgical.
每次都引用同样的经文也是一种礼仪。 Always quoting the same passages of scripture is liturgical.
对于低教会派和较现代的教会来说，主的晚餐往往是他们最有礼仪感的聚会…… For low-church and more contemporary congregations, the Lord's Supper often is the most liturgical service that they have....
不过，高教会派的宗派有更多、更复杂的礼仪。 however, the more high church denominations have much more liturgy.
其中包括神父或牧师每次都要做的特定祷告或动 作、特定的家具、专用的器皿、布和盘子等。 Part of this includes certain prayers or actions made by the priests or ministers every time, certain furniture that is used, special utensils, cloths and dishes that are used.
有些甚至使用特定语言，比如梵二大公会议前，公教会的弥 撒通常用拉丁文，现在仍有许多堂区举行传统拉丁弥撒。 Some even use certain languages, for example, it was the typical practice prior to the Second Vatican Council in the Catholic Church that mass would be in Latin, and there are still many parishes that offer the traditional Latin mass.
不过现在，弥撒用当地语言已经更为普遍。 Although today, it is much more common for the mass to be in the language of the people.
在东正教会，圣餐礼通常用当地语言，但有些教会仍使用 主要作为礼仪语言的古教会斯拉夫语等已不常用的语言。 In Orthodox churches, the divine service is generally in the language of the people, but some still use languages that are mostly obsolete, except as liturgical languages, such as Old Church Slavonic.
与圣餐相关的礼仪之一是游行。 One example of liturgy connected to some observances of holy communion is out of the procession.
比如，在圣公会教会，游行和退场很常见，特别场合时参与人数比平时更多。 For example, in Anglican churches, it is quite common for there to be a procession and recession with special occasions sometimes having more people involved than the typical service.
这里的视频是北美圣公会大会的场景。 The video here is of an Anglican church in North America assembly.
圣餐游行并不总是在教堂内部举行。 Eucharistic processions do not always happen simply inside of a church building.
比如，公教会的哥伦布骑士会等团体会组织户外圣餐游行。 For example, there are Catholic groups, like the Knights of Columbus, that coordinate processions that are outside.
这些游行的目的之一是敬拜和朝拜基督的身体，这一点我们马上会谈到。 One purpose for these processions is for worship and adoration of the body of Christ, something we'll discuss soon.
比普通游行更盛大的还有圣餐朝圣。 Even larger than a simple procession is a Eucharistic pilgrimage.
有一个公教会组织宣传他们的朝圣活动为「与我们的圣餐主同行，横跨整个国家」。 One Catholic organization promotes their pilgrimage as walking coast-to-coast with our Eucharistic Lord.
不过，大多数新教宗派很少有与圣餐相关的游行。 Eucharist-related processions are uncommon in most Protestant denominations, however.
许多宗派都有固定的礼仪，每次都要说特定的话语。 For many denominations, there are liturgies used which include certain things that are said every time.
比如，美国归正教会的礼仪中有这样一段：「牧师要宣读设立圣餐的 话：『主耶稣被卖的那一夜，拿起饼来，祝谢了，就擘开。』牧师要 掰开饼，递给他们，说：『拿着吃，这是为你们舍的我的身体。』 For example, this is a portion of one liturgy in the Reformed Church in America, "The minister shall declare the words of institution, 'The Lord Jesus, the same night He was betrayed, took bread, and when He had given thanks, He broke it.'" The minister shall break the bread and gave it to them saying, "'Take, eat, this is my body which is given for you.
『你们应当如此行，为的是记念我。』举起杯时，牧师要说：『 饭后，也照样拿起杯来，说：「这杯是用我的血所立的新约。』 Do this in remembrance of me.' Lifting the cup, the minister shall say, 'After the same manner also, He took the cup when they had supped saying, "This cup is the new testament in my blood.
『你们每逢喝的时候，要如此行，为的是记念我。』分饼时要说：「我 们所擘开的饼，岂不是同领基督的身体吗？」分杯时要说：「我们所祝 福的杯，岂不是同领基督的血吗？」」这些设立圣餐的话或祝圣词，都 是引用耶稣在最后晚餐时的话，几乎在所有圣餐礼中都会用到。 This do as often as you drink it in remembrance of me."' In partaking of the bread, it shall be said, 'The bread which we break is the communion of the body of Christ.' In partaking of the cup, it shall be said, 'The cup of blessing which we bless is the communion of the blood of Christ.'" These words of institution or words of consecration, quoting from Jesus at the Last Supper, are nearly universally used in communion services.
对公教会来说，「这是我的身体」和「这是我的血」这两句话是必须的，否则祝圣无效。 For the Catholic Church, the words, "This is my body" and, "This is my blood," are necessary, otherwise, the consecration is invalid.
对许多相信基督真实同在的人来说，祝圣词被认为是变化发生的时刻。 For many who believe in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the words of consecration are often the time that it is said the change takes place.
有些宗派有更长、更精确的固定用语，比如新使徒教会。 Some denominations have a longer set of precise words that are always used in communion, for example, the New Apostolic Church.
后期圣徒教会（摩门教）也有必须诵读的精确用语， 出自他们的经文《教义和圣约》第20章第77节。 In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, there are also exact words that must be spoken, which come from one of their books of scripture, Doctrine and Covenants 20 verse 77.
有些相信基督的真实身体和宝血在圣餐中同在的基督徒，会进行圣体朝拜。 Some Christians who believe that the true body and blood of Christ are present in the Eucharist practice adoration of it.
公教会就是实行这种做法的教会之一。 The Catholic Church is one that this practice is present in.
有堂区这样解释：「圣体朝拜就是把祝圣过的圣餐饼（至圣圣事）展 示出来，让人们在基督面前静坐祷告。」朝拜特指在至圣圣事前的祷 告，无论是在关闭的圣体龛前，还是在圣餐容器中展示的圣餐饼前。 One parish says, "It involves exposing a consecrated host, the blessed sacrament, allowing people to sit and pray in the presence of Jesus Christ." Adoration specifically refers to any prayer in front of the blessed sacrament, whether in front of a closed tabernacle or in front of the exposed host in a monstrance.
「展示」特指在圣餐容器中展示圣餐饼前的祷告。 Exposition refers specifically to prayer in front of the exposed host in a monstrance.
这些词有时会被交替使用。 You may hear these terms used interchangeably.
圣餐容器通常是装饰性的，用来盛放祝圣过的圣餐饼。 A monstrance is a normally decorative holder for a consecrated Eucharistic host.
公教会内有些修会或团体以圣体朝拜为主要存在目的。 There are religious societies within the Catholic Church that have Eucharistic adoration as their primary reason for existence.
比如，方济各永久朝拜圣体修女会连续141年不间断地进行圣体朝拜。 For example, the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration maintained around-the-clock adoration of the Eucharist for 141 years uninterrupted.
在旧公教波兰民族公教会，教堂的第一排座位专为至圣圣体朝拜妇女会成员保留。 In the old Catholic denomination, the Polish National Catholic Church, the first pew in the church is reserved for members of The Women's Society for the Adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament.
东正教会除了神父、执事和侍祭在圣餐礼中的动作外，没有系统性的圣体朝拜。 The Orthodox Church does not have a systematic practice of Eucharistic adoration outside of the actions of the priests, deacons, and acolytes in the divine liturgy.
