- start: 7.381
  end: 11.503
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Let''s start with this fact: Cardinal Newman said about God''s revelation.'
  zh: 让我们从这个事实开始：纽曼枢机谈到神的启示。
- start: 11.503
  end: 19.108
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'He said this: A revelation is not given if there be no authority to decide what it is that is given.'
  zh: 他是这样说的：「若没有权柄来判定所赐下的是什么，那就不存在启示。」
- start: 19.808
  end: 26.052
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Let me do that again: A revelation is not given if there is no authority to decide what it is that is given.'
  zh: 让我重复一遍：「若没有权柄来判定所赐下的是什么，那就不存在启示。」
- start: 26.052
  end: 27.392
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Do you see that?
  zh: 你明白这个道理吗？
- start: 28.894
  end: 30.114
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Yes, that problem of authority.
  zh: 是的，这就是权柄的问题。
- start: 30.114
  end: 32.556
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: How do we know for certain what God has revealed?
  zh: 我们如何确切地知道神启示了什么？
- start: 32.556
  end: 35.397
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: That underlies all Christian divisions.
  zh: 这是所有基督教分裂的根本原因。
- start: 35.477
  end: 43.379
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'It really, at the root, is what brings us all into the Catholic Church: the issue of authority.'
  zh: 从根本上说，正是这个权柄的问题把我们带入了公教会。
- start: 43.859
  end: 49.562
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But it's never just an issue of authority as such; it's always the issue of whose authority.
  zh: 但这从来就不仅仅是权柄本身的问题，而是谁拥有权柄的问题。
- start: 49.562
  end: 50.843
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Whose authority?
  zh: 谁的权柄？
- start: 50.883
  end: 55.645
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You know the four main divisions amongst Christians on the issue of authority.
  zh: 你知道基督徒在权柄问题上的四个主要分歧。
- start: 55.645
  end: 59.947
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Protestants really say, Well, it's Scripture alone.
  zh: 新教徒说，唯独圣经。
- start: 60.368
  end: 63.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Anglicans say, Well, it's Scripture and tradition.
  zh: 英国圣公会说，是圣经和传统。
- start: 63.633
  end: 77.964
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Orthodox say, Well, it's Scripture, tradition, and the episcopate, but only, let's say, the first eight councils, seven councils, eight centuries in the case of the Orthodox; four councils, five centuries in the case of the Anglicans.
  zh: 东正教说，是圣经、传统和主教制，但仅限于前八次大公会议，或说七次会议、八个世纪；而英国圣公会则是四次会议、五个世纪。
- start: 78.145
  end: 83.648
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Catholic Church says, Well, all of that's good as far as it goes, but there's one thing which is lacking.
  zh: 公教会说，这些都很好，但还是缺少了一样东西。
- start: 83.829
  end: 109.833
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And so it says that we know God has provided the way by which we can know what He has revealed, can know authentically, can know indeed infallibly, because of Sacred Scripture, because it has been interpreted in the light of the Church's whole tradition—not just four or five centuries, not just seven or eight centuries, but twenty centuries interpreted by the Magisterium, the Pope, and the bishops in communion with him.
  zh: 因此公教会说，我们知道神已经提供了一条道路，使我们能够知道祂所启示的，能够真实地知道，确实无误地知道，这是因为有圣经，因为圣经是在教会全部传统的光照下被解释的——不仅仅是四五个世纪，不仅仅是七八个世纪，而是二十个世纪，由训导权、教宗和与他共融的主教们解释。
- start: 111.074
  end: 120.157
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, the standard non-Catholic argument against papal authority is that it was a later development, what they call a fortuitous historical development.
  zh: 现在，非公教徒反对教宗权柄的标准论点是说这是后来才发展出来的，他们称之为偶然的历史发展。
- start: 120.377
  end: 135.402
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And we're going to take a closer look at those early centuries and see that from the very beginning, the popes acted like and were regarded as though they were divinely inspired and guided as earthly heads of the Church.
  zh: 我们将仔细考察那些早期世纪，看看从一开始，教宗们的行事方式以及人们对待他们的方式，都表明他们是作为教会在世上的首领，受到神的默示和引导。
- start: 136.003
  end: 142.546
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Now, we take just a moment to glance again at familiar territory: the structure given by Christ to His Church.'
  zh: 现在，让我们稍微回顾一下大家熟悉的内容：基督赐给祂教会的架构。
- start: 142.747
  end: 145.508
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Matthew 16 has been touched on already.
  zh: 马太福音第16章我们已经提到过了。
- start: 145.512
  end: 147.052
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They commissioned to Peter.
  zh: 他们受托于彼得。
- start: 147.073
  end: 153.875
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Jesus gave Peter a threefold commission: the commission to be the foundation, humanly speaking, of Christ''s Church.'
  zh: 耶稣给了彼得三重使命：从人的角度来说，就是作为基督教会的根基。
- start: 154.316
  end: 156.797
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You are Peter, and on this rock, I'll build my Church.
  zh: 「你是彼得，我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上。」
- start: 156.797
  end: 162.819
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He entrusted to him the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and He gave Peter authority to bind and loose.
  zh: 祂把天国的钥匙交给他，并赐给彼得捆绑和释放的权柄。
- start: 163.219
  end: 171.202
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, we know that that authority to bind and loose was also given to the other apostles, as we read in a couple of chapters later in Matthew.
  zh: 我们知道，这种捆绑和释放的权柄也赐给了其他使徒，正如我们在马太福音后面几章所读到的。
- start: 171.202
  end: 178.537
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, let's look at some of the arguments that non-Catholics make against the papacy.
  zh: 现在，让我们看看非公教徒反对教宗制度的一些论点。
- start: 179.137
  end: 183.259
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: None of these, I think, will be new to you, but let's summarize some of them.
  zh: 我想这些对你来说都不陌生，但让我们总结一下。
- start: 183.599
  end: 190.902
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Now, be aware of this about these arguments: they all date from a later time.'
  zh: 现在要注意这些论点的一个特点：它们都是后来才出现的。
- start: 191.482
  end: 207.209
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: A distinguished Russian Orthodox theologian and apologist, Father John Meyendorff, whom I've been reading for years—I’ve read almost everything the man has written—has made an astonishing admission with regard to Eastern Orthodox apologetics against the papacy.
  zh: 一位杰出的俄罗斯东正教神学家和护教学者梅延多夫神父——我多年来一直在读他的著作，几乎读遍了他所有的作品——就东正教反对教宗制度的护教论点做出了一个令人惊讶的承认。
- start: 207.35
  end: 220.76
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He stated, without recognizing it as a concession, that what he calls a debate between East and West about papacy and authority actually started not until the 13th century.
  zh: 他说，虽然他自己并未意识到这是一种让步，他所说的东西方关于教宗制度和权柄的辩论实际上直到13世纪才开始。
- start: 220.76
  end: 223.121
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now think about that.
