欢迎回到要理讲授，让我们以「奉父、子、圣灵的名」开始。 Welcome back to Catechism, and let's begin in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
阿们。 Amen.
万福玛利亚，你充满圣宠，主与你同在。 Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee.
你在妇女中是蒙祝福的，你的胎儿耶稣也是蒙祝福的。 Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
圣母玛利亚，神之母，求你现在和我们临终时为我们罪人祈求。 Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.
阿们。 Amen.
来吧，圣灵，请充满你信徒的心，在他们心中燃起你爱的火焰。 Come, O Holy Ghost, fill the hearts of thy faithful and enkindle in them the fire of thy love.
求你发出你的灵，他们就被创造，你也要更新地面的面貌。 Send forth thy Spirit and they shall be created, and thou shalt renew the face of the earth.
让我们祈祷。 Let us pray.
神啊，你曾借着圣灵的光照教导信徒的心，求你使我们也在同一圣灵 内真正有智慧，并常因他的安慰而喜乐。因我们的主基督之名求你。 O God, who did instruct the hearts of the faithful by the light of the Holy Ghost, grant that in the same Spirit we may be truly wise and ever rejoice in his consolation, through the same Christ our Lord.
阿们。 Amen.
圣女贞德，为我们祈求。 St. Joan of Arc, pray for us.
圣托马斯·阿奎那，为我们祈求。 St. Thomas Aquinas, pray for us.
圣莫尼加，为我们祈求。 St. Monica, pray for us.
奉父、子、圣灵的名。 In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
阿们。 Amen.
好，欢迎回来。 Well, welcome back.
我们现在要开始讲坚振圣事。 We are going to launch into the sacrament of Confirmation.
上次我们讲的是洗礼圣事。 So last time we talked about the sacrament of Baptism.
这次我们要讲坚振圣事，希望我们能多了解一些关于这圣事的内容、质料和形式。 This time we're going to talk about the sacrament of Confirmation, and hopefully we'll learn a few things or two about that sacrament, its matter and form.
我们也会看看圣经中相关的地方，希望能更清楚地 理解这个很多人对其神学背景不太了解的圣事。 We'll learn about some places in Scripture and just hopefully get a better understanding of this vague sacrament that a lot of people don't really know a lot of the theology behind.
我们将依靠特利腾大公会议的要理和圣经来讲解。 We're going to be relying on the Catechism of the Council of Trent and Sacred Scripture.
等到课程快结束时，我会回答你们的问题。 Later on, as we get to the end of the class, I'll answer your questions.
如果你们想在脸书上提交问题，我们之后可以来回答。 So if you want to submit those on Facebook, we can answer those questions later on.
那我们现在就开始讲这个圣事吧。 So let's go ahead and start with the sacrament.
我们要讲这个圣事，所以我们会先给出它的定义。 We're going to talk about the sacrament, so we're going to give you the definition of the sacrament.
坚振圣事是新约中的一个圣事，藉着圣化圣油的傅抹和施行者的 话语，赐予恩典，使人得以坚强，并开始成为基督的完美战士。 So the sacrament of Confirmation is a sacrament of the New Law in which, by the anointing with sacred chrism and the words of the minister, grace is conferred, and the person is strengthened and begins to be a perfect soldier of Christ.
我们将逐一探讨这个定义中的各个要素：新约的圣事，藉着圣化圣油的傅抹 和施行者的话语，赐予恩典，使人得以坚强，并开始成为基督的完美战士。 So we're going to look at each of those elements of that definition: the sacrament of the New Law, which by the anointing of the sacred chrism and the words of the minister, grace is conferred, the person is strengthened, and begins to be a perfect soldier of Christ.
那我们来看看这个。 So let's take a look at that.
新约的圣事。 So the sacrament of the New Law.
当然，这是属于新约的圣事；显然这不是旧约的一部分。 So of course this is in the New Law; obviously this is not part of the Old Law.
所以这是一个新的圣事，有它新的特性。 So there is a new sacrament; there's something new about it.
在旧约中对这个圣事的预表提及较少，但这是神所应许的。 There are fewer references to this sacrament in the Old Testament as far as it can foreshadow, but it is something that God promised.
这是圣灵特别赐予灵魂的时刻。 It's the distinct giving of the Holy Ghost to the soul.
现在你可能会说，等一下，这不就是洗礼吗？ Now we might say, Wait a second, isn't that just Baptism?
我们不是在洗礼时就领受了圣灵吗？ Don't we receive the Holy Ghost at Baptism?
圣灵不是住在我们心里吗？ The Holy Ghost dwells in our soul?
是的，确实如此。 And yes, it does.
圣灵确实在洗礼时住在我们心里。 The Holy Ghost, He does dwell in our soul at Baptism.
然而，在坚振圣事中，圣灵的能力有了新的展开。 However, there's a new unfolding of His power that happens at Confirmation.
你可以这样想：神设立所有圣事，是为了与我们自然生活中的经历相对应。 So if you want to look at it this way, think about it like this: God instituted all the sacraments to parallel the things that we do in our natural life.
所有圣事都是为了与我们自然生活中的某些事情相对应而设立的。 All the sacraments are instituted to parallel something that happens in our natural life.
我们在自然中出生，在属灵的生命中我们也重生。 So we are born naturally, and so in the spiritual life we are born again.
神藉着洗礼赐给我们新的生命，但这不是生命的全部。 So God has given us new birth through Baptism, but that's not the only part of our life.
你不能说：「好吧，我出生了」，或者说「我在属灵生命 中重生了」，然后就什么都不做，生命就会一直持续。 You can't just say, Well, look, I'm born, or in the spiritual life, I'm born again; I don't have to do anything, and I'm going to keep that life.
不，我们出生了，但那只是生命的开始。 No, we're born, but that's only the beginning of life.
然后我们必须做一些事来增强生命、增长生命。 And then we have to do things to augment our life, to increase our life.
我们需要吃饭。 We have to eat food.
如果我们生病了，就需要吃药。 If we get sick, we have to take some medicine.
我们也会在人生某个阶段从男孩变成男人，或从女孩变成女人。 We also go through a point in our life where we change from being a boy to a man or from being a girl to a woman.
有一天我们也许会成为父亲或母亲，无论是自然的 父母，还是因蒙召进入圣召而成为属灵的父母。 And then also maybe one day we might be fathers or mothers, natural fathers, natural mothers, or spiritual fathers, spiritual mothers, by the beautiful call to a religious vocation.
这些自然生活中的经历在属灵生命中都有对应。 And so all of these things are mirrored in the spiritual life.
我们了解自然生活。 We know about the natural life.
我们看到我们的父母，他们出生、成长。 We see our parents; we see they were born, we see they grow.
我们知道每天都要吃饭。 We know we have to eat every day.
我们知道生病时要吃药。 We know if we get sick, we have to take medicine.
然后人们长大，成为父母，或成为祭司、修女。 And then people grow up and become moms and dads or priests and religious sisters.
这些自然生活中的经历，在属灵生命中都有对应。 Well, all those things, those things that happen in the natural life, are mirrored in the spiritual life.
在自然生活中我们有出生，在属灵生命中我们有洗礼。 In the natural life, we have birth; in the spiritual life, we have Baptism.
那我刚才提到的这些人生经历中，哪一个对应坚振圣事呢？ Which one of those events that I talked about in our life corresponds to Confirmation?
就是那个转变，从男孩变成男人，或从女孩变成女人的转变。 Well, it's that change, that change from being a boy to a man or that change from being a girl to a woman.
这个转变在属灵上就是坚振圣事所反映的。 That's that change that is reflected spiritually in the sacrament of Confirmation.
这是一个使人坚强的转变。 So it's a strengthening change.
所以我们才说：在坚振圣事中，这是新约的圣事，藉着圣化 圣油的傅抹和施行者的话语，赐予恩典，使人得以坚强。 So that's why we say this: that in the sacrament of Confirmation, it's the sacrament of the New Law in which, with the anointing of sacred chrism and the words of the minister, grace is conferred, and the person is strengthened.
这就是我们所说的坚强，从幼稚走向成熟。 That's that strengthening we're talking about, childish.
你可能认识一些成年人还像青少年一样行事，对吧？ You know maybe some adults that still act like teenagers, right?
这些人虽然是大人，但可能并不像大人那样行事，对吧？ Those are people who, although they're grown-ups, they may not act like grown-ups, right?
所以即使我们领受了坚振圣事，如果我们没有因此变得圣洁，也不代表圣事没有效力。 So even though we might be given the sacrament of confirmation, it doesn't mean the sacrament didn't work if we didn't become holy because of it.
我们已经得到了所需的恩典，但我们必须配合它， 成为属灵上的成年人，属灵的男人、属灵的女人。 We were given what we needed, but we just have to work with it to be a good spiritual adult, spiritual man, spiritual woman.
这就是坚振圣事的意义，好吗？ That's what the sacrament of confirmation is about, okay?
那我们现在来总结一下。 So now let's finish in here.
我们会看到定义中的一些要素，从中了解这圣事是什么，以及它是如何施行的。 We'll see some elements of that definition where we can draw out what the sacrament is and how it's given.
这是新约的圣事，藉着圣化圣油的傅抹——现在我们要讲的是圣事的质料。 So it's the sacrament of the New Law in which, by the anointing with sacred chrism, so now here we are talking about the matter of the sacrament.
这圣事的质料就是圣化圣油的傅抹。 The matter of the sacrament is the anointing with sacred chrism.
质料，也就是所使用的物质，是圣化圣油。 So the matter, the material that's used, is sacred chrism.
那是橄榄油，特别祝圣过的，并混合了香脂。 That is olive oil that's specially blessed, mixed with balm.
这是由主教在四旬期末期祝圣的，对吧？ It's blessed by the bishop near the end of Lent, right?
在圣周期间，他会举行弥撒，祝圣全教区所需使用的圣油。 In Holy Week, he'll have a Mass in which he blesses the oils that are used throughout the diocese.
所以，为了合法地施行坚振圣事，必须使用由本地主教祝圣的圣油。 So one is required for illicit administration of the sacrament of confirmation to use the oils that were consecrated by the local bishop.
换句话说，在这个州里只有一个教区。 In other words, in this state, there's one diocese.
所以在爱达荷州，我们会使用博伊西教区主教祝圣的圣油。 So in Idaho, we would use the oils consecrated by the bishop down in Boise, the diocese of Boise.
这是合法施行圣事所必须的。 So that's required for licit administration of the sacrament.
如果使用其他圣化圣油，圣事仍然有效，但不合法，对吧？ So it would still be valid if you used other sacred chrism, but it wouldn't be licit, right?
所以我们需要使用本地教区主教祝圣的圣油，那圣化圣油是由主教祝圣的。 So we need to use the local ordinary's oil, and that sacred chrism is blessed by the bishop.
每年祝圣一次。 It's done once a year.
这就构成了圣事的质料。 That constitutes the matter, the matter of the sacrament.
对那圣化圣油有特别的祷文祝圣。 Special prayer given to that sacred chrism.
那形式呢？ What about the form?
每个圣事都有质料和形式。 Each sacrament has matter and form.
我们在洗礼中已经看到这一点。 We saw that in baptism.
洗礼的质料是水的倾注。 The matter is the pouring on of the water.