有些东方公教会会实行圣体朝拜。 Some Eastern Catholics practice Eucharistic adoration.
但大多数并不实行。 However, the majority do not.
在圣餐礼之外进行圣体朝拜需要保留圣餐，许多宗派并不允许这样做。 Adoration outside of the immediate context of a communion service requires reservation, and many denominations do not allow for this.
路德宗一般不实行圣体朝拜，虽然已不存在的奥古 斯塔纳公教会（又称英美路德公教会）曾实行过。 Adoration is generally not practiced in Lutheranism, though the small defunct Augustana Catholic Church, AKA the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, practiced it.
威斯康星路德宗认为，这种做法不能让人在基督真实同在前祷告， 因为基督的身体和宝血只在圣事的使用——吃和喝——时同在。 The Wisconsin Synod says that the practice would not provide someone the opportunity to pray in front of the real presence of Christ because the body and blood are only present in the sacramental use, eating and drinking.
圣公会在圣体朝拜这个议题上是最多样化的传统。 Anglicanism is the tradition with the most variety on the topic of adoration.
有些，尤其是英美公教派的堂区会定期实行，而更偏新教的则反对这种做法。 Some, especially Anglo-Catholic parishes, will practice it regularly, while those with a stronger Protestant streak will teach against the practice.
一些福音派新教徒和基要派认为这种做法是异端。 Some evangelical Protestants and fundamentalists view the practice as heretical.
与圣体朝拜类似的还有圣餐默想，就是在圣餐面前进行默想。 Similarly to Eucharistic adoration is another practice called Eucharistic meditation, which involves the practice of meditation in the presence of the Eucharist.
圣餐神迹是与圣餐相关的神迹事件。 Eucharistic miracles are miraculous events associated with the practice of holy communion.
在相信基督真实同在的教会中，这本身就常被视为神迹。 In those churches which believe in the real presence of Christ in holy communion, this itself is often considered a miracle.
除此之外，还有其他可见的神迹，大多由公教会报告，其他宗派则很少。 Beyond this, however, are other visible miracles, mostly reported by Catholic churches and rarely by others.
比如，2023年3月，康涅狄格州一间堂区报告说，圣餐饼在圣餐盒里神奇地增多了。 For example, in March 2023, a Connecticut parish reported that when running out of host, they miraculously multiplied in the ciborium.
还有2022年6月，洪都拉斯一间堂区发现与祝圣饼接触过的亚麻布上出现了人血。 Another case was in June 2022 where, in a parish in Honduras, a linen cloth that had been in contact with the consecrated host was found to have human blood on it.
许多此类神迹包括流血的圣餐饼，也有与圣餐相关的医治。 Many examples of such miracles include bleeding hosts, and some include healings associated with the Eucharist.
虽然东正教会的案例较少为人所知，但俄罗斯东正教的礼仪书 确实有关于遇到圣餐神迹时如何继续圣餐礼的规定。许多新教 徒怀疑圣餐神迹的真实性，也不会在自己教会报告此类事件。 Although examples in the Orthodox Church are less known, the service book for the Russian Orthodox Church does have a protocol for how to continue a communion service when a Eucharistic miracle happens.Many Protestants doubt the legitimacy of Eucharistic miracles and do not report such things in their churches.
剩下的圣餐元素该如何处理？ What should be done with leftover elements?
在公教会，剩下的祝圣酒要喝掉，祝圣饼要保留。 In the Catholic Church, leftover consecrated wine is to be consumed and consecrated bread is reserved.
相信基督真实同在的教会通常有一种特殊水槽或排水口，叫做圣水槽。 Churches that believe in real presence often have a special sink or drain called a sacrarium.
美国公教主教团这样描述：「圣水槽是一种专门用来恭敬处理圣物的水槽。」 The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops describes it this way, "A special sink used for the reverent disposal of sacred substances.
这种水槽有盖子、水盆和专用管道，直接排到土里而不是下水道。也有 人称之为pessina，严格说sacrarium指的是排水口。 This sink has a cover, a basin, and a special pipe and drain that empty directly into the earth rather than into the sewer system." This may also be called a pessina, as sacrarium technically refers to the drain.
不过，对公教徒来说，圣水槽并不是随便倒掉祝圣元素的地方。 For Catholics, the sacrarium is not a place to simply pour out the consecrated elements though.
而是用于倒洗祭坛布或清理洒出的祝圣酒的水。 Instead, water used to wash altar linens or clean up spilled consecrated wine may be poured here.
事实上，任何人直接把祝圣元素倒掉，即使倒进圣水槽，也会自动被逐出教会。 In fact, anyone disposing of the consecrated elements directly, even into the sacrarium, automatically excommunicates themselves.
不过，掉落或无法使用的圣餐饼可以溶解在水中，然后倒进圣水槽。 However, a dropped or otherwise unusable host can be dissolved into water and then poured into the sacrarium.
对圣公会来说，《公祷书》规定：「若有祝圣饼或酒剩下，神父和其他领受者要 恭敬地吃喝。」英格兰教会的《公祷书》还规定，不应把剩余圣餐带出教堂。 For Anglicans, the Book of Common Prayer says, "If any of the consecrated bread and wine remain, the priest and other communicants shall reverently eat and drink the same." The Church of England's BCP also says that it should not be carried out of the church.
圣公会也常允许把剩余的酒倒回土里，无论通过圣水槽还是直接倒在外面。 Anglicans have also often allowed that leftover wine be poured back into the earth, whether through a sacrarium or simply outside.
威斯康星福音路德宗认为：「圣事行为包括祝圣、分发和领受。」所以剩下的元素不 再属于圣事，可以保存再用，但有些教会会用专用水槽或普通水槽处理剩余元素。 The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod says that, "The sacramental action includes the consecration, distribution, and reception." So leftover elements don't meet that and can be stored and reused, but still says that some congregations have the practice of consuming the leftover elements using a special sink or disposing of them through a normal sink.
对许多持纪念说的教会来说，剩余元素本身没有特殊 意义，通常会收起来再用、正常处理或直接吃掉。 For many that hold the memorial view of communion, the leftover elements themselves have no special significance, so they often are put back away to be reused, disposed of normally, or perhaps eaten.
浸信会牧师特里·奥斯汀说：「我们小教会主日晚上举行主的晚 餐后，我父亲（也是牧师）会把剩下的薄饼和葡萄汁带回家。」 Baptist Pastor Terry Austin says, "On the Sunday evenings after our little Baptist church served the Lord's Supper, my father, who was the pastor, brought home the leftover wafers and grape juice.
我和妹妹并不会假装模仿宗教仪式。 My sister and I didn't pretend to mimic a religious ritual.
我们只是觉得那是美味的点心罢了。」美国归正教会神学院院长兼牧师 霍华德·哈格曼说：「剩下的东西只是普通的饼和酒，但应当恭敬对待 。」他建议把饼分给鸟儿，把酒倒在地上，或者把饼分给有需要的人。 We simply enjoyed what we considered a treat." Reformed Church in America seminary president and Pastor Howard Hageman said that, "Anything remaining is simply bread and wine, but should be treated reverently." He suggested sharing the loaf with the birds and spilling the wine on the ground or sharing the loaf with the needy.