  zh: 现在想想这个问题。
- start: 223.121
  end: 236.466
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In other words, the Eastern Orthodox arguments against the papacy were first raised well over a thousand years after the succession of Peter began exercising that authority given to them by Christ.
  zh: 换句话说，东正教反对教宗制度的论点，是在彼得的继承人开始行使基督所赐的权柄一千多年后才首次提出的。
- start: 237.027
  end: 240.249
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Those arguments were not raised in the early centuries.
  zh: 这些论点在早期世纪并未出现。
- start: 240.94
  end: 251.327
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Those arguments, like those of Protestants many years, many centuries later, are attempts to justify their separation from Roman communion and jurisdiction.
  zh: 这些论点，就像许多年后、许多世纪后新教徒的论点一样，都是为了证明他们脱离罗马共融和管辖权是正当的。
- start: 251.327
  end: 254.808
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They are, in fact, rationalizations after the fact.
  zh: 事实上，这些都是事后的合理化。
- start: 254.969
  end: 257.01
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, let's have a quick look at those arguments.
  zh: 现在，让我们快速看看这些论点。
- start: 257.01
  end: 265.315
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: For example, when Jesus spoke of Peter as the rock, as the foundation of the Church, He really meant not Peter but Peter's faith.
  zh: 比如，当耶稣说彼得是磐石，是教会的根基时，祂实际上指的不是彼得本人，而是彼得的信心。
- start: 265.315
  end: 266.216
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Heard that one before?
  zh: 听过这种说法吗？
- start: 266.216
  end: 266.776
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Yes.
  zh: 是的。
- start: 268.721
  end: 274.965
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They say Jesus, speaking Aramaic, said to Peter, You are Kepha, and on this Kepha, I will build my Church.
  zh: 他们说耶稣用亚兰语对彼得说：「你是矶法，我要把我的教会建造在这矶法上。」
- start: 277.366
  end: 281.488
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Kepha—the first reference to Kepha is surely the antecedent to the second reference.
  zh: 矶法——第一个矶法显然是第二个矶法的先行词。
- start: 281.488
  end: 287.571
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It's two verses back that Peter made his affirmation of faith.
  zh: 在两节经文之前，彼得作出了他的信仰宣认。
- start: 287.652
  end: 296.156
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Furthermore, it's impossible to establish a foundation on a statement of faith; that statement of faith has to have an interpreter.
  zh: 而且，不可能仅仅在一个信仰宣认上建立根基，这个信仰宣认必须有一个解释者。
- start: 296.872
  end: 304.555
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or the argument that the power of the keys and the power of binding and loosing were simply two ways of saying the same thing—they were identical.
  zh: 还有一种论点说，钥匙的权柄和捆绑释放的权柄只是表达同一件事的两种方式——它们是完全一样的。
- start: 305.095
  end: 318.04
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And the argument goes, therefore—and this is the Eastern Orthodox argument; it's constantly repeated—therefore the argument goes, whatever authority Jesus gave to Peter, He gave to all the apostles on the same basis.
  zh: 因此这个论点——这是东正教的论点，经常被重复——认为，无论耶稣给了彼得什么权柄，祂都以同样的方式给了所有使徒。
- start: 318.14
  end: 324.362
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And therefore, further, the commission to Peter was only kind of a generic commission to all of the apostles.
  zh: 因此，进一步说，给彼得的使命只是给所有使徒的一般性使命。
- start: 325.629
  end: 337.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, the response to this is that I have yet to find a non-Catholic argument against the papacy which is willing to look at or even think about what the power of the keys really means.
  zh: 对此的回应是，我还没有发现任何非公教的反对教宗制度的论点愿意去看或者思考钥匙的权柄真正的含义。
- start: 337.996
  end: 346.841
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They all must have read their Old Testaments, and so I assume they choose to ignore what the New Testament teaches us about the power of the keys.
  zh: 他们肯定都读过旧约，所以我认为他们是选择忽视新约教导我们关于钥匙权柄的内容。
- start: 347.322
  end: 351.464
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The power of the keys is a corporate authority.
  zh: 钥匙的权柄是一种团体性的权柄。
- start: 352.017
  end: 354.518
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It's a power which is very clearly defined.
  zh: 这是一种定义非常明确的权柄。
- start: 354.518
  end: 363.72
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: For example, you read in the 22nd chapter of Isaiah, you see a very clear statement of what the power of the keys was.
  zh: 例如，你读以赛亚书第22章，就能看到关于钥匙权柄的非常清晰的陈述。
- start: 363.72
  end: 369.302
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The holder of the keys was the master of the palace; he was, so to speak, the prime minister.
  zh: 持有钥匙的人是王宫的总管，可以说，他就是宰相。
- start: 369.302
  end: 373.483
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was in charge of the kingdom under the king himself.
  zh: 他在国王之下管理整个王国。
- start: 373.743
  end: 375.704
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You see the same thing in Genesis.
  zh: 你在创世记中也能看到同样的事。
- start: 375.704
  end: 381.165
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In Genesis 40 and 42, we see the story of Joseph in Egypt.
  zh: 在创世记第40和42章，我们看到约瑟在埃及的故事。
- start: 381.343
  end: 387.727
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Joseph was master of the palace, a keeper of the keys; he was second in command to Pharaoh himself.
  zh: 约瑟是王宫的总管，掌管钥匙的人，他是仅次于法老的第二把手。
- start: 388.368
  end: 393.211
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And that business of trying to equate these two simply misses the whole point.
  zh: 试图把这两种权柄等同起来完全误解了要点。
- start: 393.412
  end: 396.133
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Keys are to open and shut.
  zh: 钥匙是用来开关的。
- start: 396.634
  end: 404.94
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Powers of binding and loosing, as Matthew 18 makes quite clear, have to do with individual cases and individual problems.
  zh: 正如马太福音第18章清楚表明的，捆绑和释放的权柄是关乎个别案例和个别问题的。
- start: 405.56
  end: 413.367
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, another argument which is used is that when Jesus said My Church, He was not referring to the Church as a whole.
  zh: 现在，另一个常用的论点是说，当耶稣说「我的教会」时，祂并不是指整个教会。
- start: 413.527
  end: 417.789
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Father Meyendorff makes this argument; he said He meant the local Church.
  zh: 梅延多夫神父提出这个论点，他说耶稣指的是地方教会。
- start: 417.789
  end: 419.75
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He meant the Church in Jerusalem.
  zh: 他说耶稣指的是耶路撒冷的教会。
- start: 419.93
  end: 424.752
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He says Jesus was saying to Peter, I'm putting you in charge of the Church of Jerusalem.
  zh: 他说耶稣是在对彼得说：「我让你负责耶路撒冷的教会。」
- start: 425.873
  end: 432.476
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, the answer is, first of all, we know from the record that James, and not Peter, was head of the Church in Jerusalem.