形式是祭司或施洗者所说的话：「我奉父、子、圣灵的名给你施洗」。 The form is the words of the priest or the minister of baptism saying, I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
那坚振圣事的形式是什么？ What about in the sacrament of confirmation?
形式是哪些话语？ What's the form?
形式是主教——通常是主教施行坚振圣事时所说的话。 The form are the words that the bishop—it's normally a bishop who administers the sacrament of confirmation.
形式的用语是：「我以十字圣号给你画印，并以救 恩的圣化圣油坚振你，奉父、子、圣灵的名。」 It's the words, I sign thee with the sign of the cross, and I confirm thee with the chrism of salvation in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
「我以十字圣号给你画印，并以救恩的圣化圣油坚振你或坚固你。」 I sign thee with the sign of the cross, and I confirm thee or strengthen thee with the chrism of salvation.
这些话语构成了这个圣事的形式，明白了吗？ Those words constitute the form of this sacrament, okay?
换句话说，并不是每次你在额头上抹油就等于领受了一个圣事。 Because in other words, it's not like every time you put oil on your forehead, you receive a sacrament.
不是光靠圣油就能成事，而是施行圣事的圣职人员所 说的话语，那祝福、那傅抹的行动所带来的能力。 It's not just the oil that does it; it's the words that are said by the sacred minister giving that blessing, that anointing with oil, the power that it does.
这就是形式的作用。 That's what the form does.
它使所用的行动或质料提升到一个属灵的层次，使其具有属灵的效力。 It takes the action or the substance, the matter you're using, and it puts it on a level that gives it its spiritual power.
这就是质料和形式。 So that's the matter and the form.
也就是圣化圣油的傅抹，以及施行者所说的话语。 So the sacred chrism, the anointing, and then the words of the minister.
那么效果是什么呢？ Well, what's the effect?
恩典被赐予。 Grace is conferred.
我们在这个圣事中领受恩典。 So we receive grace.
我们确实在这个圣事中领受恩典。 We actually receive grace in this sacrament.
每一个圣事都会赐予恩典。 Every one of the sacraments gives grace.
这个圣事也带来一个不能磨灭的印记。 This is a sacrament that also brings an indelible mark.
「不能磨灭」的意思是无法抹去。 Indelible means unerased.
删除某样东西，就是将它抹去。 So to delete something, to erase it, you delete it.
「不能磨灭」就是无法删除、无法抹去。 Indelible means undeletable, unerased.
所以它在我们灵魂上留下一个不能磨灭的印记。 So it leaves an indelible mark on our soul.
它会永久地改变我们的灵魂，我会向你说明这和我们的自然生命有何相似之处。 It will change our soul permanently, and I'll show you how that compares to our natural life, right?
一旦你出生了，你就存在了，对吧？ Once you're born, you're born, and now you exist, okay?
当然，你在神构思你时就已经存在了，对吧？ Well, you existed right when God conceived you, right?
但你出生之后，会经历一个转变，从男孩变成男人，或从女孩变成女人。 But you're born, and then you have a certain change that happens when you go from being a boy to being a man or from being a girl to being a woman.
一旦这个转变发生了，你就无法回头。 Once that change happens, you can't go back.
你无法将它抹去。 You can't unerase that.
你不能回到像婴儿一样的模样。 You can't go back and now look like a little baby again.
你无法倒退。 You can't go in the reverse.
你不能再往那个方向走了。 You can't go in that direction anymore.
一旦你长大了，一旦你看起来像个大人，一旦你经历了从男孩到男人 、从女孩到女人的转变，你就不能再回头变成小孩的样子了，对吧？ Once you're grown up, once you look like a grown-up, once you pass through that stage, that transition from being a boy to a man or from being a girl to a woman, you can't go back and look like a little kid again, right?
所以在坚振圣事中也有一个永久的转变，对应我们属灵的成熟。 So that's a permanent change in the sacrament of confirmation, which corresponds to our spiritual maturity.
我们的灵魂也发生了改变。 There also is a change to our soul.
这是一个在我们灵魂上留下的永久印记，无法抹去，而这个印记赋予我们能力。 It's a permanent mark that's left on our soul that we can't erase, and that permanent mark gives us powers.
正是这个不能磨灭的印记留在我们灵魂上。 It's from that indelible mark that is left on our soul.
它赋予我们能力去做我们可以做的事，我们会解释这个圣事使我们能做些什么。 It gives us the power to do what we can do, and we'll explain what we can do because of this sacrament.
于是我们被坚固了。 So we are then strengthened.
我们开始成为基督的完美战士。 We begin to become a perfect soldier of Christ.
这就是定义的最后一部分，对吧？ That's the last part of that definition, right?
我们成为基督的完美战士。 We become a perfect soldier of Christ.
这就是我们被坚固的原因。 That's why we were strengthened.
这就是我们被赐予恩典、被坚固、从属灵的孩童转变为属灵成人的原因。 That's why we were given this grace, this strengthening, this change from being a spiritual child to being a spiritual grown-up.
这就是所发生的事。 That's what happens.
我们被赋予能力成为属灵的成人，而这是为了我们能为主而战，对吧？ We're given that power to do that, to be a spiritual grown-up, but that's so that we can fight for the Lord, right?
我们是征战中的教会。 We are the Church Militant.
这是教会在世上的部分，仍然在世界中。 That's this part of the world, this part of the Church that is out here still in the world.
这就是征战中的教会。 That's the Church Militant.
还记得教会的三个部分吗？ Remember the three parts of the Church?
征战的教会、受苦的教会、凯旋的教会。 Church Militant, Church Suffering, Church Triumphant.
顺便说一下，在弥撒中确实有一个部分反映了教会的这三部分。 By the way, you know there's actually a point in the Mass where those three parts of the Church are reflected?
你还记得在传统拉丁弥撒中，祭司拿起圣餐，将圣餐掰成两半， 然后从中掰下一小块，将两大块放下，手持那小块圣餐在圣爵上 方画三个十字圣号，然后将那小块圣餐放入圣爵中，对吧？ You remember the part in the Holy Mass where the priest takes the sacred host, he breaks that host in two, and then he takes one half of that host and he breaks a small particle of that host off, and he puts the two larger halves down, and holding that smaller particle over the chalice, he makes three signs of the cross, and then he places the sacred particle into the chalice, right, in the traditional Latin Mass?
那其实就是教会三部分的象征，因为圣爵中，那充满宝血的喜乐之杯，象征着凯旋的教会。 Well, that's actually a sign of the three parts of the Church because inside the chalice, that chalice of joy, you know, that's filled with the precious blood, right?
凯旋的教会已经进入天堂的喜乐。 There we have a symbol of the Church Triumphant because the Church Triumphant has already entered into the joy of Heaven.
他们与神同在天堂中。 They are with God in Heaven.
而那留在圣爵外的两块圣餐象征着仍在天堂之外的教 会的两个部分：受苦的教会和征战的教会，对吧？ The other two halves, the other two parts of the host that remain outside the chalice, those symbolize the other two parts of the Church that remain outside of Heaven: the Church Suffering and the Church Militant, right?
征战的教会就是地上的教会。 The Church Militant is the Church here on Earth.
受苦的教会是炼狱中的教会，那些在炼狱中的灵魂。 The Church Suffering is the Church in Purgatory, those souls in Purgatory.
我们仍在天堂之外，也就是圣爵之外。 We're still outside Heaven, the chalice, as it were.
我们仍未进入天堂。 We're still outside of Heaven.
我们渴望加入凯旋的教会，进入天堂。 We want to join the Church Triumphant in Heaven.
所以我们被安置在这世上，作为征战的教会，要成为基督的战士。 So we are put on this Earth, the Church Militant, to be soldiers of Christ.
我们蒙召成为基督的战士。 We are called to be soldiers of Christ.
战士为他们的君王而战。 Soldiers fight for their king.
战士为他们君王的权利而战。 Soldiers fight for the rights of their king.
战士要上战场。 Soldiers go into battle.
这就是我们该做的。 That's what we need to do.
我们要训练自己上战场。 We need to train ourselves to go into battle.
这就是为什么你父母会对你说：「奉献吧」，对吧？ That's why your parents tell you things like, Offer it up, right?
因为你正在训练自己。 Because you're training yourself.
你正在训练成为战场上的战士。 You're training to be a soldier in battle.
这就是这个圣事赐给我们力量去做的事。 So that's what this sacrament gives us the strength to do.
我现在要向你们说明这是一个独立的圣事，因为在圣经中有几处提到坚振圣事。 And I'm going to show you that this is a distinct sacrament because there are a couple of places in Sacred Scripture where confirmation is mentioned.
其中一处是在《使徒行传》第8章14至17节。所以我们要来看这些经文。 So there's one place where confirmation is mentioned in Sacred Scripture, and that is Acts chapter 8, verse 14 through 17. So we're going to look at those verses.
那是四节经文：《使徒行传》第8章14至17节。我们来读这些经文。 There's four verses there: Acts chapter 8, verse 14 through 17. So let's read those verses.
就是这里：《使徒行传》第8章14至17节。注意你可以从中看出两个不同的圣事。 So here it is: Acts chapter 8, 14 through 17. And notice you can pick up on the two distinct sacraments.
「使徒在耶路撒冷听见撒马利亚人领受了神的道，就打发彼得、约 翰往他们那里去。二人到了，就为他们祷告，要叫他们受圣灵。」 Now when the apostles who were in Jerusalem had heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John, who, when they were come, prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Ghost.
「因为圣灵还没有降在他们一个人身上；他们只奉主耶稣的名受了洗。」 For he was not as yet come upon any of them, but they were only baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
「于是使徒按手在他们头上，他们就受了圣灵。」 Then they laid their hands upon them, and they received the Holy Ghost.
你看到这些经文了吗？ You see those verses?
看看这些经文，它们在圣经中显示了坚振圣事。 Take a look at those verses there where it shows this sacrament of confirmation in Sacred Scripture.
《使徒行传》第8章从第14节开始，说使徒从耶路撒冷打发圣彼得和若望去。 Acts chapter 8 starts out, verse 14 starts out, it says that they sent the apostles who were in Jerusalem to St. Peter and John.
他们被打发去，是为了让那些人领受圣灵，因为圣灵还没有赐给他们。 They sent them to these people that they might receive the Holy Ghost because the Holy Ghost hadn't been given to them.
他们只是受了洗。 They were only baptized.
注意这个区别了吗？ Notice the distinction?
经文说他们受了洗，但还没有领受圣灵的特别恩赐。 It's saying that they were baptized, but it's saying that they had not received the special gift of the Holy Ghost yet.
他们只是奉主耶稣的名受了洗。 They were only baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
然后我们看到发生了什么：圣彼得和圣若望按手在他们头上，他们就领受了圣灵。 And then we see what happens: St. Peter, St. John laid their hands upon them, and they received the Holy Ghost.
所以我们可以从这些圣经中的话语看出，这里有两个不同的圣事。 Okay, so we can see then from these words in Sacred Scripture that there are two distinct sacraments going on here.
一个是洗礼圣事，对吧？ There's the sacrament of baptism, okay?
他们已经受了洗，然后还有另一个圣事，就是按手，好让他们领受圣灵。 They had been baptized, and then there's this other sacrament that involved the laying on of hands so that they could receive the Holy Ghost.
也请注意这个区别。 Notice also this distinction.