大多数使用一次性分杯的教会，通常会把杯子和里面残留的内容物直接扔进垃圾桶。 The majority of congregations that use individual disposable communion cups simply dispose of them and these small remains of their contents into the trash.
对于持纪念说的人来说，这并不奇怪，因为他们认为杯中的内容物没有发生变化。 This is relatively unsurprising for those with a memorial view as the contents of the cup are not viewed as having changed.
不过，即使是相信基督真实同在的某些宗派，也会使用 这种分杯，比如部分路德宗，他们认为这没有问题。 However, even some denominations that believe in the real presence have been known to use these cups and for some of those, like some Lutherans, they view this as no issue.
有一位认信路德宗作家说：「为什么不会有洒出基督宝血的危险？」答案是： 「全能的主只让祂的宝血与被喝下的酒联合，而不是与洒出的酒滴联合。」不 过，密苏里路德宗的威尔·惠登牧师不同意直接把分杯扔掉，他认为「一次性 杯子不应直接扔进垃圾桶，而应冲洗后把水喝掉、倒进圣水槽或倒在地上」。 说到洒出，有时圣餐礼中难免发生意外，不同团体处理方式也不同。 One confessional Lutheran writer said, "Why is there no danger of spilling any of Christ's blood?" Answer, "Because the Almighty Lord unites his blood with the wine that is drunk, but not with the drops of wine that are spilled." However, Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Pastor Will Whedon disagrees with the practice of simply trashing the individual cups, saying that, "Disposable cups should not just be thrown in the trash, but rather rinsed and the water consumed, poured in a pessina or into the earth." Speaking of spilling, sometimes unfortunate accidents happen while observing the communion service and these may be handled differently in different groups.
在东正教会，如果宝血洒在衣服上，可能会把那一块剪下来。 In Orthodox churches, if the blood is spilled on one's clothes, they may have that section cut out.
剪下的布料会被烧掉。 The pieces of the clothes will be burnt.
如果洒在地上，神父可能会趴在地上把洒出的部分喝掉或舔干净。 If it spills on the floor, the priest may drop to the floor to drink or lick up what was spilled.
有些会用毛巾擦拭并烧掉毛巾，如果地板是多孔的，甚至会把那块地板或地毯剪下烧掉。 Some will clean it with a towel, which is burnt, but if the floor is porous, they may actually cut the floor or remove and burn pieces of carpet.
如果有虫子掉进杯里，不应杀死它。 If a bug gets in the cup, it should not be killed.
神父可能会把虫子吃掉，或者之后烧掉。 The priest may actually eat it or later burn it.
在公教会，美国主教团规定：「受影响的区域应以水清洗，洗过的水倒进 圣水槽。」美国福音路德会的新喜乐教会在新冠疫情期间为会众提供家庭 圣餐包，并给出指引，其中问到：「如果用完了、洒了酒，或者狗吃了薄 饼怎么办？」答案的一部分是：「虽然不理想，但这不是信仰危机。」 In the Catholic Church, the US Conference of Catholic Bishops says, "The affected area should be washed with water and the water poured into the sacrarium." New Joy Lutheran Church, part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America provided house church kits, including communion elements to church members during the COVID-19 pandemic and gave instructions, part of which asked, "What if we run out, spill the wine, or the dog eats the wafers?" Part of the answer said that, "Though it's not ideal, it's not a crisis of faith.
「清理干净，继续前行。」把圣餐元素视为纯象征的 教会，通常会像处理其他教会里的溢出物一样清理。 Clean it up and drive on." Churches that view the elements as strictly symbolic will likely clean up spills in the same way as any other kind of spill in the church would be cleaned up.
对于相信基督真实同在的教会，另一个需要考虑的 问题是，有人可能会故意亵渎基督的身体和宝血。 Another consideration for churches that believe in real presence is that someone with bad intentions could intentionally mistreat the body and blood of Christ.
这种有意亵渎最常见于公教会祝圣过的圣餐饼。 This intentional desecration is something that is most well-known to take place toward the hosts consecrated in the Catholic Church.
有很多人故意在弥撒中拿走祝圣饼而不吃，为的是亵渎。 There are many examples of people intentionally taking consecrated hosts out of mass without consuming them for the purpose of desecration.
比如所谓的「黑弥撒」，用祝圣饼作为有神论撒但教仪式的一部分，201 4年俄克拉荷马就曾有过类似事件，虽然那次被盗的圣餐饼后来归还了。 One such example is these so-called black mass in which consecrated hosts are used as part of theistic Satanist rituals, such as was planned at a 2014 occurrence in Oklahoma, although in this case the stolen host was returned.
对东正教来说，祝圣元素更难被带走，因为都是直接放入口中，而且有酵饼浸泡在酒里。 For Orthodoxy, it's more difficult to obtain consecrated elements when they are always placed into one's mouth and also when the leavened bread is soaked with the wine.
不过，这种事偶尔还是会发生。 However, such things do still sometimes happen.
那些不认为圣餐元素成为基督身体和宝血的宗派，并没有亵渎的神学观念。 Those denominations which don't view the elements as becoming Christ's body and blood don't have a theology of desecration.
谁可以领圣餐？ Who may receive communion?
在公教会，圣餐通常只给公教徒或与公教会完全共融的人，但也有例外。 In the Catholic Church, communion is ordinarily just for Catholics or those in full communion, but there are some exceptions.
公教会法规定，东方教会成员若请求圣事且准备妥当，也 可以领受，其他与东方教会同样情况的教会成员也可以。 Catholic canon law says members of the Oriental Churches can also receive if they ask for the sacrament and are properly disposed, as well as those from other churches that are in the same condition as the Oriental Churches.
实际上，这意味着一些旧公教会成员（如波兰民族公教会）可以领圣餐，东正教 在适当情况下也被允许，尽管东正教几乎从不允许自己的成员在公教会领圣餐。 In practice, this means some old Catholics, like the Polish National Catholic Church, can receive the Eucharist and Orthodox are permitted under proper circumstances, although the Orthodox churches nearly always don't allow their members to receive from the Catholic Church.
东正教会允许其他被认可的东正教会成员领圣餐，但通 常不允许东方正统教会或其他未共融团体的成员领受。 Eastern Orthodox churches allow those from any other recognized Eastern Orthodox Church to receive communion, but generally not Oriental Orthodoxy or any other group not in communion.
不过，任何人都可以领受祝福饼（未祝圣的饼）。 However, anyone can have some of the blessed bread, which is not consecrated.
只允许本团体、本宗派或与之共融的团体领圣餐，这种做法通常称为「封闭圣餐」。 The practice of restricting communion to only one's own group or denomination or those in altar fellowship with them is normally called closed communion.
实行这种做法的还有真耶稣教会、基督弟兄会…… Other churches that practice this include True Jesus Church, Christadelphians......
神的教会、耶稣基督教会，以及许多认信路德宗（如威斯康星福音路德宗和密 苏里路德宗），至少官方上是这样，虽然有些密苏里路德宗教会并不实行。 Members Church of God, Church of Jesus Christ, and many confessional Lutherans like the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod and Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, at least officially, though some LCMS churches don't practice this.
不过，这里的术语有些模糊。 However, there is a bit of ambiguity with the terms here.
后来出现了「近封闭圣餐」这个说法，形成了新的分类。 At some point, the term close communion came into existence, and this made a new category.