  zh: 现在，首先要回答的是，我们从记载中知道，雅各而不是彼得是耶路撒冷教会的领袖。
- start: 432.937
  end: 442.531
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Furthermore, over 60 times the New Testament refers to the universal Church, and over 40 times refers to a local Church.
  zh: 此外，新约中超过60次提到普世教会，超过40次提到地方教会。
- start: 442.672
  end: 453.284
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In every single instance when the New Testament was referring to a local Church, it makes perfectly clear where that Church was located, exactly what Church they were talking about.
  zh: 每当新约提到地方教会时，都会非常清楚地说明那个教会的位置，明确指出他们在谈论哪个教会。
- start: 454.065
  end: 457.048
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Jesus was talking, in this case, about the universal Church.
  zh: 在这种情况下，耶稣说的是普世教会。
- start: 457.048
  end: 458.73
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: There's no qualification.
  zh: 这没有任何限定。
- start: 458.914
  end: 468.258
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Besides, if this is only the local Church in Jerusalem, then Jesus is promising indefectibility only to that one Church, and the rest of them, I guess, could just go hang.
  zh: 而且，如果这只是耶路撒冷的地方教会，那么耶稣就只是应许那一个教会永不衰败，至于其他教会，我想就只能自生自灭了。
- start: 468.258
  end: 470.139
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: No, no, it doesn't work.
  zh: 不，不，这说不通。
- start: 470.139
  end: 471.339
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It doesn't work.
  zh: 这完全说不通。
- start: 471.68
  end: 488.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Or another argument—and this one I love—let me quote this: The Church in Rome had great prestige because, quote, Rome had rather consistently taken the right side on the area of the Christological controversies.'
  zh: 还有另一个论点——这个我特别喜欢——让我引用一下：罗马教会享有崇高威望，是因为「罗马在基督论争议中一贯站在正确的一方」。
- start: 488.723
  end: 491.765
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They had prestige because they happened to be on the winning side.
  zh: 他们有威望是因为他们碰巧站在了获胜的一方。
- start: 492.606
  end: 499.171
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, when we examine those controversies Father Meyendorff mentions, we'll discover that the right side was Rome's side.
  zh: 现在，当我们审视梅延多夫神父提到的那些争议时，我们会发现正确的一方就是罗马的立场。
- start: 499.171
  end: 506.075
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We'll discover that the right side turned out to be the right side, and only because it was Rome's side.
  zh: 我们会发现正确的一方之所以是正确的，正是因为那是罗马的立场。
- start: 506.716
  end: 524.586
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Or there''s a faulty syllogism sometimes used in arguments against the papacy, and it goes like this—and Father Meyendorff makes this one: If the Pope had had final authority in matters of doctrine, he would have asserted it and would have spared the Church from the dogmatic battles which took place.'
  zh: 还有一个反对教宗制度的错误三段论——梅延多夫神父就用过这个：如果教宗在教义问题上拥有最终权柄，他就会主张这一点，并使教会免于发生教义之争。
- start: 524.887
  end: 527.929
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: That's the first thesis.
  zh: 这是第一个论点。
- start: 528.169
  end: 534.334
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The battles did not take place; therefore, he must not have had a papal magisterium in the early centuries.
  zh: 这些争战还是发生了，因此，他在早期世纪一定没有教宗的训导权。
- start: 534.334
  end: 535.675
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You see how it goes?
  zh: 你看到这个论点是怎么展开的吗？
- start: 536.496
  end: 541.62
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, we'll give that answer in the fourth section of this lecture.
  zh: 好，我们会在这个讲座的第四部分给出答案。
- start: 542.065
  end: 545.007
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And there are two more arguments which we'll pass quickly.
  zh: 还有两个论点我们要快速过一下。
- start: 545.007
  end: 551.93
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: One is that only after the 6th century did the popes consider themselves as the ultimate authority in Christendom.
  zh: 一个是说直到6世纪之后，教宗们才开始认为自己是基督教世界的最高权柄。
- start: 552.091
  end: 561.856
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The second argument is that in the early centuries of the Church—I'm quoting now—the bishops of the East did not consider they were under an obligation to obey the Pope of Rome.
  zh: 第二个论点是说在教会早期世纪——我现在在引用——东方的主教们并不认为他们有义务服从罗马教宗。
- start: 561.957
  end: 566.619
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: I'm quoting now from another Greek Orthodox bishop, Bishop Callistus Ware.
  zh: 我现在引用的是另一位希腊东正教主教，卡利斯图斯·韦尔主教的话。
- start: 567.059
  end: 570.121
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Our next section, I hope, will refute those two claims.
  zh: 我希望我们的下一部分能够驳斥这两个说法。
- start: 570.336
  end: 577.3
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let's take a few samplings of the exercise of papal authority—just a few samplings from the early centuries.
  zh: 让我们看看教宗权柄行使的一些例子——仅仅是早期世纪的一些例子。
- start: 577.661
  end: 586.106
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Dr. Marschner took us through one of those samplings: the letter of Clement in 96 AD to the Church at Corinth.'
  zh: 马施纳博士带我们看过其中一个例子：克莱孟在公元96年写给哥林多教会的信。
- start: 586.206
  end: 587.427
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He healed the schism.
  zh: 他医治了分裂。
- start: 587.427
  end: 594.091
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He mentioned the fact that they could have appealed to the Patriarch of Jerusalem; they could have appealed to the Patriarch of Alexandria.
  zh: 他提到他们本可以向耶路撒冷的牧首求助，也可以向亚历山大的牧首求助。
- start: 594.091
  end: 602.742
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They also could have appealed to the Apostle John himself, who was still alive, according to Clement of Alexandria and Tertullian.
  zh: 根据亚历山大的克莱孟和特土良的说法，他们也本可以向当时还在世的使徒约翰本人求助。
- start: 602.742
  end: 608.507
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was still alive then, and he was much closer geographically to Corinth than was Rome.
  zh: 他当时还活着，而且地理位置上比罗马更靠近哥林多。
- start: 608.507
  end: 612.35
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They could have had an apostle—the beloved apostle—settle their problems.
  zh: 他们本可以让一位使徒——那位蒙爱的使徒——来解决他们的问题。
- start: 612.63
  end: 614.191
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: To whom did they appeal?
  zh: 他们向谁求助？
- start: 614.232
  end: 616.593
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They appealed to the successor of Peter.
  zh: 他们向彼得的继承人求助。
- start: 616.934
  end: 621.137
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let me read to you what he wrote to them, a section of what he wrote to them.
  zh: 让我给你们读读他写给他们的内容，读一段他写给他们的话。
- start: 621.197
  end: 636.94
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: One of my complaints about the Liturgy of the Hours is that we have several passages in there which we read in the Office of Readings, but none of them ever gives the crucial, the really simple passages from Clement for us to read.