还记得我说过坚振圣事的通常施行者是谁吗？ Remember I said who the normal minister is of the sacrament of confirmation?
通常的施行者是谁？ The normal minister is who?
你们猜得到吗？ Can any of you guess it?
是主教，对吧？ It's the bishop, okay?
所以如果你猜是主教，那你答对了。 So if you guessed the bishop, that's correct.
主教是坚振圣事的通常施行者。 That's the normal minister of the sacrament of confirmation.
现在从我们刚才读的《使徒行传》第8章的经文中， 你能看出在初期教会中坚振圣事有特别的施行者吗？ Now from these verses we just read from Acts chapter 8, can you tell that there is a special minister of confirmation right there in the early Church?
注意，他们已经受了洗，但之后却派遣了使徒圣 彼得和圣若望前去，藉着按手赐予他们圣灵。 Notice they were baptized already, but then they sent the apostles, St. Peter and St. John, to go and do this special giving of the Holy Ghost by laying on their hands.
那么，难道不是任何人都可以施行坚振圣事吗？ Well, can't just anyone do this sacrament of confirmation?
不，不是任何人都可以施行坚振圣事。 Well, no, not just anyone can do this sacrament of confirmation.
施行坚振圣事的是主教。 It is a bishop who administers the sacrament.
不过主教可以委托他人。 Now the bishop can delegate.
他可以将这个权力授予祭司，使祭司可以施行坚振圣事。 He can give this power, extend this power to his priest so that the priest can administer this sacrament of confirmation.
但通常的施行者是主教，除非主教真正地委托，否则圣事就不有效。 But the normal minister is the bishop, and unless the bishop actually delegates that, then it wouldn't be a valid sacrament.
所以我们需要有这个委托。 So we need that delegation.
祭司必须得到主教的委托，才能有效地施行坚振圣事。 A priest needs that delegation from a bishop to validly confirm this sacrament, to give this sacrament.
所以我们刚才看到的几节经文很有意思，因为它显示了圣事有 特别的施行者，通常是两位使徒，而主教是使徒的继承人。 So it's a neat several verses that we just saw here because there it shows that there are special ministers of the sacrament, normally two apostles, and the bishops are the successors of the apostles.
它也显示了按手的动作——如果你领受过坚振圣事，你会记得主教把 手按在你额头上，然后用他的拇指和手掌将圣油傅抹在你额头上。 And it shows that there's a laying on of hands, which if you've received the sacrament of confirmation, you'll remember that the bishop laid his hand on your forehead, and with his other thumb, with the rest of his hand, his thumb, he anoints you with the oil while he first lays his hand, and he anoints you with the oil.
所以就像《使徒行传》第8章第17节所说的那样，有按手的动作。 So there's a laying on of hands just like it says in Acts 8, verse 17, that they laid hands on them.
我们也看到圣事的效果：他们领受了圣灵。 And we see the effect of the sacrament: they received the Holy Ghost.
我之前提到过，我们在洗礼时就领受了圣灵。 Now I mentioned earlier that you receive the Holy Ghost at baptism.
那这里是怎么回事呢？ What's going on there?
这是不是意味着我们在洗礼时没有领受圣灵，还是说确实领受了？ Does that mean we don't or we do receive the Holy Ghost at baptism?
那为什么在坚振圣事中又有一次赐予圣灵的行动呢？ And then why is there another giving or this special giving of the Holy Ghost at confirmation?
圣托马斯·阿奎那是这样解释的：当我们受洗时，我 们领受了德行，也以潜在的方式领受了圣灵的恩赐。 St. Thomas Aquinas explained it this way: when we are baptized, we are given the virtues, and we are also given the gifts in a latent form.
圣托马斯说这些恩赐是以潜在的方式存在的。 St. Thomas said they are in a latent form.
「潜在」的意思是隐藏的。 Latent means a hidden.
就像是休眠的状态。 It's like a dormant.
就像是沉睡的状态。 It's like a sleeping form.
这有点像船上的帆。 It's kind of like the sails of a ship.
如果你曾在帆船上，看过那种大帆，那真的很壮观。 If you've ever been on a sailing ship with this big canvas sail, that's really, really neat to see.
你会发现船有两种方式可以前进。 You see that there's two ways you can move a ship.
在古时候，船靠风力前进，但有时也会使用桨，用划桨的方式推动船只。 In the old days, they would have a ship that was powered by the wind, but then they would also sometimes put out oars, and you can pull the ship along with the oars.
圣托马斯·阿奎那把德行比作划桨。 St. Thomas Aquinas compared the virtues.
对吧？ Right?
当我们实践信、望、爱三德，以及公义、明智、刚毅、节制四德时， When we make acts of faith, hope, and charity, justice, prudence, fortitude, temperance, right?
这七种德行就像是用桨划动你灵魂之船的方式。 So the three theological virtues, the four moral virtues, those are like pulling the ship of your soul along with oars.
你可以这样做， So you can do it.
它确实能推动船前进，但那是很费力的方式，主要靠我们自己的方式——虽然 神也赐能力帮助我们实践这些德行——但这是一种较慢、较有步骤的方式。 It moves the ship, but it's a lot of work, and it operates on our own mode, our own—not only our own power, because God gives power to help us with those virtues, but it's a slower way, a more methodical and slow way of moving the ship.
那推动船更快的方法是什么？ What's the faster way of moving a ship?
就是靠风的力量。 It is actually by the power of the wind.
所以当我们受洗时，我们就得到了帆。 So when we are baptized, we are given the sails.
我们确实得到了那些帆。 We're actually given those sails.
我们以潜在的方式领受了那些恩赐，但那些帆是卷起来的。 We're given the gifts in a latent form, but those sails are all rolled up.
你有没有看过帆船上帆是卷起来的？ You ever see a ship where the sails are rolled up?
帆是存在的，但都卷起来了。 They're there, but they're all rolled up.
而在坚振圣事中，帆就被展开了。 So what happens at confirmation is those sails get unfolded.
现在你有了张开的帆，它们可以捕捉风的气息，使船强有力地前进。 Now you have the power of those sails set, and they can catch the breath of the wind, and you can move the ship really powerfully.
同样地，圣托马斯说我们在洗礼时以卷起的方式领受了恩赐 ，比如智慧、聪明、知识、劝导、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主。 So in the same way, St. Thomas says we're given the gifts in a latent form, in like a rolled-up form at baptism, because we can have those gifts of wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord.
我们有智慧。 We have wisdom.
你知道，当我们还是未坚振的年轻公教徒时，我们也可以有一些智慧。 You know, when we're a young Catholic before we're confirmed, we can have some wisdom.
我们可以有聪明、劝导、知识、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主。 We can have understanding, counsel, knowledge, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord.
我们在某种程度上拥有这些，但它们还没有以属神的方式运作。 We have those things in some way, but they're not acting in a divine way.
而在坚振圣事中，神展开了这些帆，释放了这些恩赐的力量。 So what happens at confirmation is God unfurls those sails, releases the power of those gifts.
这些恩赐现在以新的方式赐给我们，对吧？ They are given to us in a new way now, right?
就像你小时候也有肌肉，但那时你并不真正有力量，对吧？ Just like you had muscles when you were a little kid, but you don't really have muscles when you're a little kid, do you?
你在成为成人时才真正拥有肌肉。 You're given muscles when you become an adult.
你变得更强壮了，对吧？ You get stronger, right?
同样地，我们在坚振圣事中领受了这些属灵的肌肉、 属灵的力量，也就是圣灵的恩赐，这就像展开了帆。 So in the same way, we are given these spiritual muscles, these spiritual strengths, these gifts of the Holy Ghost at confirmation, and that unfurls the sails.
现在我们可以捕捉风的气息，而在灵魂中，这风的 气息就是圣灵的气息，圣灵，就是圣灵，对吧？ So now we can catch the breath of the wind, but in this case, in the soul, the breath of the wind is the breath of the Holy Ghost, the Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit, right?
希腊文中称为 pneuma。 The pneuma, as it's said in the Greek.
pneuma 既是「灵」，也是「风」。 Pneuma is spirit, and it's also wind.
是同一个词，pneuma。 It's the same word, pneuma.
所以风是圣灵的象征。 So that is a symbol of the— the wind is a symbol of the Holy Ghost.
圣灵推动我们，就像风一样，你看不见它，但你能看到它的效果。 The Holy Ghost moves us, and just like the wind, you can't see it, but you can see its effects.
同样地，我们看不见圣灵，但我们能看到他在灵魂中的作为。 So in the same way, we can't see the Holy Ghost, but we can see his effects in the soul.
所以我们被赋予了这种能力。 And so we are given this power.
我们在洗礼时领受了圣灵，但他在我们里面的临在是以不同的方式。 So we are given the Holy Ghost at baptism, but his existence in us is in a different way.
他以更强而有力的方式来到我们里面，推动我们的灵魂，只要我们愿意让他动工。 He comes to us in a strong way, in a more powerful way that moves our soul, that is able to move our soul if we let him.
我们当然也可以抗拒。 We can always resist that.
如果我们设置障碍，如果我们有执着，如果我们 对圣灵设置阻碍，他就无法推动我们的灵魂。 If we put obstacles, if we have attachments, if we put up obstacles to the Holy Ghost, he can't move that soul.
就像你有帆。 It's just like if you have the sails.
当你在海上张帆时，你必须把帆拉下来，对吧？ When you set a sail out at sea, you have to pull the sail down, right?
你要拉几根绳子来张开帆。 And you have several lines that you pull to set the sail.
如果你不拉，或者你有执着，在某根绳子上抗拒，那帆就无法完全展开。 If you're not pulling, if you have an attachment, you're resisting on one line, that sail's not going to be fully set.
这就是为什么我们要摆脱执着。 So that's why we release ourselves from attachments.
这就是为什么我们要做补赎。 That's why we do penance.
这就是为什么我们要克己，对吧？ That's why we mortify ourselves, right?
我们要做牺牲，好让我们灵魂中没有任何东西阻 碍神展开帆，使圣灵可以更有力地推动我们。 Make sacrifices so that we don't have anything blocking the unfolding of the sails that God wants to do in our soul so that his Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit, can move us more and more powerfully.
好，这就是圣经中提到坚振圣事的一处经文。 Okay, so that's one verse in Sacred Scripture where confirmation is discussed.
但圣经中还有另一处提到坚振圣事，那是在《哥林多后书》。 But there's another verse in Sacred Scripture where confirmation is referenced, and that is in 2 Corinthians.
我们来看那段经文：《哥林多后书》第1章21至22节。经文这样说：「那在基督里坚固 我们和你们，并且膏我们的就是神；他又用印印了我们，并赐圣灵在我们心里作凭据。」 Okay, so we're going to take a look at that verse: 2 Corinthians chapter 1, verse 21 through 22. Here is a little verse here which says this: Now he that confirmeth us with you in Christ and that hath anointed us is God, who also hath sealed us and hath given us the pledge of the Spirit in our hearts.
《哥林多后书》1章21至22节：「那在基督里坚固我们和你们，并且 膏我们的就是神；他又用印印了我们，并赐圣灵在我们心里作凭据。」 2 Corinthians 1, verse 21 through 22. He that confirmed us with you in Christ and hath anointed us is God, who has also sealed us and has given the pledge of the Spirit in our hearts.
看看这些经文中显示坚振圣事的所有要素。 So look at all those elements there that show the sacrament of confirmation.