比如，许多浸信会认为「封闭圣餐」是指只有本会众成员才能在本教会领圣餐。 For example, many Baptists would say closed communion is where only the members of a single congregation can receive communion in their own church.
即使与其他教会有交通关系，来访的成员也不能 领圣餐，因为他们认为圣餐只属于本地教会。 Members of other congregations they are in fellowship with still don't receive communion when they visit, because they view the ordinance as one for the local church only.
这种叫「封闭圣餐」，而允许其他信仰和实践相同的教会成员 领圣餐，但仍限制未共融者参与的做法叫「近封闭圣餐」。 With this being called closed communion, the position of allowing members from other churches of like faith and practice to commune, but still restricting those not in altar fellowship or not in communion from partaking is called close communion.
这种说法在独立基要浸信会、美南浸信会等许多浸信会中很常见。 This terminology is common among Independent Fundamental Baptists, the American Baptist Association, and many other Baptists.
有些路德宗也偶尔用「近封闭圣餐」这个词。 Even some Lutherans have used this term close communion sometimes.
不过，一般说到「封闭圣餐」，指的是整个宗派 及其共融团体的成员都可以在任何教会领圣餐。 Generally, however, when you encounter the term closed communion in the wild, it refers to anyone from the whole denomination and those in fellowship with it being allowed to participate in communion at any of their churches.
所以，「近封闭圣餐」的实际含义在全球范围内通常就叫「封闭圣餐」。 So what close communion means is normally called closed communion worldwide.
正如一位密苏里路德宗主席指出的，除了部分浸信会和 密苏里路德宗，全球其他地方都称之为「封闭圣餐」。 As one LCMS president pointed out, apart from some Baptists and some in the LCMS, the rest of the world speaks of closed communion.
对耶和华见证人来说，只有那十四万四千「小群」成员才能领用圣餐元素。 For Jehovah's Witnesses, only those part of the little flock of 144,000 can partake of the elements of communion.
因此，虽然圣餐礼往往是一年中出席人数最多的聚会，但大多数情况下， 元素只是传递过去，没人实际领用，因为大部分十四万四千人已经去世。 So, although the communion service is often the most well-attended event of the year, in most cases, the elements are simply passed along and nobody participates since most all who are part of the 144,000 already died.
还有一种做法叫「设立圣餐栏」。 Another position is called fencing the table.
这种做法是由牧师口头说明领圣餐的条件，并要求不符合条件的人不要领圣餐。 In this practice, the minister will verbally state requirements for communing members and instruct those who don't meet them to refrain from communing.
这个术语主要用于长老会。 This term is mostly used among Presbyterians.
有些长老会宗派规定，首次领圣餐或访客必须由教会的治理团体（堂议会）面谈。 For some Presbyterian denominations, before someone receives communion for the first time, or if they're a visitor, they must be interviewed by the congregation's governing body called a session.
只有通过审核的人才被邀请上前领圣餐。 Only those who have been approved are called forward to partake.
尤其在过去，通过审核的人会得到一个实体圣餐牌，凭此领圣餐。 Especially in the past, those who are approved would receive a physical communion token that they would present in order to receive communion.
福音派长老会的《教会秩序》说：「堂议会应谨慎拒绝那些不明白圣餐意 义或已知不敬虔的人领主的晚餐。」与封闭圣餐相对的是「开放圣餐」。 The Evangelical Presbyterian Church's Book of Order says, "The session should be careful to refuse the Lord's Supper to those who are ignorant of its meaning or who are known to be ungodly." The opposite position to closed communion is open communion.
这种做法下，领圣餐的人不必属于同一宗派。 In this practice, a person need not be part of the same denomination to receive communion.
美国浸信会有一间教会说：「我们实行开放圣餐 ，不限制主的晚餐只给本教会或本宗派成员。」 One American Baptist Churches USA congregation says, "We practice open communion, which means that we do not limit the Lord's Supper to members of our church or denomination.
「只要你是受洗基督徒，敬拜三一真神，并信靠基督为救主，就欢迎你与我们一同领圣 餐。」注意，这里宗派不是限制因素，但可能还有其他要求，比如信三一、受过洗等。 If you are a baptized Christian, worship the Triune God, and trust Christ as your savior, you are invited to share in the sacrament of communion with us." Note that in this case, a communicant's denomination is not a limiting factor, but there still may be other requirements like being a Trinitarian and being baptized.
如今，开放圣餐的做法非常普遍。 This open communion position is very common today.
大多数主流新教徒都持这种立场，比如大多数卫理公会、许多非宗派教会、福音 自由教会、中间派路德宗（如基督路德宗团契）、基督教会、复临安息日会等。 It is held by most mainline Protestants, like most Methodists, many non-denominational churches, evangelical free churches, moderate Lutherans like the Lutheran Congregations And Mission For Christ, Community of Christ, Seventh-Day Adventists, and many others.
并非所有实行开放圣餐的教会都让任何人参与，比 如有的要求必须受洗，或必须承认基督真实同在。 Not all who hold to open communion want just anyone to participate, for example, requiring a person to be baptized or to affirm the real presence to participate.
所以，有些团体被称为「极度开放」，指的是他们甚 至口头上都不加任何限制，任何人都可以领圣餐。 So in some cases, the term radically open has been used for those groups that would not make any effort to restrict, even verbally, any person from communing.
比如加拿大联合教会说：「我们实行开放圣餐桌，邀请所有渴望爱耶 稣的人一同分享这家庭筵席。」不过，他们甚至有过无神论牧师。 For example, the United Church of Canada says, "The United Church practices an open table, inviting all who seek to love Jesus to share in this family meal." However, they have even had an atheist minister.
在圣公会，亚特兰大主教罗伯特·赖特曾主持一次跨宗教礼拜 ，让其他信仰的人也领圣餐，包括一位穆斯林教长还讲了道。 In the Episcopal Church, Atlanta Bishop Robert Wright held an interfaith service and communed those from other faiths, including a Muslim cleric who also gave a sermon.
主教说：「她伸手要领圣餐饼，我的做法不是拒绝人。」那么，年幼的孩子可以领圣餐吗？ The bishop said, "She held out her hand to receive the host, and it is not my practice to refuse people." Are young children allowed to participate?
联合卫理公会的答案是可以，包括受洗婴儿。 For the United Methodist Church, the answer is yes, including baptized infants.
同样，东正教会也是可以。 Likewise, in Eastern Orthodox churches, the answer is yes.
美国长老会也允许婴儿领圣餐，但大多数保守派长老会不允许婴儿领圣餐。 The Presbyterian Church USA also allows infants to be communed, but most conservative Presbyterians do not allow infant communion.
正统长老会不允许婴儿领圣餐。 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church does not.
上世纪八十年代，美国长老会的一个委员会说：「古典改革宗神 学几乎一致认为，约的儿女在懂事前不应领主的晚餐。」201 0年，基督教归正会改变了原先不允许婴儿领圣餐的做法。 And in the 1980s, a Presbyterian Church in America committee said, "Classical reform theology has been virtually unanimous in judging that covenant children ought not to be brought to the Lord's table before the age of discretion." In 2010, the Christian Reformed Church changed their previous practice of disallowing infant communion.