  zh: 我对时辰祈祷的一个不满是，虽然我们在日课诵读中有几段经文，但从来没有给我们克莱孟那些关键的、非常简单的段落来读。
- start: 638.14
  end: 653.143
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: When Clement wrote to them, he said, You, therefore,—he's talking to the insurgents—you, therefore, the prime movers of the schism, submit to the presbyters, and bending the knees of your hearts, accept correction and change your minds.
  zh: 当克莱孟写信给他们时，他说：「因此，你们——他是在对那些叛乱者说——你们这些分裂的主谋，要顺服长老，要在心里屈膝，接受纠正，改变心意。」
- start: 653.463
  end: 657.624
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And he called on them to be obedient to what we have written through the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 他呼吁他们要顺服我们藉着圣灵所写的。
- start: 658.649
  end: 661.25
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: See how the clear implication is there?
  zh: 看到这里面清楚的含义了吗？
- start: 661.25
  end: 670.596
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Then he spoke of Jesus Christ, and St. Clement said to the insurgents, But should any disobey what has been said to him by Christ through us—get that?—Christ
  zh: 然后他谈到耶稣基督，圣克莱孟对叛乱者说：「但如果有人不服从基督藉着我们所说的话——明白吗？——基督
- start: 670.596
  end: 676.86
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: through us—let them understand they will entangle themselves in transgression and no small danger.
  zh: 藉着我们——让他们明白他们会陷入过犯和重大的危险中。」
- start: 677.801
  end: 682.023
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Very clearly, he perceives himself as speaking with the authority of Christ.
  zh: 很明显，他认为自己是带着基督的权柄说话。
- start: 683.305
  end: 687.408
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In the second century, Pope St. Victor encountered a problem.
  zh: 在二世纪，圣维克多教宗遇到了一个问题。
- start: 687.408
  end: 708.155
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: His papacy went from 189 to 199. In the East, a number of Jewish converts had brought with them Jewish customs, one of which was to observe Easter on the day of Passover, the 14th of the month of Nisan, even though it fell during the week.
  zh: 他在189年到199年间担任教宗。在东方，一些犹太教皈依者带来了犹太习俗，其中之一就是在逾越节那天，也就是尼散月十四日庆祝复活节，即使这一天在周中。
- start: 708.536
  end: 716.894
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And there were some heretical elements involved in this process—wrongful celebration of Easter.
  zh: 这个过程中还涉及一些异端因素——错误的复活节庆祝方式。
- start: 717.675
  end: 736.43
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: So Pope Victor, after having called some synods and ascertained what was actually going on there, issued an order saying that the bishops of the East, the churches of the East, and the great portions of the East had to come under the Church's rule for following Easter; otherwise, they would be excommunicated.
  zh: 因此维克多教宗在召开了一些会议并确认了实际情况后，发布命令说东方的主教们、东方的教会和东方的大部分地区必须遵守教会关于复活节的规定，否则就要被逐出教会。
- start: 738.912
  end: 746.041
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, if any other bishop had made that threat, he would have been ridiculed; it would have been pointless.
  zh: 如果是其他任何主教发出这样的威胁，他都会被嘲笑，这样的威胁也毫无意义。
- start: 746.481
  end: 757.426
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'And this is very significant: not one—not even one of those Eastern bishops, under the threat—did not dispute or question the Pope''s authority.'
  zh: 这一点很重要：在这个威胁下，那些东方主教中没有一个——一个都没有——对教宗的权柄提出异议或质疑。
- start: 757.486
  end: 762.148
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They fussed about it; they screamed about it, but they didn't say, You can't do that.
  zh: 他们为此烦恼，为此喊叫，但他们没有说「你不能这样做」。
- start: 762.148
  end: 763.309
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You can't do that.
  zh: 你不能这样做。
- start: 763.329
  end: 774.576
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And so far as we know, that threat was not carried out, and eventually, the whole Church came under the same rule of the service of Easter.
  zh: 据我们所知，这个威胁并未执行，最终整个教会都遵循了同样的复活节礼仪规定。
- start: 774.957
  end: 791.386
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or to skip down to Pope Dionysius in the middle of the third century, you recall Bishop Callistus Ware's claim that in the early centuries, the bishops of the East were under no obligation to obey the Pope.
  zh: 再说到三世纪中叶的狄尼修教宗，你还记得卡利斯图斯·韦尔主教声称在早期世纪，东方的主教们没有义务服从教宗。
- start: 792.307
  end: 805.107
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, the Patriarch of Alexandria, named Dionysius—the same name as the Pope of that time—wrote a letter to two of his bishops condemning Sabellianism, also known as modalistic monarchy.
  zh: 亚历山大的牧首，名叫狄尼修——与当时的教宗同名——写信给他的两位主教，谴责撒伯流主义，也就是形态君主论。
- start: 805.107
  end: 814.851
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: That's the title in which it held that the persons of the Godhead are only appearances or modes of presenting God, the one God.
  zh: 这种说法认为神性位格只是一位神的表现形式或展现方式。
- start: 815.232
  end: 824.055
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, the bishops to whom the Patriarch wrote thought that he had overemphasized the humanity of our Lord, and so they complained in the letter to the Pope.
  zh: 现在，那些收到牧首信件的主教们认为他过分强调了我们主的人性，因此他们写信向教宗投诉。
- start: 824.576
  end: 828.477
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, that complaint itself is a recognition of papal authority.
  zh: 这个投诉本身就是对教宗权柄的承认。
- start: 828.877
  end: 842.822
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope answered those bishops, setting forth the Church's true faith, and made use of a term, homoousion, namely of one substance, which 75 years later would be taken up by the Council of Nicaea in rejecting Arianism.
  zh: 教宗回复了那些主教，阐明了教会的真实信仰，并使用了一个术语「同质」，即同一本质，这个术语在75年后被尼西亚大公会议用来驳斥亚略主义。
- start: 843.262
  end: 847.783
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He also wrote to Dionysius and said, Let's have an explanation about this.
  zh: 他还写信给狄尼修说，让我们对此作出解释。
- start: 848.184
  end: 855.066
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Dionysius, the Patriarch, wrote right back, very graciously, saying, Of course, of course, and he gave the explanation and satisfied the Pope.
  zh: 牧首狄尼修立即很恭敬地回信说：「当然，当然。」并作出了解释，使教宗满意。
- start: 855.166
  end: 860.375
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He clearly acknowledged the Pope's authority over him in matters of doctrine.
  zh: 他明确承认在教义问题上教宗对他的权柄。
- start: 860.695
  end: 879.164
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or another case—and Father Ignatius, I don't see him out there, but this is about Antioch—Pope Sixtus II, also in the 3rd century, had trouble with a man in Antioch, Paul of Samosata, who was a known heretic.
  zh: 还有另一个例子——依纳爵神父，我没有看到他在外面，但这是关于安提阿的——三世纪的西斯都二世教宗与安提阿的一个人有麻烦，就是那个著名的异端撒摩撒他的保罗。
- start: 879.284
  end: 885.567
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Three synods of bishops in the East had tried to get rid of him, and they couldn't get rid of him.