注意，连「坚固」这个词都在经文中出现了。 Notice even the very word is there: He has confirmed us, strengthened us.
这就是它的意思。 That's what it means.
他膏了我们。 He's anointed us.
这正是坚振圣事中发生的事。 That's what happens in the sacrament of confirmation.
我们被圣化圣油傅抹，这是坚振圣事中特别的傅油仪式。 We're anointed with that sacred chrism, anointing, a special anointing with oil that happens with the sacrament of confirmation.
而且注意第22节中提到了「印印」。 And it also—notice in verse 22 there's the sealing.
这就是我们灵魂中发生的事。 That's what happens in our soul.
那是不能磨灭的印记。 That's the indelible mark.
他用印印了我们。 He has sealed us.
就像你把印章盖在蜡上，或更常见地盖在纸上，一旦盖上了印章，就无法从纸上抹去。 Just like when you put a seal into a piece of wax or even better into a piece of paper, you can't get that seal out of that paper once you've put that seal in there.
那就是在我们灵魂上留下的不能磨灭的印记。 That is the indelible mark left on our soul.
灵印了我们，并将圣灵赐在我们心中作为凭据。 God has sealed us, and he has given the pledge of the Spirit in our hearts, the pledge or promise of the Spirit.
换句话说，这个圣灵的赐予是未来荣耀和力量的应许。 So in other words, this promise, putting of the Spirit in our hearts, is a promise of future glory, of future strength.
我们成为基督的战士，这是对我们作为神忠仆未来盼望的应许。 We become soldiers of Christ, and it's a promise of what our future expectation is as good servants of God.
所以圣经中有几处提到了坚振圣事。 So there's a couple of places then in Sacred Scripture that have a reference to confirmation.
如果我们想更了解这个圣事的力量和效果，我们可以看看使徒们在坚振前后的变化。 Now if we want to get a little sense of what the power of this sacrament and the effects of this sacrament are, we can kind of get a sense of what happened to the apostles, how they were before they were confirmed and after they were confirmed.
有一位作者名叫哈利根。 There is an author named Halligan.
他多年前曾在传统修院学习。 He studied in traditional seminaries years back.
他写了一本书叫《圣事的施行》，在书中他写道，坚振圣事是我们个人的五旬节。 He has a book called The Administration of the Sacraments, and he writes in there how the sacrament of confirmation is our personal Pentecost.
这是我们个人的五旬节。 It's our personal Pentecost.
想想五旬节那天发生了什么，对吧？ Think about what happened at the Feast of Pentecost, right?
在第一次基督徒的五旬节，使徒们都因恐惧而躲在楼上的房间里，对吧？ That first Christian Pentecost, the apostles were all hiding in terror, in fear, in the upper room, right?
就像大家害怕新冠病毒一样，外面有各种事情发生。 Kind of like everyone's afraid of the coronavirus, and there's all these things going on.
你知道，使徒们在楼上充满恐惧，突然圣灵以大能降临在他 们身上，有如大风，发出巨响，使城里的人都聚集过来。 You know, the apostles were in fear in that upper room, and then all of a sudden the Holy Ghost comes down upon them with great power, great wind caused such a noise that the people gathered around the town or gathered in the city of Jerusalem.
他们聚集到这座房子附近，想知道发生了什么事。 They gathered around this part of the town to wonder what was going on at this house.
他们听到那巨大的旋风之声，而那些几分钟前还因害怕性命而躲藏 的使徒们，突然走出来，充满了新的力量、新的勇气，开始宣讲。 They heard this great, great whirlwind of a noise, and then the apostles, who were hiding for fear of their lives just minutes before, all of a sudden come out, and they've got new power, new strength, new boldness, and they go out and they start preaching.
圣彼得原本充满恐惧，几天前还三次否认我们的主，现在却走出来说 ：「你们把生命的创始者钉在十字架上」，然后开始向他们讲道。 St. Peter, who was terrified, who just days earlier had denied our Lord three times, all of a sudden comes out and he says, The author of life you crucified, and then he preaches to them.
他指出基督确实是神，是先知所预言的，也指出圣经如何预言圣灵将以特殊方式赐下。 He shows that Christ indeed was God, was foretold, and he shows how the Bible foretold that the Holy Ghost would be given in a special way.
所以他得到了坚固。 And so he was strengthened.
他经历了五旬节的时刻，突然间成为基督的好战士。 He had that moment of Pentecost where all of a sudden he became a good soldier of Christ.
坚振圣事就是你个人的五旬节。 The sacrament of confirmation is your personal Pentecost.
你领受了那恩典，因为这是个人的五旬节，是圣灵的赐予。 You're given that grace because it's a personal Pentecost, because it's a giving of the Holy Ghost.
领受这个圣事时处于恩典状态是非常重要的。 It's very important to receive that sacrament in the state of grace.
如果灵魂上有大罪而领受这个圣事，那就是亵渎圣事。 It would be a sacrilege to receive that sacrament with mortal sin on our soul.
我们不能在灵魂有大罪的状态下领受这个圣事，否则就犯了严重的亵渎罪，明白吗？ We cannot receive this sacrament with any mortal sin on our soul, otherwise we would commit a grave sin of sacrilege, okay?
因为圣洁的事物不应赐予或放置在有罪的地方。 Because holy things should not be given to or placed in places where there's sin.
你知道圣经也这么说。 And you know the Bible even says that.
我不知道你是否知道这一点。 I'm not sure if you're aware of this.
这是在《智慧篇》里。 It's in the Book of Wisdom.
《智慧篇》是圣经中的一卷书，是公教徒拥有而新教徒圣经中没有的书卷之一。 The Book of Wisdom is a book in the Bible where it's a book actually that Catholics have, Protestants don't have in their Bible, okay?
他们缺少七卷书。 So they're missing seven books.
这是其中之一。 This is one of them.
《智慧篇》第1章第4节说：「智慧必不进入心 怀恶意的灵魂，也不住在屈服于罪的身体中。」 Book of Wisdom, chapter 1, verse 4, it says, Wisdom, which is also a reference to the Holy Ghost, wisdom will not enter into a malicious soul, nor will wisdom dwell in a body subject to sin.
我们知道这里提到的是圣灵，因为第5节说：「因为那施纪律的圣灵必远离诡诈的人。」 And we know that it's referencing the Holy Ghost because of verse 5: For the Holy Spirit of discipline will flee from the deceitful.
「并从无知的思念中撤回自己。」 And will withdraw himself from thoughts that are without understanding.
顺便说一句，这是一个护教学中常用的经文依据。 So it's actually one of the proof texts, by the way, and I'm going to put on my apologetics hat.
这是证明圣母必须处于恩典状态的经文之一。 It's one of the proof texts that shows that Our Lady must have been in a state of grace.
她在恩典中受孕；在天使报喜的那一刻，她的灵魂上没有罪。 In the state of grace, she was conceived without sin; she had no sin on her soul at the moment that the Annunciation took place.
因为圣经说：「圣灵不会住在有罪的地方；祂不会住在屈服于罪的身体中。」 This is because it says in the Sacred Scripture, The Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit, will not dwell where an iniquity is; there He will not dwell in a body subject to sin.
所以圣母的身体不能屈服于罪，否则圣灵就不会住在她里面。 So Our Lady's body could not be subject to sin; otherwise, the Holy Ghost would not have dwelt there.
我们知道圣灵确实住在她里面，见《路加福音》第1章。所以当我们领受坚振圣事 时，我们不应让圣灵进入一个屈服于罪的地方，因此我们必须在恩典状态中领受。 We know the Holy Ghost did dwell in her from Luke chapter 1. Okay, so when we receive the sacrament of Confirmation, we don't want to put the Holy Ghost in a place that is subject to sin, and so we would need to receive it in the state of grace.
如果有人——愿神不允许——在非恩典状态下领受这个圣事 ，那人实际上仍然有效地领受了圣事，尽管他犯了亵渎罪。 Now, if a person, God forbid, receives that sacrament not in the state of grace, the person actually still validly receives the sacrament, even though he would commit a sacrilege.
而且圣灵不会在那屈服于罪的身体中进入。 And what would happen is the Holy Ghost would not enter when the body is subject to sin.
当那人悔改并去办告解时，圣灵就会使他已领受的坚振圣事的恩典复活。 When that person goes to confession, repents of the sin first, and goes to confession, then the Holy Ghost revives the grace of Confirmation that the person already received.
明白了吗？ Okay?
所以如果有人——愿神不允许——在大罪状态下领受了坚振圣事，那人不需要重领圣事； 他只需要悔改，去办告解，当他向祭司办圣事性的告解时，坚振圣事的恩典就会复活。 So if one, God forbid, received the sacrament of Confirmation in the state of mortal sin, that person would not have to repeat the sacrament; that person would just have to repent of the sin, go to confession, and when that person makes a sacramental confession to a priest, the grace of the sacrament of Confirmation would revive.
明白了吗？ Okay?
那我们再更仔细地看看特利腾大公会议中关于这个圣事的内容。 So let's look again a little more closely at this sacrament in the Council of Trent.
正如特利腾大公会议所说，圣化圣油是由主教祝圣 的，我们也知道坚振圣事的施行者通常是主教。 So as the Council of Trent says, the chrism is consecrated by a bishop, and then we know that the minister of the sacrament of Confirmation is normally a bishop.
关于代父母——特利腾大公会议的要理中提到了坚振圣事的代父母。 The sponsors—the Catechism of the Council of Trent speaks about the sponsors at Confirmation.
因为坚振圣事是为了使人成为属灵的成人，所以应选择 能在成为成熟公教徒的旅程中帮助你的人作为代父母。 So because the sacrament of Confirmation is given so that a person can be a spiritual adult, one should choose sponsors that will help you in your journey in being a mature Catholic.
所以不一定要和洗礼时的代父母相同，通常是不同的。 So it doesn't have to be the same sponsors, and very often it is different.
你在坚振圣事中会有不同的代父母，在你领受坚振时，那位代父母会把手放在你右肩上。 You have a different sponsor for the sacrament of Confirmation, and that sponsor then, when the person is confirmed, will place the hand on the shoulder, the right shoulder of the person.
在一些较古老的礼仪中，你会看到代父母甚至把脚放在被坚振者的脚上，对吧？ In some older rituals, you'll see that the sponsor actually puts the foot on the foot of the other person, right?
这是一个比较古老的礼仪动作，但有时确实是这样施行圣事的。 So it's a kind of archaic rubric, but that can happen where that's how the sacrament is administered.
通常你会看到代父母把手放在被坚振者的肩膀上。 Or usually, you see that the sponsor puts the hand on the shoulder of the person being confirmed.
那位代父母应由被坚振者选择，应该是已经领过坚 振的人，并且能在属灵成长中成为好榜样的人。 That sponsor there is selected, should be selected by the person being confirmed, you know, from someone who's already confirmed and someone who's going to be a good example to this person in growing into spiritual maturity.
这可能与帮助你成为属灵婴儿的人不同；你属灵上刚出 生，然后你长大了，现在是成为属灵成人的时候了。 So it might be different from someone who's just helping you be a spiritual baby, and you just were born spiritually, and then you get older, and now it's time to become a spiritual adult.
你可能会选择另一位代父母，帮助你更成熟地走向我们至圣的主。 You might choose another sponsor who's going to help you in a more mature walk, journey towards our most blessed Lord.