他们网站说：「我们的改革宗约神学和圣餐实践之间有内在矛盾。」 Their website says, "There was an inherent contradiction between our reformed covenant theology and our communion practices.
「我们的约神学明确宣称，孩子藉着洗礼完全属于主。」 Our covenant theology explicitly declared that through baptism, a child fully belongs to the Lord.
「而我们的圣餐实践却隐含地宣称，孩子要等到公开认信后才算基督身体的完全成员。」 有些宗派允许各地方教会自行决定，比如归正圣公会、圣约长老会和归正福音教会联盟。 Our communion practice implicitly declared that a child is not really a full member of Christ's body until he or she has made a public profession of faith." Some denominations that allow each local church to decide on this issue include the Reformed Episcopal Church, Covenant Presbyterian Church, and the Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches.
密苏里路德宗的一个委员会表示：「我们找不到让婴儿和年幼儿童领圣餐的理由。」 A Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod committee has stated, "We have been unable to find any reason to commune our infants and very young children.
「没有任何释经、系统、信条、历史或牧养上的理由要求或鼓励我们这样做。 」大多数东方公教会（如梅尔基特希腊公教会）允许甚至要求婴儿领圣餐。 No exegetical, systematic, confessional, historical, or pastoral argument was found to either require or encourage such a practice among us." Most Eastern Catholics, like the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, allow for or even require infants to be communed.
但对全球大多数公教徒来说，这种做法是被禁止的。 However, for most Catholics the world over, the practice is forbidden.
对于不为婴儿施洗的宗派，几乎都不允许婴儿领圣餐。 For denominations that do not baptize infants, it is nearly universal to also disallow them from communion.
比如，复临安息日会说：「在接受正式的洗礼课程并在洗礼中向耶稣作 出承诺后，他们才准备好自己参与圣餐礼。」南方浸信会的信仰声明说 ：「洗礼是主的晚餐的前提条件。」同样，我们来谈谈初领圣餐。 For example, the Seventh Day Adventist Church says, "After receiving formal instruction in baptismal classes and making their commitment to Jesus in baptism, they are thereby prepared to partake in the service themselves." The Southern Baptist Convention's statement of faith says, "Baptism is a prerequisite to the Lord's Supper."Similarly, let's discuss first communion.
对公教徒来说，初领圣餐是重要的里程碑，通常在七岁左右举行。 For Catholics, this is considered a significant milestone and typically happens around age seven.
对大多数公教徒来说，坚振圣事要比初领圣餐晚几年才举行。 For most Catholics, the sacrament of confirmation will not happen until several years later than that.
不过，现在有些公教教区把坚振礼提前到初领圣餐之前，在七八岁时同一台弥撒中举行。 However, there is a trend where some Catholic dioceses are moving confirmation to before first communion, to take place in the same mass at age seven or eight.
1970年以前，美国大多数路德宗都是在坚振礼后（大约14岁）才初领圣餐。 Prior to 1970, most Lutherans in the US held first communion after a person was confirmed, around age 14.
但此后，趋势是把初领圣餐提前到坚振礼之前。 Since then, however, the trend has been to move it before confirmation.
美国福音路德会建议父母和牧师就此问题彼此沟通。 The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America recommends mutual conversation on the issue between parents and pastors.
在基督联合教会，初领圣餐通常在坚振礼后或与坚振礼同时举行。 In the United Church of Christ, it is common for first communion to be after or at confirmation.
对大多数浸信会来说，个人信仰告白并受洗后，才可以领圣餐。 For most Baptists, after making a profession of personal faith and being baptized, a person is then permitted to receive communion.
虽然这对个人和家庭来说很特别，但大多数情况下并不会特别公开庆祝或表彰。 Though this is special to the individual and to their family, in most cases, it is not particularly celebrated or recognized publicly.
圣餐与已故者有什么关系？ What is the relation of the practice of communion to those who are dead?
由于公教会认为圣餐是祭，所以是为所有信众——包括在世和已故者——献上的。 Because of the Catholic view of the Eucharist being a sacrifice, it is offered for all the faithful, living and dead.
尤其是为那些已去世但尚未完全洁净的人献上。 Particularly for those who are dead but not yet fully purified, it is offered.
公教徒通常会在去世后不久举行安魂弥撒。 Catholics will commonly hold a funeral mass soon after one's death.
公教信徒会送给丧家像这样的弥撒卡，赠送者可以写上亡者的 名字，承诺亡者将在五年内分享加尔默罗会弥撒的属灵益处。 Catholic faithful may give bereaved persons mass cards like this one, where the giver can write in the deceased person's name, which promises that the deceased will share for five years in the spiritual benefits of the Mass of the Carmelites.
弥撒卡也可以为在世者填写。 Though mass cards can be also filled out for living persons.
公教会还有一个习俗叫「九日敬礼」，就是为亡者连续九天举行弥撒。 Another Catholic custom is a novena, or nine days of masses for a deceased person.
在东正教会，会从普罗斯福隆中取出一些饼屑为亡者祈祷，祈求主赦免被纪念者的罪。 In Orthodoxy, particles are removed from the prosphora, some for the dead, and the words used request the Lord to take away the sins of those commemorated.
新使徒教会会为亡者举行圣餐。 In the New Apostolic Church, the dead are communed.
在为已故者举行的特殊礼拜中，由在世者代亡者领圣餐。 In special services for the departed, the communion is received by a living person on behalf of a dead person.
在一些宗派（如公教会），临终者会接受称为「临终圣事」的特别祷告和圣事。 In some denominations, such as the Catholic Church, a person near death may be given special prayers and sacraments called Last Rites.
对公教徒来说，这时的圣餐称为「临终圣餐」（Vi aticum），拉丁文原意是「旅途的供给」。 For Catholics, the Eucharist, when given in this context, is called Viaticum, which is actually a Latin term for provision for a journey.
联合卫理公会的《敬拜手册》允许为临终者施行圣餐，英格兰教会也建议与亲友一同领受。 The United Methodist Church's Book of Worship allows for administering Holy Communion to a dying person, and the Church of England also suggests this with friends and family also receiving this communion.
一位塞尔维亚东正教神父说：「临终前一分钟领圣餐并没有什么神奇之处。」 A Serbian Orthodox priest says, "There is nothing magical about receiving communion a minute before we die.
「如果我们平时没有参与教会生活，临终前领受圣事当然有益；但如果我们一生都 常常领受，即使临终前没领也没问题。」一位希腊东正教神父写道：「希望我们人 生最后的举动是领受圣餐。」许多新教教会并没有为临终者施行圣餐的习惯。 If we did not participate in the life of the church, it is most certainly beneficial that we receive the sacrament before our death, but if we did that all lifelong and did it regularly, there is no problem if someone does not receive communion before they die." A Greek Orthodox priest writes, "Hopefully, our last act will be to receive the Holy Eucharist before our death." Many Protestants do not have any custom of providing communion to a dying person.
偶尔也有动物领圣餐的个案。 There have been occasional instances where animals have been communed.
比如2010年加拿大有位圣公会神父为给访客的狗领圣餐而道歉。 For example, in 2010 in Canada, an Anglican priest apologized for giving communion to a visitor's dog.
不过，没有任何宗派把这当作常规做法。 However, no denominations allow this as a standard practice.
快要领圣餐时，需要做什么准备吗？ When it's approaching the time to take communion, should you be prepared in some way?