  zh: 东方的三个主教会议都试图除掉他，但都没有成功。
- start: 886.127
  end: 888.548
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Finally, the emperor asked the Pope to intervene.
  zh: 最后，皇帝请求教宗介入。
- start: 888.581
  end: 893.302
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope intervened, and he was out of there, and that settled the matter.
  zh: 教宗介入后，他就被除掉了，事情就这样解决了。
- start: 893.522
  end: 900.924
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or again, in the 4th century, Pope Julius—Pope Julius is the one who really rescued Athanasius.
  zh: 再说到四世纪，尤利乌教宗——正是尤利乌教宗真正救了亚他拿修。
- start: 901.084
  end: 915.047
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In my readings of Church history as a Protestant, I always was told about how Athanasius had saved the Church from Arianism, and he was a devout and strong advocate of the true faith.
  zh: 在我作为新教徒读教会历史时，总是听说亚他拿修如何把教会从亚略主义中拯救出来，他是真信仰的虔诚而坚强的捍卫者。
- start: 915.208
  end: 920.113
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But without the support of the Pope, he would have gone down and had to stay down.
  zh: 但如果没有教宗的支持，他就会倒下，而且会一直倒下。
- start: 920.113
  end: 928.04
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Two councils in the East—two heretical councils—condemned Athanasius and evicted him from his seat as Patriarch of Alexandria.
  zh: 东方的两个会议——两个异端会议——谴责亚他拿修，并把他从亚历山大牧首的位置上赶走。
- start: 928.321
  end: 935.968
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: When he appealed to the Pope, Pope Julius I condemned both councils and reinstated Athanasius in his seat.
  zh: 当他向教宗上诉时，尤利乌一世教宗谴责了这两个会议，并恢复了亚他拿修的职位。
- start: 935.968
  end: 940.935
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He demanded to know why he had not been consulted beforehand and reminded him of the Church's rule.
  zh: 他要求知道为什么事先没有咨询他，并提醒他们要遵守教会的规则。
- start: 940.935
  end: 951.081
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'And this is what he said: Are you ignorant that this is customary for word to be written to us first and then for a just sentence to be passed from this place?'
  zh: 这是他说的话：「难道你们不知道惯例是先写信给我们，然后由这里作出公正的判决吗？」
- start: 951.441
  end: 959.546
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: If any suspicion rested upon the bishop, there ought to have been notice sent to the Church of this place—that is, Rome.
  zh: 如果对主教有任何怀疑，就应该先通知这里的教会——也就是罗马。
- start: 959.866
  end: 965.11
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: This, that is the council acting on their way, is another form of procedure, a novel practice.
  zh: 这种做法，就是会议自行其是，是另一种程序，是一种新做法。
- start: 965.11
  end: 969.552
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: What we have received from the blessed Apostle Peter, that I signify to you.
  zh: 我向你们表明的，就是我们从蒙福的使徒彼得所领受的。
- start: 970.04
  end: 976.502
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Or one more illustration before we move on: Pope Hormisdas, farther down in the 6th century.'
  zh: 在我们继续之前再举一个例子：六世纪后期的赫尔米斯达教宗。
- start: 976.502
  end: 981.304
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: There had been, for 35 years, from about 418 to about 518, a schism between the East and the West.
  zh: 从大约418年到518年，东西方之间有35年的分裂。
- start: 994.798
  end: 1007.886
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The emperors had insisted on rejecting the Council of Chalcedon's statement about the nature of our Lord—two natures, fully human, fully divine—and they kept encouraging the heretics.
  zh: 皇帝们坚持拒绝迦克墩大公会议关于我们的主的本性的声明——两性，完全的人性，完全的神性——并且他们一直在鼓励异端。
- start: 1007.886
  end: 1019.652
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: So Rome broke off communion with them, and this Monophysitism—that's what it was called, that is, one nature-ism—flourished in the East, encouraged by the emperors.
  zh: 因此罗马与他们断绝了共融，而这种单性论——这就是它的名字，即一性论——在皇帝的鼓励下在东方蓬勃发展。
- start: 1019.864
  end: 1024.346
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: During that time, a succession of popes repeatedly told the empress these things.
  zh: 在那段时期，一系列的教宗反复告诉皇后这些事情。
- start: 1024.346
  end: 1025.767
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: This comes out of their correspondence.
  zh: 这些都来自他们的通信。
- start: 1025.767
  end: 1030.449
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They repeatedly told the empress that the papal office was higher than the emperor's office.
  zh: 他们反复告诉皇后，教宗的职位高于皇帝的职位。
- start: 1030.469
  end: 1041.534
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: There can be no appeal from the Pope's rulings; no council can revise or contradict their decisions, and that all councils are subject to approval and confirmation by the Pope.
  zh: 教宗的裁决不能上诉；任何会议都不能修改或违背他们的决定，所有会议都要经过教宗的批准和确认。
- start: 1041.614
  end: 1043.815
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We'll see how this was, in fact, borne out.
  zh: 我们将看到这一点是如何得到证实的。
- start: 1044.216
  end: 1058.667
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, the empress would not relent, and the schism went on until about 519. But then a new emperor came along who wanted to reconcile with the West, and so he asked the Pope for them to be reconciled.
  zh: 皇后不肯让步，分裂一直持续到519年左右。但后来一位新皇帝想要与西方和解，于是他请求教宗让双方和好。
- start: 1058.667
  end: 1065.712
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope sent a statement to be signed by all the Eastern bishops who wanted to be received in communion with Christ, and they all signed it.
  zh: 教宗发出一份声明，要所有希望与基督保持共融的东方主教签署，他们都签了。
- start: 1065.772
  end: 1068.674
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let me read just a part of that, just the first part.
  zh: 让我读一部分，就读第一部分。
- start: 1068.874
  end: 1088.258
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It says, The first condition of salvation is to keep the norm of the true faith and in no way to deviate from the established doctrine of the fathers, for it is impossible that the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, who said, 'Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church,' it’s impossible those words should not be verified.
  zh: 它说：「得救的第一个条件是持守真信仰的准则，决不偏离教父所确立的教义，因为我们主耶稣基督的话是不可能落空的，他说：『你是彼得，我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上。』这些话不可能不得到验证。」
- start: 1088.458
  end: 1100.701
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Their truth has been proved by the course of history, for in the Apostolic See, the Catholic religion has always been kept unsullied, and from this hope and faith, we by no means desire to be separated.
  zh: 历史进程已经证明了这些话的真实性，因为在宗座中，大公信仰一直保持纯净，我们决不愿与这盼望和信仰分离。
- start: 1100.801
  end: 1104.141
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Following the doctrine of the fathers, we declare anathema all heresies.
  zh: 遵循教父的教导，我们宣布咒诅所有异端。
- start: 1104.141
  end: 1115.144
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They named a whole bunch of heresies already condemned by Rome, and for a long time, that was a standard of orthodoxy in the East.