所以领受坚振圣事是很重要的。 It's important then to be confirmed.
有些人会说：「我已经受洗了。」 Some people say, Well, I was baptized.
「我也领过初领圣餐了。」 I mean, I received my first Holy Communion.
「那我为什么还需要坚振呢？」 Why do I need to be confirmed?
如果你没有领坚振，那就像是一个小孩生活在大人的世界里，对吧？ Well, if you don't, it's like being a little kid in a grown-up's world, right?
你知道小时候，所有的椅子看起来都很大，桌子也很高，汤匙也很大，所有东西都很大。 You know how when you're a little kid, all the chairs seem bigger to you, the table seems bigger to you, the spoons are bigger to you, and all these things?
你是个小孩，生活在大人的世界里。 So you're a little kid in a big person's world.
坚振圣事使灵魂变得坚强；那人现在成为属灵的成人，因此他能更充分地享受天堂。 The sacrament of Confirmation makes that soul strong; that person now becomes a spiritual adult, and so the person actually is able to enjoy heaven more.
所以当一个孩子领受坚振后去世——愿神不允许——他进入天堂时是以成熟的状态进入的。 So when a child is confirmed, they actually enter into heaven, God forbid, if the child dies after he's confirmed, but he enters heaven in a mature state.
我曾为即将死亡的婴儿施行坚振圣事。 I have confirmed babies that were dying, right?
或者我们知道这个孩子看起来活不下去了。 Or that we knew, Okay, this child doesn't seem like it's going to make it.
在临终危险中可以施行这个圣事。 You can confer that sacrament in a danger of death.
虽然这不是得救所必需的，但可以施行这个圣事，使那灵魂以属灵成人的身份进入天堂。 It's not necessary for salvation, but you can confer that sacrament, and so that enables that soul to enter into heaven as a spiritual adult.
那灵魂将更深地观看真福直观，更深地理解，更深 地进入真福直观，并更完全地享受天堂，明白吗？ That soul will have a deeper vision of the beatific vision, a deeper understanding, a deeper penetration into the beatific vision, and enjoy heaven all the more, okay?
因为他是以属灵成人的身份进入天堂的。 Because he's entering that heaven as a mature spiritual adult.
特利腾大公会议的要理也谈到了坚振的年龄。 So the Catechism of the Council of Trent also talks about the age of Confirmation.
这点上有很多争议，对吧？ Now this is—there's much debate, right?
因为在全国不同地方，坚振圣事是在不同年龄施行的。 Because in different places across the country, the sacrament is conferred at different ages.
在西班牙语文化中，这个圣事通常在较小的年龄施行。 In Hispanic cultures, often that sacrament is conferred at a young age.
在东方教会，比如拜占庭礼中，这个圣事是在洗礼时就施行的。 In the East, the Byzantine rites and that sort of thing, the sacrament is conferred at baptism.
所以关于坚振圣事的年龄，特利腾大公会议说，这个圣事确实可以施行给所有人， 但它也说，在儿童尚未达到理智使用能力之前，施行这个圣事似乎是不合适的。 So the age for receiving the sacrament of Confirmation, as the Council of Trent says, the sacrament of Confirmation may indeed be administered to all, but it says that until the children shall have attained the use of reason, it seems its administration is inexpedient.
所以在儿童未达到理智使用能力之前施行坚振似 乎不合适，而理智使用的年龄是七岁，对吧？ So it seems inexpedient to give the sacrament to those who have not attained the use of reason, which is age seven, right?
就是所谓的辨别年龄、理智年龄。 The age of discretion, age of reason, right?
所以它说，如果不适合将坚振延后到十二岁，那么至少应推迟到七岁。 So it says if it does not seem well to defer Confirmation to the age of 12, it is most appropriate to postpone this sacrament to at least that of seven years.
所以从特利腾大公会议中我们可以看出，教会认为这个圣事应在七岁到十二岁之 间施行。虽然这不是教会的硬性规定，但这涉及到合宜与适当的问题，对吧？ So there you get from the Council of Trent a sense of where the Church says that sacrament should be conferred somewhere between seven and age 12. Now it's not a requirement of the Church, but it seems you talk about expedient and fittingness, right?
所以它说，如果不适合延后到十二岁，也不适合在七岁之前施行。 So it says if it doesn't seem well to defer Confirmation until age 12, well then it also doesn't seem expedient to confer it before seven.
所以它给出了一个合适的年龄范围。 So they're giving you the window, the age where it's appropriate.
很多教区会说是高中年龄之类的。 A lot of dioceses will say high school age, that sort of thing.
如果主教不愿在那之前授权，那我们也只能接受。 And so if the bishop won't delegate it until that age, then that's kind of what we're stuck with.
但无论如何，在进入困难的高中阶段之前，让灵魂装备好属灵成年的装备是有帮助的。 But at any rate, it's helpful to have that soul well-armed as the person goes into those difficult high school ages to have already the equipment for spiritual adulthood.
那么这个圣事有哪些效果呢？ So what are some of the effects?
坚振圣事的效果是什么？ The effects of the sacrament?
你领受了坚强的恩典；你能够坚强起来，能够在属灵的事上更成熟地思考。 You are given the grace of strength; you're able to be strong, you're able to think more maturely on spiritual things.
你在坚振时也会取一个名字；这是因为你被造为一个新的人，被造为属灵的成人。 You also take a name at Confirmation; that's because you are made like a new creature, you are made like a spiritual adult.
你被提升了，因此你取了一个属灵的名字。 You're elevated, and so you take on a spiritual name.
所以选择一个坚振名字是个好主意，这是你领坚振时所用的名字。 So it's a good idea to choose a Confirmation name, and that's the name by which you are confirmed.
你把你的坚振名字告诉主教或施行者，他在你领坚振时就用这个名字称呼你。 You give the bishop or the minister your name, your Confirmation name, and that's the name he gives you when you are confirmed.
他不会用你的洗礼名字，而是用你在坚振时所选择的名字。 He doesn't give you your baptismal name; he gives you the name that you give at Confirmation, that you choose at Confirmation.
所以坚振不仅使人坚强，也增加了神圣的恩典，对吧？ So not only does it strengthen, it also increases divine grace, right?
它增加了我们灵魂中的恩典。 So it increases the grace in our soul.
你会自动增长成圣恩典，同时也增长圣事恩典。 So you automatically just increase in sanctifying grace, but you also increase in sacramental grace.
你知道这两者是有区别的吗？ Did you know there's a distinction between the two?
恩典有两种：一种是成圣恩典，一种是圣事恩典。 There are two things: there's sanctifying grace, and then there's sacramental grace.
两种恩典：成圣恩典使灵魂圣洁，蒙神喜悦。 Two graces: sanctifying grace makes the soul holy and pleasing to God.
成圣恩典是进入天堂所必需的；我们必须在灵魂中拥有它才能进入天堂。 Sanctifying grace is necessary to get into heaven; we need to have that in our soul in order to get into heaven.
圣事恩典是每个圣事所特有的独特恩典。 Sacramental grace is the particular unique grace that is particular to each sacrament.
所以每个圣事都有它自己特别的恩典。 So each sacrament has its own special grace that is given.
我们当然希望领受成圣恩典的增长，使我们在圣德上成长，但 我们也希望领受——而且确实领受——那特别的圣事恩典。 So we want to receive the increase in sanctifying grace for sure, growing in holiness, but we also want to receive, and we do receive, that special sacramental grace.
那坚振圣事的圣事恩典是什么呢？ What's the sacramental grace of the sacrament of Confirmation?
它的效果是将成为基督战士的恩典印在我们身上。 Well, that has the effect of impressing upon us the grace of being a soldier of Christ.
它赐给你坚强的恩典。 It gives you the grace to be strong.
坚振圣事所特有的圣事恩典使你有勇气地事奉神，像基督的战士那样事奉神。 This particular sacramental grace of sacramental Confirmation gives you the strength to be courageous, to serve God in a courageous way, to serve God as a soldier of Christ would.
这就是圣事的印记。 So there's the character.
我们来谈谈这个印记。 Let's talk a little bit about that character.
特利腾大公会议的要理中谈到了这个。 The Catechism and the Council of Trent talks about that.
这个印记被印在灵魂上；这个印记，烙下这个印记。 This character is placed on the soul; this seal, it impresses this seal.
正是从这个印记中，圣事的能力流出。 And so this is from this seal that the powers of the sacrament flow.
我们在灵魂上领受了一个永久的印记。 So we are given this permanent mark on our soul.
它使我们更明确地成为属灵的成人，更明确地与基督认同，作 为一个成熟的公教徒，并赐给我们为全能的神而战的恩典。 It makes us more identified as a spiritual adult, more identified with Christ as a mature Catholic, and it gives us that grace of fighting for Almighty God.
那么你猜怎么着？ Well, guess what?
如果你是基督的战士，那你就该战斗。 If you're a soldier of Christ, we better fight.
如果你是战士，就该上战场。 If you're a soldier, you better take it to battle.
你应该带着你被赋予的装备上战场。 You better take the equipment you've been given to battle.
这就像给一个人配备了5.56步枪、防弹衣、凯夫 拉头盔、夜视镜，但他却不在军队里，也不打仗。 It's like arming someone with a 556 rifle, body armor, Kevlar helmet, night vision goggles, and then he's not in an army; he doesn't do any fighting.
这说不过去，对吧？ That doesn't make sense, right?
如果你被赋予了成为基督战士的一切装备，那你就该出去行动，对吧？ If you're given all the equipment to be a soldier of Christ, you just need to go out and do it, right?
所以在你领受坚振圣事的时候，就是学习护教学、学习 如何与邪恶作战、学习如何将信仰带给他人的时候。 So this is the right time then, when you receive that sacrament of Confirmation, learn your apologetics, learn to bring the fight to the evil one, learn how to bring the faith to others.
这就是我们作为基督战士要做的事。 That's what we want to do as soldiers of Christ.
我们要扩展天国；我们是为君王而战，要扩展祂的国度。 We want to advance the kingdom; we're fighting for the King, and we want to advance the kingdom.
我们不是以肉体的方式作战，而是属灵的争战。 We're not fighting in a physical way, so it's a spiritual fighting.
我们不是对人施加暴力；我们说的战斗不是这个，也不是提倡这个。 We're not doing violence to people; that's not the fighting we're talking about or advocating.
我们说的是与恶习作战。 We are talking about fighting our vices.
我们也说的是与世界上的邪恶作战，对吧？ We're also talking about fighting evil in the world, right?
有时我们必须对抗一些公共的邪恶，也要对抗无知，对吧？ And sometimes there's public things that we have to fight against, and also fighting ignorance, right?
我们要把信仰带给那些还不认识信仰的人。 We want to bring the faith to those who do not know the faith.
这对我们来说非常非常重要。 It's very, very important for us to do that.
明白了吗？ Okay?
我们来谈谈坚振圣事的礼仪。 Let's talk a little bit about the ceremonies of Confirmation.
在坚振圣事的礼仪中，有在额头上傅抹圣油的动作。 In the ceremonies of Confirmation, there's the anointing of the oil on the forehead.
明白了吗？ Okay?
正是藉着这个动作，圣灵进入信徒的灵魂中。 So it's by this that the Holy Ghost infuses Himself into the souls of the faithful.