有一种做法是禁食。 One practice is fasting.
比如在东正教会，常常要求在圣餐礼前一整天不吃不喝。 For example, in Orthodox Churches, it is often the practice to not eat or drink the entire day leading up to the communion service.
许多希腊东正教徒说，从周六日落到主日领圣餐前完全禁食。 Many Greek Orthodox say a complete fast from sundown Saturday until receiving on Sunday.
不过，美洲东正教会加拿大的一个教会说：「领圣餐前没有强制性禁食。」 This Orthodox Church in America church in Canada says, however, "Prior to holy communion, there is no obligatory fasting.
「要领受生命之杯，不必禁食超过教会规定的星期三、星期五、大斋期等禁食日。 」这里的星期三、五禁食并不是完全不吃东西，而是戒肉、奶、蛋、橄榄油和酒。 In order to approach the cup of life, it is not necessary for one to fast more than the fast established by the church, Wednesdays, Fridays, Lent, and other fasting periods and days." Note that the Wednesday and Friday fasting spoken of here is not an absolute fast with no food, but abstaining from meat, dairy, eggs, olive oil, and wine.
有一间希腊东正教会说：「要领圣餐，至少要禁食三天或一周」，指的就是这种禁食。 One Greek Orthodox Church says, "In order to receive holy communion, a person has to fast at least three days or one week," referring to this type of fasting.
不过，他们也说：「另一种说法是，只要你属灵上洁净，一年中每个星期三、 五和教会的禁食期都禁食，就可以领圣餐。」公教会的禁食时间是一小时。 However, they also say, "Another theory is that as long as you are spiritually clean, you can fast all the Wednesdays and Fridays of the year and the fasting seasons of the church and receive holy communion." For Catholics, the fasting period is one hour.
不过，临终圣餐（Viaticum）则没有禁食要求， 这一小时的规定也不适用于老人、病人或照顾他们的人。 However, for Viaticum, that last communion before death, there's no required fasting, and the hour also does not apply to the elderly, infirm, or those who care for them.
而是以禁食15分钟为标准。 Rather, 15 minutes of fasting is the standard.
大多数新教教会没有禁食要求，但有些认为禁食是 好习惯，比如这间圣公会建议禁食一到两小时。 Most Protestants don't have a fasting requirement, but some view it as a good practice, like this Anglican Church, which recommends a one to two-hour fast.
科普特东正教会要求领圣餐前禁食九小时，或前一天整天禁食，以较长者为准。 Coptic Orthodox fast for nine hours prior to receiving or the whole day before receiving, whichever is longer.
不过，禁食只是圣餐准备的冰山一角。 Fasting is just the tip of the iceberg, however, in communion preparation.
对东方正统教会来说，还有其他多项规定。 For Oriental Orthodox Churches, there are several restrictions.
比如，美国南部科普特东正教教区规定，衣服必须干净得体。 For example, the Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States says that clothes must be clean and appropriate.
不能穿牛仔裤或T恤。 No blue jeans or T-shirts.
圣餐前夜和当天要禁欲，男性有遗精不能领圣餐，女 性生男孩后40天、女孩后80天内不能领圣餐。 There is to be abstinence from marital relations on the eve and day of communion, not taking communion if a man has a nocturnal emission, and women do not take communion for 40 days after giving birth to a boy and 80 for a girl.
女性在月经期间不能领圣餐。 Women are not to take communion during their menstrual cycle.
有些东正教会在某些方面也有类似要求。 Some Eastern Orthodox Churches have similar expectations in some areas.
德州麦金尼的圣尼古拉俄罗斯东正教会列出以下圣餐前应做的事：前一晚参加晚祷 （有正当理由可免）、圣餐前祷告、前一晚避免聚会和看电影，以及避免性行为。 Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church in McKinney, Texas lists the following as things that should be done before communion: prayer at the evening service the night before, though you may be excused if you are absent for an honorable cause; pre-communion prayers; avoiding parties and movies the night before; and sexual relations.
如果很久没认罪，领圣餐前必须认罪。 Confession is necessary before communion if one has not done it in a long time.
Catholic Answers事工有一篇文章建议：以正 确的意向接近圣餐，省察良心是否有需要认罪的大罪，祷告求所 需恩典，尽量在前几小时禁食禁饮，并在领受后献上感恩祷告。 Catholic Answers Ministry has an article suggesting approaching with the right intention, examining one's conscience to see if there is any grave sin that needs confessed, praying to receive the graces one is seeking, abstaining from food and drink as much as one can in the hours prior, and a prayer of thanksgiving after.
自我省察是很常见的做法。 The self-examination is quite a common practice.
比如，归正新教会引用哥林多前书来说明这一点。 For example, the Protestant Reformed Churches quote from First Corinthians on this point.
「人应当自己省察，然后吃这饼，喝这杯。」 "But let a man examine himself and so let him eat of that bread and drink of that cup.
「因为人吃喝，若不分辨是主的身体，就是吃喝自己的罪了。」他们 认为，领受者应省察自己是否相信罪已得赦免，是否放下仇恨等。 For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's body." They then say that a person should examine whether he believes that his sins are forgiven and whether he has laid aside enmity, hatred, et cetera.
有基督教会网站说，悔罪和立志悔改是领圣餐的前提。 One Church of Christ website says that feeling sorrow for your sins and committing yourselves to repentance is a prerequisite to partaking.
威斯康星福音路德宗说：「自我省察是每个想领主的晚餐之人的责 任。」主权恩典教会、神召会等也有类似说法。美国门诺会说，领 圣餐者应与神、与信仰中的弟兄姊妹和睦相处，并愿意接受问责。 The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod says, "Self-examination is certainly the responsibility of every person who desires to receive the Lord's Supper." Similar statements are affirmed by Sovereign Grace Churches, Assemblies of God, and many others.The Mennonite Church USA says that communicants should be living at peace with God and their brothers and sisters in the faith and are willing to be accountable.
在一些教会团体中，某些情况下即使是教会成员也可能被拒绝领圣餐。 In some church bodies, communion may be denied to people who are a part of the church under certain circumstances.
后期圣徒教会（摩门教）的主教可以拒绝有过错的人领圣餐。 Bishops in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints can withhold the sacrament from those who have done something wrong.
威斯康星福音路德宗认为，牧师可以拒绝不悔改的教会成员领圣餐。 The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod says that a pastor may withhold communion from an impenitent church member.
对公教徒来说，教会法禁止神职人员拒绝在适当 时间、准备妥当、且未被法律禁止的人领圣餐。 For Catholics, canon law prohibits ministers from denying communion to those who seek it at the right time, are properly disposed, and are not prohibited by law from receiving.
同时，宗座法典委员会2000年6月24日声明：「神父应否拒绝顽 固、公开犯罪的公教徒领圣餐？」答案是「应当」。离婚后未经教会宣 布婚姻无效又再婚、且未禁欲的公教徒，是神父常常拒绝圣餐的情况。 At the same time, The Pontifical Council for a Legislative Text made a June 24, 2000 declaration which said, "Should a priest deny communion to a Catholic who is an obstinate, public sinner?" And answered the question with, "Yes." Catholics who have been divorced then remarried without an annulment from the church and do not abstain from marital relations are a common situation where a priest may deny the Eucharist.