  zh: 他们列举了一大堆已经被罗马定罪的异端，这在很长一段时间内都是东方正统信仰的标准。
- start: 1115.665
  end: 1120.188
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The bishops were under total obligation, you see, to obey the Pope.
  zh: 你看，主教们完全有义务服从教宗。
- start: 1120.369
  end: 1125.972
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let's talk about the Pope's role in the first seven ecumenical councils.
  zh: 让我们谈谈教宗在前七次大公会议中的角色。
- start: 1126.053
  end: 1133.158
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Remember that the Eastern Orthodox claim is that ecumenical councils are the ultimate authority in the Church.
  zh: 记住，东正教声称大公会议是教会的最高权柄。
- start: 1134.733
  end: 1146.377
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Father Meyendorff says the churches of the East have always insisted that all doctrinal problems must be settled by debate in ecumenical councils, and this is simply untrue.
  zh: 梅延多夫神父说东方教会一直坚持所有教义问题都必须通过大公会议的辩论来解决，这简直不是事实。
- start: 1146.838
  end: 1158.842
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We've noted already that Father Meyendorff admitted that the debate, quote-unquote, between East and West, which marks the beginning of Eastern Orthodox apologetics, really dates from the 13th century.
  zh: 我们已经注意到梅延多夫神父承认，东西方之间的「辩论」——这标志着东正教护教学的开始——实际上是从13世纪才开始的。
- start: 1159.756
  end: 1167.298
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Only after the 13th century did Eastern Orthodox apologists insist that ecumenical councils were to be the final authority of the Church.
  zh: 只是在13世纪之后，东正教护教者才坚持大公会议是教会的最终权柄。
- start: 1167.298
  end: 1171.599
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: That is not a decision of any ecumenical council.
  zh: 这并不是任何大公会议的决定。
- start: 1172.36
  end: 1179.082
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, this is all, as I said, an attempt to justify rejecting the authority of the Bishop of Rome.
  zh: 正如我所说，这一切都是为了证明拒绝罗马主教权柄的合理性。
- start: 1180.042
  end: 1183.483
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Nothing in any of those decrees in any way supports this claim.
  zh: 这些法令中没有任何内容支持这种说法。
- start: 1184.002
  end: 1194.469
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Not one of the ecumenical councils—if you study the history of it—not one was able to interpret its own decrees; not one was able to enforce its own decrees.
  zh: 如果你研究历史就会发现，没有一个大公会议能够解释自己的法令，没有一个能够执行自己的法令。
- start: 1194.469
  end: 1202.194
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In every single case, the final enforcer, the final interpreter of those decrees, turned out to be the Bishop of Rome.
  zh: 在每一个案例中，这些法令的最终执行者和解释者都是罗马主教。
- start: 1202.614
  end: 1213.622
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, Father Meyendorff says in one place—and I find it rather puzzling—he says that councils did not arrive at truth simply by show of hands, but that conciliar debates were not governed by majority rule.
  zh: 现在，梅延多夫神父在某处说——我觉得相当令人困惑——他说会议不是简单地通过举手表决来达成真理，会议的辩论不是由多数规则支配的。
- start: 1213.622
  end: 1220.222
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He said, and he explains, The minority simply either had to agree with the decision or be excommunicated.
  zh: 他说，并解释说，少数派要么同意决定，要么就被逐出教会。
- start: 1222.224
  end: 1223.825
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And that does not compute.
  zh: 这说不通。
- start: 1224.806
  end: 1228.508
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And who told the minority they had to agree or be excommunicated?
  zh: 谁告诉少数派他们必须同意否则就被逐出教会？
- start: 1228.508
  end: 1229.589
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The minority?
  zh: 少数派吗？
- start: 1229.589
  end: 1230.69
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, the majority did.
  zh: 显然是多数派。
- start: 1230.69
  end: 1232.271
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And that's not majority rule?
  zh: 这难道不是多数统治吗？
- start: 1232.271
  end: 1233.812
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, it sounds like it.
  zh: 嗯，听起来就是。
- start: 1234.052
  end: 1236.854
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: If it smells like it and sounds like it, it must be majority.
  zh: 如果闻起来像，听起来像，那就一定是多数统治。
- start: 1237.094
  end: 1251.914
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Now, you recall the argument that we raised a while ago but didn''t answer: if the Pope had final authority in matters of doctrine, he would have settled it at those early dogmatic battles.'
  zh: 现在，你还记得我们刚才提出但没有回答的论点：如果教宗在教义问题上拥有最终权柄，他就会在那些早期教义之争中解决问题。
- start: 1251.914
  end: 1255.977
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The battles took place; therefore, he must not have had papal magisterium.
  zh: 这些争战还是发生了，因此，他一定没有教宗的训导权。
- start: 1256.358
  end: 1264.546
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Q.E.D. The answer, of course, is that the argument is based on a complete misunderstanding of papal doctrinal authority.
  zh: 证毕。当然，答案是这个论点完全误解了教宗的教义权柄。
- start: 1265.134
  end: 1274.061
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Papal infallibility does not mean that the Pope carries around in his head ready-made definitions to every theological problem which can be raised.
  zh: 教宗无误性并不意味着教宗脑子里对每个可能出现的神学问题都有现成的定义。
- start: 1274.302
  end: 1280.086
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It only means that when the Pope does make a decision, he will be divinely preserved from error.
  zh: 它只意味着当教宗作出决定时，他会受到神的保守而不犯错。
- start: 1280.347
  end: 1287.593
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Even though he is divinely protected and guided, the Pope has to use human means to discern the truth to be proclaimed.
  zh: 尽管他受到神的保护和引导，教宗仍然需要用人的方式来辨明要宣告的真理。
- start: 1288.174
  end: 1296.737
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Discussion may be necessary—discussion about whether something is really in the deposit of faith, or how it has been previously dealt with, if at all.
  zh: 讨论可能是必要的——讨论某事是否真的属于信仰宝库，或者之前是否以及如何处理过。
- start: 1297.138
  end: 1305.541
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Sometimes, convoking or consenting to a general council may be a means of discovering the truth which Christ's Vicar must finally proclaim.
  zh: 有时，召开或同意召开大公会议可能是发现基督代理人最终必须宣告的真理的一种方式。
- start: 1305.981
  end: 1314.045
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But the fact is that even though they didn't step in with ready-made solutions, their authority did prevail.
  zh: 但事实是，即使他们没有拿出现成的解决方案，他们的权柄还是占了上风。
- start: 1314.185
  end: 1320.486
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let's run through these first seven councils very quickly and see the decisive role the Pope played in each one of them.
  zh: 让我们快速回顾这前七次会议，看看教宗在每一次会议中发挥的决定性作用。
- start: 1320.787
  end: 1330.235
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In each instance, we're going to find that one of the popes—one or more—had previously condemned the heresy or heretics which the councils were summoned to combat.