是藉着傅抹圣油，圣灵进入人心。 It's by the anointing of the oil the Holy Ghost comes in.
圣油是圣灵的一个非常美丽的象征。 That oil is a really beautiful image of the Holy Ghost.
我们在洗礼中也使用它。 We use it at baptism.
我大约一个半小时前刚为一个婴儿施洗，我也在他头顶傅抹了圣化圣油。 I just baptized someone probably about an hour ago, an hour and a half ago, a little baby, and I anointed that baby with sacred chrism as well on the top of its head.
那是圣灵在他灵魂中的象征。 It's a symbol of the Holy Ghost in that soul.
所以在坚振圣事中，傅抹圣化圣油——祝圣的橄榄油——是圣灵在灵魂中的记号。 And so in the sacrament of Confirmation, the anointing with sacred chrism, with sacred oil, blessed olive oil, is a sign of the Holy Ghost in that soul.
就像油会扩散并充满，油也会发光，对吧？ Just like oil spreads out and fills, oil gives light, right?
你知道橄榄油可以做灯。 You know you can make lamps out of olive oil.
油能滋养和增强体力；你甚至可以食用油。 Oil nourishes and strengthens; you can actually consume oil.
你可以吃油，它会增强你、滋养你。 You can eat oil, and it will strengthen you; it will nourish you.
在古时候，油也被用来增强人的肌肉。 Oil is also used in the old days to strengthen people's muscles.
在古代，运动员会在肌肉上涂油来增强体力，为战斗做准备。 Back in the old days, the athletes would strengthen up their muscles by putting oil on their muscles, right, and getting ready for battle.
这就是油的作用之一。 That's what oil does; that's one of the properties of oil.
而这些作用，圣灵在我们灵魂中也会实现。 And all these things, this happens to our soul with the Holy Ghost.
圣灵坚固我们的灵魂；圣灵使我们为战斗做好准备；圣灵启迪我们。 The Holy Ghost strengthens our soul; the Holy Ghost prepares us for battle; the Holy Ghost enlightens us.
我们领受智慧、聪明、知识、劝导、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主——圣灵的七恩。 We get wisdom, knowledge, understanding, counsel, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord—those seven gifts of the Holy Ghost.
因此，圣灵藉着傅油来到我们中间。 And thereby, the Holy Ghost comes to us through that anointing.
所以油不仅是圣灵的美丽象征，也正是藉着油，圣灵进入我们里面。 So the oil is a beautiful symbol of the Holy Ghost, but it's also by that means of that oil that the Holy Ghost comes into us.
我们也领受十字圣号。 The sign of the cross is given to us.
战士都有自己的徽章。 Soldiers have certain badges.
像第82空降师就有他们独特的臂章。 You have the 82nd Airborne; they have a distinct patch.
海豹突击队有他们的三叉戟徽章。 You have the Navy SEALs; they have their trident pin.
各个军种都有不同的徽章。 There are all these distinct badges that different groups in the armed services have.
我们的徽章就是十字架。 Our badge is the cross.
那是我们的徽章，是我们的荣耀徽章，是我们的力量——神圣的十字架。 That's our badge; that's our badge of honor; that's our strength, the sacred cross.
所以我们领受十字圣号，这个作为基督战士的徽章 ，印在我们身体最显眼的部位——额头上，对吧？ So we are given the sign of the cross, that badge of being a soldier of Christ, impressed on the most conspicuous part of our body, on our forehead, right?
所以我们应该把这个徽章，这份荣耀，对十字架的认识与爱传遍全世界。 So we should bring that badge, that honor, the knowledge and love of the cross to the whole world.
然后是主教说的话，对吧？他说：「我以十字圣号给你画印 ，并以救恩的圣化圣油坚振你，奉父、子、圣灵的名。」 Then there are the words of the bishop, right, where he says, I strengthen you; I anoint you with the sacred chrism of salvation, and I strengthen thee; I sign thee with the sign of the cross, and I confirm thee or strengthen thee with the chrism of salvation in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.
而被坚振的人回应：「阿们。」 And the person who is being confirmed responds, Amen.
我在另一段关于洗礼的视频中提到过这个。 I mentioned this in another video with regards to baptism.
当祭司施洗时，就像我一个半小时前刚做的那样，我不会说「阿们」。 When a priest baptizes, as I just did about an hour and a half ago, I do not say the Amen.
如果你看过传统礼仪中的洗礼，祭司是不会说「阿们」的。 If you ever watch baptism, priests following the rubrics in the traditional rite, he does not say the Amen.
他只是说那段话；没有说「阿们」，因为「阿们」是信心的承认。 He just says that; there's no Amen given because that Amen is an assent of faith.
但那个婴儿不需要作出信心的承认才能有效地领受圣事。 But that child didn't need to make it an assent of faith in order to validly receive that sacrament.
只要意志中没有抗拒、没有阻碍，那人就能领受圣事。 There just had to be no resistance, no obstacle in the will for the person to receive that sacrament.
这就是为什么你可以给完全不懂发生什么事的婴儿施洗，因为 婴儿不需要作出个人的信心承认；他不需要自己说「阿们」。 That's why you can baptize a baby that has no idea what's going on, because that baby didn't have to make a personal assent of faith; it didn't have to say its own Amen.
所以当我们施行洗礼圣事时，你不会说「阿们」。 So when we confer the sacrament of baptism, you don't say Amen.
当施行圣餐时，那就取决于祭司的信心了。 When the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist is administered, that does depend upon the faith of the priest.
祭司在弥撒中祝圣主的圣体圣血时，必须有施行圣事的意向。 The priest has to have the intention to confer that sacrament when he makes—when he consecrates the body and blood of our Lord at Holy Mass.
所以他会说「阿们」，在传统礼仪中，他是为你说「阿们」，因为需要他的信心承认。 So he does say Amen, and in the traditional rite, he says the Amen for you because his assent of faith is required.
其实不是领圣餐者的信心承认；这就是为什么在传统礼仪中，领圣餐的人不说「阿 们」，因为有一种路德宗的观点认为，是领圣餐者的信心使主的圣体圣血临在。 It's actually not the person's assent of faith; that's why the person in the traditional rite does not say the Amen, because there was a Lutheran idea that said, Well, it's the faith of the person that makes the body and blood of our Lord present.
那是路德宗的观点。 That's the Lutheran idea.
其实不是领圣餐者的信心使基督的身体临在于圣餐中，而是祭司的信心。 It's not the faith of the person that makes the body of Christ present in the Holy Eucharist; it's actually the faith of the priest.
所以在传统礼仪中，当祭司施行圣餐时，是祭司为你说「阿们」。 So in the traditional rite, when the priest is administering the sacrament of Holy Communion, the priest says the Amen for you.
但在坚振圣事中，你应当说「阿们」。 In the sacrament of Confirmation, you are expected to say Amen.
主教说：「我以十字圣号给你画印，并以救恩的圣化圣油坚振你，奉父、子、圣灵的名。」 The bishop says, I sign thee with the sign of the cross, and I confirm thee with the chrism of salvation in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.
而被坚振的人应当回应「阿们」，因为那人现在是基 督的战士，是属灵的成人，他应当作出信心的承认。 And the person being confirmed is to reply Amen, because now that person is being a soldier of Christ; that person is being a spiritual adult; that person should make his assent.
那人应当作出有声的、口头的、公开的信仰回应，因为 他要把信仰带给他人，这就是他要说「阿们」的原因。 That person should make a vocal, verbal, and public response of faith because he's going to bring the faith to others, and that's why the person would say Amen.
那就是在施行坚振时的圣化圣油傅抹。 That anointing with the sacred chrism at that conferring.
然后紧接着是最显著的标记。 And then right after that, there's the most notable sign.
大家总是谈论坚振圣事——就是那一巴掌，对吧？ Everyone always talks about the sacrament of Confirmation—the slap on the face, right?
主教会打你一巴掌，对吧？ The bishop slaps you on the face, right?
如果你还没领过坚振，大家都会担心这个。 If you've never had the sacrament, everyone worries about it.
别担心，那不是很重的一巴掌。 Don't worry; it's not a very hard slap.
其实那是为了预备你为基督受苦。 It's actually meant to prepare you to receive sufferings for Christ.
我们应当准备好为基督受苦，对吧？ We should be ready to suffer for Christ, right?
但主教在打你那一巴掌时说的话其实很有意思。 But there's a very interesting thing that the bishop says when he slaps you on the face.
这是轻轻地打一下脸颊，当主教这么做时，他说「 Pax tecum」，意思是「愿你平安」。 It's a slight blow to the cheek, and when he says that, the bishop says, Pax tecum, which means Peace be with you.
你不觉得在打人一巴掌时说这句话有点奇怪吗？ It's a rather odd thing to say, do you think, when you're slapping someone on the face?
他打你一巴掌，然后说：「愿你平安」。 He slaps you on the face, and he says, Peace be with you.
但这是因为基督说祂藉着十字架的宝血成就了和平，对吧？ But that's because Christ says He makes peace through the blood of the cross, right?
所以藉着接受十字架、接受苦难，我们也会得着平安。 So by accepting the cross, accepting the sufferings, we also will have peace.
最后我想提一下那些恩赐。 Finally, I want to mention the gifts.
我已经提过几次了，但你还记得圣灵的七恩吗？ I've mentioned them a couple of times already, but remember those seven gifts of the Holy Ghost?
你从没听说过？ Never heard of them?
那现在你听到了：智慧、聪明、知识、劝导、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主。 Well, here you're hearing about them now: wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord.
这七恩是在我们领受坚振圣事的那一刻赐给我们的。 These seven gifts are given to us at the moment we are confirmed.
圣灵藉着智慧、聪明、知识、劝导、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主来推动我们的灵魂。 So the Holy Ghost moves our soul by means of wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord.
祂推动我们的灵魂，而我们其实可以在圣经中找到这些恩赐的记载。 He moves our soul, and we can actually find those gifts listed in Sacred Scripture.
你知道吗？ Did you know that?
在先知以赛亚书第11章中，我们看到这七恩一一被提及，并与神的灵、圣灵相连。 In the prophet Isaiah, chapter 11, we see these seven gifts mentioned, each one of them by name, and they are connected with the Spirit, the Spirit of God, the Holy Ghost.
请看：以赛亚书第11章第1至3节：「从耶西的本必发一条，」 Take a look: Isaiah chapter 11, verse 1 through 3. There shall come forth a rod out of the shoot of Jesse.
这是在讲基督，基督的来临。 This is talking about Christ, the coming of Christ.
祂要带来圣灵的恩赐，并带来这些恩赐。 He's going to bring this gift of the Spirit, and He will bring with it these gifts.
经文说：「耶和华的灵必住在他身上。」 Here they are: And the Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon Him.
这就是圣灵。 There it is, the Spirit.
「就是使他有智慧和聪明的灵，有谋略和能力的灵，有知识和敬畏耶和华的灵。」 The Spirit of wisdom and of understanding, the Spirit of counsel and of fortitude, the Spirit of knowledge and of godliness or piety, and He shall be filled with the Spirit of the fear of the Lord.
这七恩都在以赛亚书第11章第1至3节中列出，并与圣灵相连。 There they are, all seven gifts listed in Isaiah chapter 11, verse 1 through 3, and connected with the Spirit, the Holy Ghost.