另一个特别有争议的问题是，有些神父会拒绝向 持有与教会教导相悖立场的政治人物施圣餐。 And another particularly controversial issue is some priests denying communion to politicians who hold stances viewed as an opposition to the church's teachings.
不过，也有神父从不拒绝任何人领圣餐。 However, some priests never withhold communion.
比如教宗方济各本人就是如此。 One example being Pope Francis himself.
一些保守的归正宗和长老会宗派也会通过堂议会面谈拒绝某些人领圣餐。 Some conservative Reformed and Presbyterian denominations also withhold communion by denying permission at an interview with the church session.
《威斯敏斯特大要理问答》认为可以禁止无知和丑闻者领圣餐。 The Westminster Larger Catechism grants that ignorant and scandalous people can be kept from communion.
归正福音教会联盟中的一间教会也有类似案例，就是暂停某位成员领主的晚餐。 A church that is part of the Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches gives an example of such a case also, when they suspended a member from the Lord's Supper.
美国长老会的一间教会说：「教会纪律的最深层次是：首先劝诫，然后暂停主的晚 餐，最后开除教籍。」正如这间教会所说，许多教会的最高纪律就是开除教籍。 A church in the Presbyterian Church in America says, "The foremost depths of church discipline are first admonition, then suspension from the Lord's Supper, then excommunication." As mentioned by that PCA church, the furthest level of discipline for many churches is excommunication.
这也可以被称为教会纪律等其他名称，虽然这些词并不总是完全等同。 This may also be called by other titles, like church discipline, though these are not always synonymous.
被逐出教会的人通常需要经过某种过程，才能再次被允许在该教会领圣餐。 Someone who is excommunicated from a church would normally have to undergo some kind of process to be permitted to receive communion there again.
在某些宗派中，开除教籍会正式将一个人从教会成员名单中除名。 Excommunication in some denominations formally removes a person from the membership of the church.
对公教徒来说，被逐出教会的人仍被视为公教徒，仍有义务参加弥撒，但不能领圣餐。 For Catholics, an excommunicated person is still considered Catholic and still obligated to attend mass, but not allowed to take the Eucharist.
对东正教来说，一个人即使仍属教会，也可能处于被逐 出教会的状态，时间可以是几周、几个月甚至几年。 Similarly, for Orthodox, a person still part of the church can be in the state of excommunication for weeks, months, or years.
领圣餐有什么果效？ What are the effects of taking holy communion?
虽然前面已经提到一些，这里再简要补充一些细节。 Although we've touched on this somewhat already, here's a bit more detail in brief.
公教会认为圣餐具有赎罪功效，是为赎罪而献上，并带来属灵和今生的益处。 The Catholic view is that the Eucharist is propitiatory, offered in reparation for sins and provides spiritual and temporal benefits from God.
它安抚主的怒气，神在其中赦免重大的罪恶和过犯。 It appeases the Lord, and in it, God forgives heinous crimes and sins.
有一所多明我会修道院这样说：「我们在弥撒中领圣餐 ，使我们的灵魂直接与十字架上的救赎大工相连。」 One Dominican monastery puts it this way: "Our reception of holy communion at mass puts our soul in direct contact with the saving work of the cross.
「弥撒是主在十字架上为我们赢得的恩典传递给信众的途径。」科普特东正教 Answers网站说：「我们里面有毒，圣餐就是解药，吃了就恢复生命。 」对东正教来说，圣餐常被视为神化（theosis）过程的一部分。 Holy Mass is the means by which the graces merited by our Lord on the cross are communicated to the faithful." The Coptic Orthodox Answers website says, "We have a poison inside of us that the Eucharist is the antidote to, and when we eat it, we regain life." For Eastern Orthodoxy, the Eucharist is often viewed as part of deification or theosis.
有位大主教说：「当我们领圣餐时，基督的身体进入 我们的身体，祂的宝血开始在我们血管里流动。」 One metropolitan said, "When we receive holy communion, Christ's body penetrates our body and his blood begins to flow in our veins.
「我们与基督的联合不仅在心思意念上，也在身体上。」 And it is not only in our mind and in our heart that we are united with Christ, but also in our body.
「正如基督自己，整个人性——身体、魂和灵——都与神联合， 我们整个人性也参与到神化的过程中。」对路德宗来说，主的晚 餐是恩典的途径，是神赐下、传递并印证赦罪的方式之一。 Like in Christ himself, the entire human nature: body, soul, and spirit; was united with God, so also our entire humanity participates in the process of deification." For Lutherans, the Lord's Supper is a means of grace, one of the ways God offers, conveys, and seals unto his people the forgiveness of sins.
一间圣经长老会成员教会在其网站上说：「圣事 不是空洞的记号，而是真正的救恩恩典媒介。」 A church that is a member of the Bible Presbyterian Church says on their website, "The sacraments are not bare, empty signs, but true means or instruments of saving grace.
「它们实际上是蒙拣选者得救的有效途径。」耶和华见 证人则认为圣餐没有任何功德或恩典，也没有赦罪。 They are, in fact, effectual means of salvation for the elect." Jehovah's Witnesses say that no merit or grace is imparted and there is no forgiveness of sins.
五旬节派的使徒信心教会认为圣餐礼没有救恩的恩典。 The Pentecostal denomination The Apostolic Faith Church says that there is no saving grace in the ordinance.
那些把圣餐元素视为象征的人，通常仍然相信主的晚餐有某些果效。 Those who view the elements as symbolic often still believe in effects of the Lord's Supper.
比如，这类教会会说，圣餐宣告耶稣的死，使人 记念基督，表明顺服，并激发对主再来的盼望。 For example, churches with this view may say that it proclaims Jesus' death, it causes people to remember Christ, demonstrates obedience, and causes anticipation of the second coming.
圣餐礼应该多久举行一次？ How often should a communion service be held?
对公教会来说，堂区理想上每天都举行弥撒，虽然这不是绝对要求。 For Catholics, parishes ideally offer the mass daily, though this is not an absolute requirement.
除极少数例外，神父平日最多只能举行两台弥撒，主日或义务瞻礼日最多三台。 Other than any case of rare exceptions, a priest is only permitted to celebrate the mass two times on a weekday at most, and three times on a Sunday or holy day of obligation.
《公教会教理》把主日和义务瞻礼日参加弥撒列为教会的第一条规定。 The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists as the first precept of the church that Catholics attend mass on Sundays and holy days of obligation.
Catholic Answers事工指出，周六早上的弥撒不能满足主日弥撒的要求。 According to Catholic Answers Ministry, a Saturday morning mass does not fulfill the Sunday obligation.
但周六下午四点后的弥撒可以满足主日的要求。 However, a mass after 4:00 PM on Saturday does fulfill the obligation.
公教平信徒一天最多可以领圣餐两次，但必须全程参与弥撒。 A Catholic layperson may receive the Eucharist up to two times in one day, but they need to be present for the entire mass.
公教徒最低要求是一年领圣餐一次。 As an absolute minimum, Catholics need to receive the Eucharist once each year.
美洲东正教会也规定最低一年领圣餐一次。 The Orthodox Church in America also specifies once a year as an absolute minimum.
东正教会每主日举行一次圣餐礼。 Orthodox churches hold the divine liturgy once each Sunday.