  zh: 在每一个例子中，我们都会发现有一位或多位教宗在此之前已经谴责了会议被召集来对抗的异端或异端分子。
- start: 1330.256
  end: 1336.881
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In every single case, the decision of the council had already been made by a successor of Peter.
  zh: 在每一个案例中，会议的决定都已经由彼得的继承人作出。
- start: 1337.142
  end: 1341.205
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We start with Nicaea, focused on the heresy of Arianism.
  zh: 我们从尼西亚开始，重点是亚略主义异端。
- start: 1341.77
  end: 1355.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Arians believed that the Son of God had been created ex nihilo by the Father to serve as creator of the world, and so the Son was not God by nature; he was a creature subject to change, neither fully human nor fully divine.
  zh: 亚略派认为圣子是圣父从无中造出来作为世界的创造者，因此圣子本质上不是神；他是一个会改变的受造物，既不是完全的人，也不是完全的神。
- start: 1355.829
  end: 1359.253
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was something of a tertium quid, a third something.
  zh: 他是某种第三物，一个介于两者之间的存在。
- start: 1360.115
  end: 1367.218
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Forerunners of this heresy had been condemned in the second century by Pope Victor and in the third century by Pope Dionysius.
  zh: 这个异端的先驱在二世纪就被维克多教宗谴责，在三世纪又被狄尼修教宗谴责。
- start: 1367.218
  end: 1375.941
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Indeed, as we saw a while ago, Pope Dionysius brought up that term which is a key word in the Council of Nicaea's decision.
  zh: 事实上，正如我们刚才所见，狄尼修教宗提出了那个在尼西亚会议决议中的关键词。
- start: 1376.961
  end: 1394.077
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Despite these condemnations, Arianism was spreading like wildfire throughout the East, and because the popes had previously spoken on this issue, the bishops who came to Nicaea did not come to consider an open question; they came to render a concurrent judgment on the Pope's teaching.
  zh: 尽管有这些谴责，亚略主义仍在整个东方如野火般蔓延，而且因为教宗们之前已经就这个问题发表过意见，来到尼西亚的主教们不是来考虑一个开放性问题，他们是来对教宗的教导作出一致的判断。
- start: 1394.077
  end: 1405.605
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Pope Sylvester presided at the council in the person of his legate, Bishop Hosius of Cordova, and they simply underlined and accepted what the Pope had previously ruled.
  zh: 西尔维斯特教宗通过他的特使，科尔多瓦的奥西乌主教主持了会议，他们只是强调并接受了教宗之前的裁决。
- start: 1405.966
  end: 1414.411
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In the half-century after the council, it was the Pope who repeatedly defended and upheld the decision of the council, not the council itself.
  zh: 在会议后的半个世纪里，一直是教宗反复捍卫和维护会议的决定，而不是会议本身。
- start: 1414.912
  end: 1418.394
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or we go on to the Council of Constantinople in 381, the second one.
  zh: 再说到381年的君士坦丁堡会议，第二次大公会议。
- start: 1419.215
  end: 1427.138
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The heresy they faced there was called the Macedonian heretics; they were called the Pneumatomachians, the killers of the Holy Spirit.
  zh: 他们在那里面对的异端被称为马其顿派异端；他们被称为攻击圣灵派，即圣灵的杀害者。
- start: 1427.138
  end: 1429.819
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They denied that the Holy Spirit was fully divine.
  zh: 他们否认圣灵是完全的神。
- start: 1430.54
  end: 1438.023
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They had various theologies in the East to try to defend their faith, but every time they got a new theology, they got a new heresy.
  zh: 他们在东方有各种神学试图捍卫他们的信仰，但每次他们得到一个新神学，就产生一个新异端。
- start: 1438.523
  end: 1446.246
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The East fostered and provoked almost every single major heresy in the first five, six, seven, or eight centuries.
  zh: 在最初的五、六、七或八个世纪里，几乎每一个主要异端都是在东方滋生和引发的。
- start: 1446.686
  end: 1455.732
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Almost every single one, and not one of those heresies was combated and overcome except by the power of the papacy.
  zh: 几乎每一个都是，而且这些异端无一不是靠着教宗制度的力量才得以对抗和克服。
- start: 1456.372
  end: 1467.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The second council was called together, and they affirmed the divinity of the Holy Spirit, just as the previous popes had done.
  zh: 第二次会议召集在一起，他们确认了圣灵的神性，正如先前的教宗们所做的那样。
- start: 1467.494
  end: 1476.356
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It was composed entirely of Eastern bishops, but because they concurred in the faith taught by Pope Damasus, that fact gave it ecumenical status.
  zh: 会议完全由东方主教组成，但因为他们赞同达玛稣教宗所教导的信仰，这个事实使它具有了大公性。
- start: 1476.4
  end: 1484.406
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or the Council of Ephesus, which was called to deal with the heresy of Nestorius.
  zh: 再说到以弗所会议，它被召集来处理聂斯托利的异端。
- start: 1484.626
  end: 1489.57
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He rejected the term Theotokos; he said there were two separate persons in the incarnate Christ.
  zh: 他拒绝「上帝之母」这个称号，他说在道成肉身的基督里有两个分开的位格。
- start: 1489.57
  end: 1494.994
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He said Mary would be the mother of Jesus, the human being, but not the mother of God.
  zh: 他说马利亚是耶稣这个人的母亲，但不是神的母亲。
- start: 1494.994
  end: 1498.997
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He made a split in our Lord's person by that effort.
  zh: 他通过这种努力在我们的主的位格中制造了分裂。
- start: 1498.997
  end: 1505.061
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And so Cyril of Alexandria wrote to Pope Celestine, What are we going to do about this?
  zh: 于是亚历山大的区利罗写信给则肋斯定教宗说：「我们要怎么处理这件事？」
- start: 1505.163
  end: 1512.068
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He said, It's an ancient custom for such important matters as the deposition of a heretical archbishop—he referred to Rome.
  zh: 他说，对于废除一个异端大主教这样重要的事情，按照古老的惯例要诉诸罗马。
- start: 1512.469
  end: 1516.691
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Nestorius was the archbishop or patriarch of Constantinople; it had to be dealt with.
  zh: 聂斯托利是君士坦丁堡的大主教或牧首，这件事必须处理。
- start: 1517.112
  end: 1528.961
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And so Cyril wrote back to the Patriarch of Alexandria and gave him authority to act in his behalf.
  zh: 于是区利罗写信给亚历山大的牧首，授权他代表自己行事。
- start: 1528.961
  end: 1533.184
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'He said, Do this: you give Nestorius an ultimatum.'
  zh: 他说：「你这样做：给聂斯托利一个最后通牒。」
- start: 1533.484
  end: 1544.373
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: From the time he receives this notice, he has ten days in which to recant, to reject his heresy, and to affirm the full faith of the Church, or he's deposed and excommunicated.