所以智慧、聪明、知识、劝导、虔敬、刚毅、敬畏上主是与圣灵一同赐给我们的。 So wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, fear of the Lord are given to us with the Holy Ghost.
所以我们在坚振圣事中领受了极大的恩赐。 So we're given tremendous things at the sacrament of Confirmation.
我已经讲了蛮久了。 So I've been going on for quite a bit of time now.
我想看看有没有什么问题被提出来。 I want to see about any questions, to see if we had any questions that came in.
所以如果你有问题，可以在脸书上提交，好吗？ So again, if you have questions, you can submit them on Facebook, okay?
然后我们会来回答。 And then we'll answer them.
好吧？ All right?
好，我们来看看。 Okay, so let's see.
看起来我们收到一个问题。 It looks like we had a question come in.
好，有人问：如果一个人领受了坚振圣事，但那人还没有准备好领受圣事，会发生什么？ All right, what happens when a person receives the sacrament of Confirmation, but that person is not yet ready to receive the sacrament?
这是个很好的问题。 Okay, very good question.
好，那么会发生什么呢——你有没有看过…… All right, so what happens then is—well, you ever see...
一个人拥有成人的装备，但他还没有表现得像个成人。 Equipment to be an adult, but then you're not quite acting like an adult.
所以当一个人领受了坚振圣事，但他还没有准备好领受这个圣事时， So when a person receives the sacrament of Confirmation, that person's not yet ready to receive the sacrament.
他已经被赋予了装备，所以一旦他开始认真对待信仰， 开始祈祷、亲近圣灵、放下执着，这些恩赐就会复活。 You've been given the equipment, so once you kind of get serious about the faith and you are ready and you pray and you get closer to the Holy Ghost and you let go of your attachments, those gifts will revive.
然后他会突然发现：「哇，我能做这些事了！」 And all of a sudden, you can find, Wow, I can do these things!
就像一个人还没准备好跑马拉松，但他是个成人，有成人的身体，然后他开始 锻炼、训练，结果发现：「哇，我开始做出善行了」，那些恩赐就会复活。 It's like a person who's not yet ready to run a marathon, but he's an adult, he's got an adult body, and then he starts doing workouts and exercising, and he finds, Wow, you start doing good virtuous works, and those gifts will revive.
圣灵会使你复苏。 The spirit will revive you.
脱离执着，圣灵就能藉着那七恩来推动你。 Detach yourself from things, and the Holy Ghost can move you with those seven gifts.
所以这就是会发生的事；你只需要准备好自己，那 些恩赐就会复活，就像你很久没用的肌肉一样。 So that's what will happen; you just basically get yourself ready, and the gifts will revive, kind of like muscles that atrophy that you haven't used for a while.
一旦你开始锻炼，它们就会复活。 They'll revive once you start doing workouts.
有人问：公教会的祭司能成为主教吗？ So can fraternity priests become bishops, etc.?
理论上我们可以，但我很满足于做堂区神父。 I guess theoretically we could, but I'm just happy to be a parish priest.
成为主教是极大的责任。 That's an incredible responsibility to be a bishop.
所以我们不知道，但我想我们大概太政治不正确了，不太可能成为主教。 So anyway, we don't know, but I think it's probably too politically incorrect for any of us to become bishops.
我是说，大家都觉得我们这些传统派的人怪怪的。 I mean, we're kind of those traddy wackos out there, as people think.
所以不，我们不是主教。 So anyway, no, we're not.
不过我不认为他们会想让我们成为主教。 But anyway, I don't think they're going to want to make us bishops, though.
好，有人问：有些公教徒在婴儿时期就和洗礼一起领受了坚振圣事。 Okay, some Catholics receive the sacrament of Confirmation as infants together with baptism.
那么在出生时领受坚振圣事和在生命后期领受，在属灵上有什么不同？ What's the difference spiritually of receiving the sacrament at birth rather than later on in life?
好，我可能已经提过一点。 Okay, so I might have mentioned one thing.
这就是为什么特利腾大公会议的要理说，把这个恩赐、这个 装备给一个还没准备好使用它的人似乎是不合适的，对吧？ That's why the Council of Trent Catechism of the Council of Trent says that it seems inexpedient to give that gift, give that equipment to someone who's not yet ready to use it, right?
所以婴儿似乎不适合领受这些恩赐，因为他还不能使用这些恩赐。 So an infant doesn't seem expedient to give these gifts to someone who is going to use these gifts.
这些恩赐是在一个人达到理智使用年龄后才会运作的，好吗？ These gifts operate once the person is at the age of reason, okay?
就像我说的，你给一个人5.56步枪、防弹衣、凯夫拉头盔、夜视镜。 So it's kind of like I was saying about you give someone a 5.56 rifle, body armor, a Kevlar helmet, night vision goggles.
他不需要知道怎么用这些东西，对吧？ It doesn't have to know how to use any of it, right?
那些装备也不合身，对吧？ They don't fit, right?
防弹衣不合身，头盔也不合适。 The body armor doesn't fit, the helmet doesn't fit.
你当然希望等到它们合身的时候再给。 But you know, you want to wait until it's going to fit.
所以这并不是说圣事被浪费了，而是像特利腾大公会议的要理说的那样，早给并不合适。 So it's not like there's a waste of the sacrament or anything, but just an expedient to give it early on, as this Catechism of the Council of Trent says.
所以在属灵上没有什么不同，只是这些恩赐会暂时处 于休眠状态，就像一块休耕的田地，没有被耕种。 So it's not like there's any difference spiritually, but they're just going to lay fallow for a while, like a field that lays fallow that doesn't get tilled.
它暂时不会被使用，而既然这些是神圣的事物，你希望在适当 的时候赐予它们，让那人能使用，而不是让恩赐在那里闲置。 It's just not going to be of use, and since they're sacred things, you want to give them at the appropriate time when the person will use them instead of just having the gift there and it's just dormant.
但在属灵上，除此之外，并没有真正的差别。 But spiritually, other than that, there's no real difference.
好，有人问：圣化圣油对我们的得救是必要的吗？ So, okay, a question came in: Is chrism necessary for our salvation?
也许你是在问坚振礼或圣油本身。 Well, maybe you're talking about chrismation or the oil itself.
它对得救不是必要的。 It's not necessary for salvation.
洗礼是得救所必需的，而如果一个灵魂陷入大罪状态，忏悔圣事是得救所必需的 ，除非那人能激发出完美的痛悔之情——但如果他在大罪中，那可能很难做到。 Baptism is necessary for salvation, and for a soul that has fallen into the state of mortal sin, the sacrament of penance is necessary for salvation unless that person can bring up and muster up a perfect act of contrition, which might be hard to do if he was in mortal sin.
但圣化圣油不是得救所必需的，坚振圣事也不是得 救所必需的，但它确实帮助我们成为属灵的成人。 But chrism is not necessary for salvation, nor is Confirmation necessary for salvation, but it actually helps us be a spiritual adult.
有人问到《诗篇》第50篇，大卫祈求不要让圣灵从他身上被夺去。 A question came in about Psalm 50, David begging that let not the Holy Spirit be taken from him.
一个人在领受坚振圣事后，还可能失去圣灵的恩典吗？ Could a person lose the grace of the Holy Ghost after being sealed in the sacrament of Confirmation?
不幸的是，是的，一个人在领受坚振圣事后仍可能失去圣灵的恩典。 Unfortunately, yes, a person can lose the grace of the Holy Ghost after being sealed in the sacrament of Confirmation, right?
我们领受了圣灵的凭据。 We are given the pledge of the Spirit.
记得《哥林多后书》1章22节吗？它说我们领受了圣灵的凭据，是圣 灵的应许，但这并不意味着我们已经完全拥有祂，或将永远拥有祂。 Remember 2 Corinthians 1:22? He said we're given the pledge of the Spirit, the promise of the Spirit, but it doesn't mean that we fully possess Him, that we're going to possess Him in eternity.
我们仍是征战中的教会，仍在天堂之外。 We're part of the Church militant; we're still outside of heaven.
只有当我们进入天堂时，我们才有那份确据。 It's only when we are in heaven that we have that assurance.
我们在天堂中永远不会失去圣灵，但在此之前，我们在坚振之后仍可能失去圣灵的恩典。 We're never going to lose the Holy Ghost in heaven, but before that, we could lose the grace of the Holy Ghost after Confirmation.
好，又有一个问题：巴尔的摩要理和特利腾大公会议的要理有什么不同？ Okay, okay, so another question: What's the difference between the Baltimore Catechism and the Catechism of the Council of Trent?
好问题。 Okay, good question.
没错。 That's true.
我一直在讲特利腾大公会议的要理，但我还没怎么讲巴尔的摩要理。 I keep talking about the Catechism of the Council of Trent, but I haven't talked so much about the Baltimore Catechism.
巴尔的摩要理是19世纪美国公教会在巴尔的摩全体会议中制定的要理。 So the Baltimore Catechism is a catechism that was derived by the Plenary Baltimore Council of the Catholic Church in the U.S. back in the 1800s.
当时巴尔的摩是美国的主要主教所在地。 There were ten or so councils at Baltimore, which was at the time the principal seat, the principal bishop's place in America.
所以这是为美国制定的英文要理。 And so this was a catechism for America, an English-speaking catechism for America.
它比较地方性。 This is more general.
特利腾大公会议的要理则更普遍，是写给祭司用来教导信众的，但它非常好。 The Catechism of the Council of Trent is more general; it's more written for pastors to give to the people, but it's very good.
任何人都可以拿起来读，所以我强烈推荐。 Anyone can pick it up and read it, so by all means, I encourage it.
所以这就是它们的不同。 So anyway, that's the difference.
巴尔的摩要理可能会提供一些细节或例子，或者如果你买到对的版本，还有很棒的插图。 The Baltimore Catechism might go into some details or examples, or they have those really neat pictures if you get the right edition of the Baltimore Catechism.
所以这就是它们之间的差别。 So anyway, that's the difference there.
你还要注意你买的是哪个版本的巴尔的摩要理，因为有些后期版 本其实加了一些有问题的内容，比如讲到亚当和夏娃吃禁果时， You also have to be careful about which version of the Baltimore Catechism you get because some of the later versions, one of them actually says something that's a bit problematic where it talks about Adam and Eve and taking of the fruit of the tree of the garden, and it adds this subnote that wasn't in the original Baltimore Catechism.
它加了一个注释，好像是53A之类的，说那不是一棵真实的树，而只是某种诱惑的象征。 It adds this subnote, it's like 53A or something, some subnote that says it wasn't a real tree but just some symbol of a temptation or something.
那是不对的；那是一棵真实的树，就像十字架是真实的树一 样，这也是为什么神使用树，因为它预表了十字架之树。 That's not true; there was a real tree, just like there was a real cross, and that's why God used a tree because it was foreshadowing the tree of the cross.
十字架是一块插在地上的木头，有一根向上的主干，两边伸出两根枝条。 The cross is a piece of wood planted in the ground with branches, one going up, two branches going out.
那就是十字架，它像一棵树。 That's the cross; that resembles a tree.
那是因为罪就是从一棵树开始的，一棵真实的树，在一个真实的园子里。 That's because the sin all started from a tree, an actual tree in an actual garden.
所以这取决于你是否拿到的是经过编辑和修订的后期版本的巴尔的摩要理。 So it depends if you get a later version of the Baltimore Catechism that has been edited and revised.