基督教会和与复兴运动有关的独立基督教会也每周主日举行主的晚餐。 Churches of Christ and independent Christian churches associated with the Restoration Movement also observe the Lord's Supper weekly on Sunday.
后期圣徒教会（摩门教）也是这样做。 This is also the practice of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
许多频繁举行圣餐的团体引用徒2:46「擘饼」来指圣餐礼，但也有人否 认「擘饼」总是指圣餐，比如神的教会说：「这并不意味着他们在守圣餐。 」有基督教会说：「圣经中有时指普通饭食，有时专指主的晚餐。」福音派 长老会允许各堂议会自行决定频率，可以每周一次，也不能少于每季一次。 Many groups that have a frequent observance of communion claim passages like Acts 2:46 as referring to the communion service when it says, "Breaking of bread." But others deny the reference to breaking of bread as always meaning a communion service, such as the United Church of God, which says, "It has no implication that they were sharing communion." One church of Christ says, "Sometimes it is used in the Bible for a common meal, and sometimes it is used specifically for the Lord's Supper." The Evangelical Presbyterian Church allows each church's session to determine the frequency, which may be as much as weekly and no less than quarterly.
由约翰·温布伦纳创立、现称为神的教会总会的团体，早期信仰声明说：「主的晚餐应 常常举行，只限基督徒参与，坐着领用，且总是在晚上。」2012年一项调查显示， 南方浸信会中60%每季举行一次主的晚餐，18%每月一次，15%每年五到十次。 The Church of God, a group founded by John Weinbrenner, today known as Churches of God General Conference, had early on a set of beliefs which stated, "The Lord's Supper should be often administered and to be consistent to Christians only, in a sitting posture and always in the evening." A 2012 survey showed that for Southern Baptists-60% have quarterly observance of The Lord's Supper, 18% monthly and 15% five to ten times each year.
8%少于每季一次，只有1%每周举行一次。 8% did so less than quarterly and only 1% weekly.
耶和华见证人一年只举行一次主的晚餐，说：「耶稣设立 的模式不仅决定了频率，也决定了纪念的日期和时间。」 Jehovah's Witnesses only observe The Lord's Supper once a year saying, "The pattern established by Jesus helps determine not only the frequency, but also the date and time of the memorial.
祂是在公元33年圣经阴历尼散月十四日太阳下山后设立的。 He introduced the observance after sundown on Nisan 14, 33 CE according to the Bible's lunar calendar.
我们每年都在这一天守纪念，效法早期基督徒的做法。」耶路撒冷神 的教会、神的教会第七日会、联合神的教会等团体也在同一天举行。 We continue to observe the memorial on this date each year, following the practice of early Christians." The same day is observed by several other groups like the Jerusalem Seventh Day Church of God, Church of God Seventh Day and United Church of God.
苏格兰自由长老会的教会通常一年只举行一到两次圣餐。 In the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, churches tend to only observe communion once or twice each year.
基督科学教会（又称基督教科学派）每年一月和七月的第二个主日举行两次圣餐礼。 The Church of Christ Scientists, also known as Christian Science, holds communion services twice a year on the second Sunday in January and July.
有些教会在圣餐礼中还有其他配套做法。 Some churches have other practices that go along with the communion service.
弟兄会的圣餐礼分为三部分：洗脚、爱筵和饼与杯。 In The Brethren Church, the communion service is threefold with washing of feet, the love feast, and bread and cup.
这源自施瓦岑瑙弟兄会传统，也见于弟兄会、Charis团契等。 This comes from the Schwarzenau Brethren tradition and is present also in the Church of the Brethren and Charis Fellowship among others.
约翰·克里斯托弗·托马斯在再洗礼派门诺会网络网站上写道：「洗脚主 要象征信徒不断得赦免的恩典，因此在主的晚餐前举行最为合适。」许多 复临安息日会、使徒信心教会等也实行洗脚，通常与圣餐礼一起进行。 John Christopher Thomas, writing on the website of the Anabaptist Mennonite Network says, "Since the foot washing serves primarily as a sign of the continual forgiveness of sins available for the believer, its observance just before The Lord's Supper is most appropriate." Foot washing is also practiced by many Seventh Day Adventists, normally in conjunction with the communion service, the Apostolic Faith Church and others.
莫拉维亚教会的圣餐礼仪中有「团契之右手」环节，领圣餐者会与身边的人握手。 In the Moravian Church, part of the communion liturgy is the Right Hand of Fellowship where communicants offer a hand clasp to those nearby them.
这一环节会在礼仪开始和结束时各进行一次。 This happens two times, once near the beginning and once near the end of the service.
基督教科学派的独特之处在于，虽然举行圣餐礼，但没有任何实物元素。 Christian Science is unique in that although they hold communion services, there are no elements.
他们网站说：「圣事是通过简短、庄严、安静的自我省 察来举行的。」不过，也有一些宗派完全不举行圣餐。 Their website says that, "The sacrament is observed by a short interval of solemn and silent self-examination." However, there are some denominations which do not practice communion at all.
贵格会（又称友会）许多团体没有任何实物圣事，包括没有圣餐或圣餐礼。 Many groups of the Religious Society of Friends, AKA Quakers, have no physical sacraments, including no Eucharist or communion services.
不过，有些团体把静默敬拜称为「友会式圣餐」。 However, some actually refer to silent worship as communion in the manner of friends.
福音派贵格会在许多情况下确实用实物举行主的晚餐。 Evangelical Quakers in many cases do practice The Lord's Supper with physical elements.
还有一类不守主的晚餐的是徒2:8时代论者。 Another group that does not practice The Lord's Supper is Acts 2:8 Dispensationalists.
有个教授这种神学的网站说：「坚持守主的晚餐就是背弃托付，把基督里的应 许与给列祖的应许混淆，奥秘教会没有守主的晚餐的根据。」救世军教会也不 守主的晚餐，这一做法是因为成员对此看法不一，为避免争议而采取的。 One website teaching such theology says that, "To persist in practicing it is to betray a trust and confuse a promise in Christ with promises made to the fathers and that the church of the mystery has no warrant to observe it." Salvation Army congregations do not observe The Lord's Supper, a practice they began due to the variation in beliefs of their membership on the issue and the desire to avoid that controversy.
不过，成员可以在其他宗派领主的晚餐。 However, members are allowed to take The Lord's Supper from other denominations.
在本视频中，我提到的所有宗派或团体，只要自称为基督徒或基督 的跟随者，不管别人是否认为他们正统，甚至是否被视为异端。 In this video, I've mentioned any denomination or group that self-identifies as Christian or followers of Christ, even if others view them as unorthodox or even as a cult.
本视频无意回答谁才是真正的基督徒，而是想展示 所有实行圣餐的团体在这一议题上的各种差异。 This video does not intend to answer the question of who is really a Christian, but rather to show the full depth of differences on the topic of communion by those who practice it.
制作这样的视频非常辛苦。 Making videos like this is a lot of work.
如果你愿意支持我继续研究，请访问readytoharves t.com成为会员，观看无广告视频、查阅文字稿等更多内容。 If you're willing to help me continue my research, visit readytoharvest.com to become a member and watch ad-free videos, see the transcripts, and much more.
如果你想了解各基督教宗派在洗礼上的差异，请点击这里。 Now, if you wanna learn about how Christian denominations differ on baptism, click here.