你需要对一些后期版本稍加留意。 You want to be a little careful with some of the later versions.
我们一定要由主教施行坚振吗？ Do we have to be confirmed by the bishop?
不，不一定要由主教施行坚振。 No, you don't have to be confirmed by the bishop.
主教可以将这个权力委托给祭司。 The bishop can delegate that to a priest.
我也曾在非临终危险的情况下为人施行坚振。 I have confirmed people even when it's not danger of death.
我曾被委托施行坚振圣事，因此我可以为人坚振。 I've had it where it was delegated to me, and I was able to confirm people.
所以不一定要由主教施行坚振；主教可以委托祭司来施行。 So we don't have to be confirmed by a bishop; you can delegate a priest to do that.
圣灵的七恩有一定的顺序吗？ Are the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost in a certain order?
有的。 They are.
确实有。 They are.
智慧是其中最高的；敬畏上主可以说是最低的，对吧？ Wisdom is the highest of them; fear of the Lord is, you might say, the lowest, right?
敬畏上主是最低层次的动机。 That's the lowest motivation, fear of the Lord.
但正如《德训篇》指出的：「敬畏上主是智慧的开端」，是迈向智慧的第一步。 But as the Book of Ecclesiasticus points out, the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, the first step as you move towards wisdom.
智慧是关于最高事物的知识，是关于神自己的事物，对吧？ Wisdom is knowledge about the highest things, the things of God Himself, right?
所以智慧是最高的，其余的依次而下。 So that's the highest one, and they kind of go down in order from them.
这是个好问题。 So that's a good question.
好，另一个问题：坚振圣人的名字是由父母选择的吗？ Okay, another question: Do parents choose the Confirmation saint?
如果孩子在尚未达到理智年龄时领坚振，那确实是父母来选，对吧？ Well, if the child is confirmed below the age of reason, the parents do that, right?
就像我提到的，在一些西班牙语文化中，坚振圣事是在洗礼时一同施行的。 So as I mentioned in some Hispanic cultures, the Confirmation is given along with baptism.
这起初是因墨西哥教会受迫害而出于权宜之计，后来可能就成了一种文化习惯。 That kind of arose out of an expediency because of the persecution of the Church in Mexico, and it just became maybe a cultural thing.
但无论如何，在那种情况下，当然是父母来选择坚振圣人。 But at any rate, in that case, of course, the parents would just choose a Confirmation saint.
但我认为由被坚振者自己选择坚振圣人是更合适的。 But I think it's appropriate that the person himself who is being confirmed should choose that Confirmation saint.
好，另一个问题。 All right, okay, another question.
好，现在是关于一些所谓的神恩恩赐的问题，对吧？ All right, so now a question on these sort of charismatic gifts, right?
比如被圣灵击倒、领受说方言的恩赐，或所谓「在圣灵内受洗」等等。 On being slain in the Spirit, receiving the gift of the language of tongues, or being baptized in the Spirit, that sort of thing.
我的回答来自圣经。 Well, my answer is from Sacred Scripture.
我们来看《以弗所书》。 Let's take a look at the Book of Ephesians.
在《以弗所书》第4章第6节中说：「只有一主，一信，一洗。」 In the Book of Ephesians, chapter 4, verse 6, he says, Let's read that again: One Lord, one faith, one baptism.
在公教信仰中，在圣经信仰中，只有一个洗礼。 In the Catholic faith, in the biblical faith, there is one baptism.
那所谓「在圣灵内受洗」是怎么回事？ So what's this baptism in the Spirit all about?
这听起来有点不符合圣经，对吧？ It just seems a little non-biblical, right?
圣经中确实提到方言和翻译方言等恩赐，但传统的理解是这些人能说多种语言。 Now, there's mention in the Sacred Scripture of tongues and interpretation of tongues and that sort of thing, but what that understanding was traditionally was that the persons were able to speak, and they would speak many languages.
这就是圣彼得出来讲第一次道时发生的事。 This is what happened when St. Peter came out and preached his first sermon.
他们说：「我们怎么都能听懂他的话呢？」 They said, How is it that we are all able to understand him?
他领受了说方言的恩赐；他讲出来，他们都听懂了。 He was given the gift of tongues; he was able to speak, and they all understood.
他们都用自己的语言听懂了。 They all understood in their own language.
你也可以说那是翻译方言的恩赐。 You might also say, Well, that was a gift of interpretation of tongues.
他们领受了那个恩赐，是一种暂时性的恩赐，顺便说一句，这并不会使你变得圣洁。 They were given that gift, a temporary gift, which doesn't make you holy, by the way.
那只是一个帮助你理解的恩赐。 It's just a gift given to help you understand something.
所以他们说：「我们怎么都能听懂他的话呢？」 So they said, How is it that we all understand him?
我们都得到了这种理解，这种翻译方言的恩赐，对吧？ We all are given this understanding, this interpretation of tongues, right?
圣文森·斐雷尔是14世纪著名的讲道者，他讲道时，无论人们离 他多远，都能清楚听到他的声音，并用自己的母语理解他的话。 St. Vincent Ferrer, another famous preacher from the 14th century, he would preach, and everyone could hear him no matter how far away they were, and loudly they would hear his voice, and they would all understand in their own native language.
他讲的是拉丁文还是西班牙文我不确定，但他讲道时，大家都能用自己的语言听懂。 And he was speaking, I think, I don't know if he was in Latin or if he was speaking Spanish, but he would preach, and they would all understand in their own language.
所以他们领受了说方言或翻译方言的恩赐。 So they were given a gift of tongues or interpretation of tongues.
这才是关于说方言和翻译方言恩赐的真正情况。 So that's really what's going on there with the gifts of tongues, interpretation of tongues.
所以当有人说一些话却没有人能理解时，我觉得这有点问题。 So I just find it a little problematic when you have people that are saying things and there's no understanding given.
我记得有人跟我解释说他有说方言的恩赐。 I remember someone trying to explain to me who was claiming he had this gift of tongues.
他说：「我们其实也不知道自己在说什么。」 He says, Well, we don't understand what we're saying.
这听起来有点奇怪，不是吗？ It just seems a little odd, isn't it?
你知道，圣灵不会制造混乱，我们做的事应该是有意义的，对吧？ You know, for the Holy Ghost to instill confusion, we're doing things that don't make sense, right?
还有一位神父曾参加过一次神恩派的聚会——我不是在指责任何特定的神恩 团体，也不是说他们都这样——但那位神父被邀请参加一个神恩祈祷会。 There's also a priest that one time was at sort of a charismatic gathering, and I'm not accusing this of any particular charismatic group or any—I'm not saying this is all they're all like this or how it is—but a priest was invited to a charismatic prayer meeting.
这位神父学识渊博，懂希伯来文，他听到有人在说方言。 This priest was knowledgeable; he understood Hebrew, and he heard people talking in tongues.
他对邀请他的人说：「我们得离开。」 He told the person who invited him, he says, We need to leave.
那人问：「为什么？」 The person said, Why?
「为什么？」 Why?
他说：「那边那个人正在用希伯来文赞美魔鬼。」 He said, That man over there is praising the devil in Hebrew.
「我们得离开。」 We need to leave.
所以当你遇到这种「我们不知道自己在说什么」的情况时，你就要小心了。 So you just have to be careful when you have these things where, Oh, we don't understand what we're saying.
我会对这种情况保持警惕，对吧？ I'd be a bit cautious of it then, right?
神不是混乱的神。 God is not the God of confusion.
记得巴别塔带来了语言的混乱，而五旬节则解除了那混乱。 Remember that the Tower of Babel actually brought in the confusion of the languages, but Pentecost undid that confusion.
他们都听懂了，对吧？ They all understood, right?
所以五旬节就像是对巴别塔的逆转，而坚振圣事是我们个人的五旬节。 So Pentecost was like a new undoing of the Tower of Babel, and Confirmation is our own personal Pentecost.
所以如果只有一个洗礼、一个信仰，圣灵为什么还要延续或引入新的巴别混乱呢？ So why would the Holy Ghost continue a Babel or introduce a new Babel if there's one baptism, one faith?
我不太了解所谓「在圣灵内受洗」。 I don't know about baptism in Spirit.
那就是洗礼——真正的洗礼。 Well, that's baptism—the real baptism.
只有一个洗礼。 That's just one baptism.
总之，这只是我对这些事持有的一些怀疑态度。 Anyway, that's my maybe suspicious mind on some of these things.
好，有人问：施行圣事者的本罪会影响圣事的效力吗？ So, all right, does the minister of the sacrament's personal sin affect the power of the sacrament?
好，从这个意义上说，不会。 Okay, so it does not in this sense, okay?
不会。 It does not.
换句话说，如果施行圣事者是有效的祭司或主教，即使他当时处 于罪中，只要他有效地施行圣事，你仍然会领受恩典，对吧？ In other words, if that minister of the sacrament is valid, the minister of the sacrament is a valid priest, valid bishop, and he confers that sacrament, even if he is in the state of sin at the time, you still receive the grace, right?
有一种诺瓦提安异端说，如果你是由叛教者施洗的，就必须重新受洗。 There's a Novation heresy that said, No, you have to be rebaptized if you were baptized by someone who apostatized or something like that.
不，那是不对的。 No, that's not true.
所以这不会影响圣事的效力。 So it doesn't affect the power of the sacrament.
我们可能会犯一个错误，说：「那人是个罪人，所以……」 We can get into an error saying that, Well, that person's a sinful whatever.
即使他是有效的祭司，但他有罪，所以圣事就不那么有力——这是错误的。 Even if he's a valid priest, this person has sin, so it's not going to be as powerful a sacrament.
不，圣事的效力取决于基督祭司职的能力，而不是施行者的个人圣德。 No, it depends on the power of the priesthood of Christ, not on the personal holiness of the minister.
当然，如果那位祭司在施行圣事时处于罪中，他确实犯了严重的罪，但只要 他是有效的祭司、有效的施行者，这并不会影响你从圣事中所领受的恩典。 Now, to be sure, that priest, if he's in sin when he's giving that sacrament, he's committing some grave sin if that happens, but that doesn't affect what you receive from the sacrament if he's a valid priest, a valid minister of the sacrament.
好，我们时间快到了，我想我们得在这里结束了，因为已经超 过七点半了。我尽量在七点半前结束，以免大家注意力涣散。 Okay, we are running out of time, so I think we're going to have to call it here because we are after 7:30. So I try and cut this off at 7:30 lest people's attention spans just cut out.
那我们就以祷告结束吧。 So let's go ahead and close with a prayer.
感谢你们来参加这次要理讲授。 I thank you for coming to this catechism.
继续坚持，继续学习信仰，我们下次会继续讲圣事。 Keep persevering, keep learning about the faith, and we'll continue next time more on the sacraments.
好，我们来祷告。 Okay, let's pray.
奉父、子、圣灵的名。 In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
阿们。 Amen.
愿光荣归于父、及子、及圣灵，起初如何，现在亦然，直到永远，世世无穷。 Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end.
阿们。 Amen.
圣母智慧之座，为我们祈求。 Our Lady, Seat of Wisdom, pray for us.
圣约瑟，为我们祈求。 Saint Joseph, pray for us.
我为你们大家降福。 I'll give you all a blessing.
阿们。 Amen.
愿神降福你们。 God bless you.