  zh: 从他收到这个通知开始，他有十天时间收回言论，拒绝他的异端，确认教会的完整信仰，否则就被废黜并逐出教会。
- start: 1544.854
  end: 1551.159
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, this was communicated to Nestorius, and he remained firm in his heresy.
  zh: 这个消息传达给了聂斯托利，但他坚持他的异端。
- start: 1551.619
  end: 1555.983
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: So the emperor, with the Pope's consent, summoned a general synod, and they gave sentence.
  zh: 于是皇帝在得到教宗的同意后，召集了一次大会议，他们作出了判决。
- start: 1555.983
  end: 1561.866
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They carried out Pope Celestine's condemnation, his reaffirmation of the faith, and that was the end of it.
  zh: 他们执行了则肋斯定教宗的谴责，确认了他对信仰的重申，事情就这样结束了。
- start: 1561.866
  end: 1564.867
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It was the Pope's decision which was decisive.
  zh: 是教宗的决定起了决定性作用。
- start: 1564.867
  end: 1572.509
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'The Fourth Council of Chalcedon: here we have the problem of a man, Eutyches, another patriarch of Constantinople.'
  zh: 第四次迦克墩会议：这里我们遇到了一个人的问题，优提克，又一位君士坦丁堡的牧首。
- start: 1573.11
  end: 1579.972
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: There's a theory which Father Meyendorff often refers to; he calls it the Pentarchy theory.
  zh: 梅延多夫神父经常提到一个理论，他称之为五牧首理论。
- start: 1579.972
  end: 1581.893
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Pentarchy, from the word five.
  zh: 五牧首，来自「五」这个词。
- start: 1582.182
  end: 1594.051
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He says really authority in the early Church was carried out by the patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and I'm missing one—Father Ignatius?
  zh: 他说早期教会的权柄实际上是由罗马、安提阿、亚历山大、耶路撒冷的牧首执行的，我还漏了一个——依纳爵神父？
- start: 1597.074
  end: 1601.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople.
  zh: 亚历山大、安提阿、耶路撒冷和君士坦丁堡。
- start: 1601.718
  end: 1603.219
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Yeah, and I mentioned them.
  zh: 是的，我提到过它们。
- start: 1603.219
  end: 1604.5
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They were a late comrade.
  zh: 他们是后来才加入的。
- start: 1604.8
  end: 1611.185
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The fact of the matter is that over a period of centuries, one or more of those patriarchs was always in heresy.
  zh: 事实是，在几个世纪的时期里，这些牧首中总是有一个或多个陷入异端。
- start: 1611.508
  end: 1618.092
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: How in the world could heretics deal with their own heresy and uphold the authentic faith of the Church?
  zh: 异端怎么可能处理他们自己的异端并维护教会的真实信仰呢？
- start: 1618.533
  end: 1629.0
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Apart from the fact that there is not one recorded instance in history of any time when those five patriarchs agreed as final authority to solve anything, it's a pure theory.
  zh: 除了历史上从未记载过这五位牧首作为最终权柄一致同意解决任何事情的事实之外，这纯粹是一个理论。
- start: 1629.0
  end: 1631.321
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It comes out of the head of an apologist.
  zh: 这是从一个护教者的头脑中产生的。
- start: 1631.321
  end: 1633.222
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It's not based in history at all.
  zh: 这完全没有历史依据。
- start: 1633.923
  end: 1641.628
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Pope Leo I, Leo the Great, wrote a letter to the archbishop of Constantinople.
  zh: 教宗良一世，即大良，写了一封信给君士坦丁堡的大主教。
- start: 1642.99
  end: 1645.031
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Eutyches was a monk; he was not the patriarch.
  zh: 优提克是一个修士，不是牧首。
- start: 1645.031
  end: 1648.073
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was a monk in the patriarchate of Constantinople.
  zh: 他是君士坦丁堡牧首区的一个修士。
- start: 1648.113
  end: 1656.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope wrote a letter and set forth the authentic faith, and this letter was to be read at a council there to get them all straightened out.
  zh: 教宗写了一封信阐述真实的信仰，这封信要在那里的会议上宣读，以使他们都明白过来。
- start: 1656.718
  end: 1663.062
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Well, the emperor convoked a council; he loaded it with heretics, and they rejected the Pope's letter.
  zh: 然而，皇帝召集了一个会议，他让会议充满了异端分子，他们拒绝了教宗的信。
- start: 1663.391
  end: 1668.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: That was in 449. Well, when news of the council reached the Pope, he condemned it.
  zh: 那是在449年。当会议的消息传到教宗那里时，他谴责了这个会议。
- start: 1668.354
  end: 1671.175
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He said, It's a robber's council, the Latrocinium.
  zh: 他说，这是强盗会议，拉特罗奇尼乌姆。
- start: 1672.036
  end: 1674.397
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It's been known by that ever since—a robber's council.
  zh: 从那时起它就一直被称为强盗会议。
- start: 1674.397
  end: 1676.238
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It was condemned; it was out.
  zh: 它被谴责了，被废除了。
- start: 1676.939
  end: 1678.139
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: So the emperor tried again.
  zh: 于是皇帝又试了一次。
- start: 1678.139
  end: 1682.382
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: This time he got a council with the Pope's guidance, the Council of Chalcedon.
  zh: 这一次他在教宗的指导下召开了会议，即迦克墩会议。
- start: 1682.382
  end: 1688.305
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Council of Chalcedon accepted and concurred in what the Pope had taught, and that settled the issue again.
  zh: 迦克墩会议接受并赞同了教宗所教导的内容，这再次解决了问题。
- start: 1688.305
  end: 1691.967
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope's decision was decisive.
  zh: 教宗的决定是决定性的。
- start: 1692.409
  end: 1697.693
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. Now we're down to number five.
  zh: 再说到553年的第二次君士坦丁堡会议。现在我们说到第五次会议。
- start: 1697.974
  end: 1712.545
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The heresy of Nestorius persisted, so they called a fifth ecumenical council, and it reaffirmed what Pope Leo had taught on the two natures of Christ and condemned the persons who were teaching contrary to that faith.
  zh: 聂斯托利的异端仍然存在，所以他们召开了第五次大公会议，重申了良教宗关于基督二性的教导，并谴责了那些教导与此信仰相反的人。
- start: 1712.546
  end: 1715.588
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Again, it was the teaching of the Pope which was decisive.
  zh: 再一次，是教宗的教导起了决定性作用。
- start: 1715.588
  end: 1726.512
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or come down to the Third Council of Constantinople, way down in 680-681. Another Eastern council—they were so good at devising these; they just couldn't settle any of them.
  zh: 再说到第三次君士坦丁堡会议，一直到680-681年。又一次东方会议——他们很擅长制造这些问题，却无法解决任何一个。
- start: 1726.512
  end: 1738.199
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It was called Monothelitism, one-will-ism, another Eastern heresy which claimed that in the Incarnation, though He was fully divine and fully human, still He only had one will.
  zh: 这被称为单意志论，又一个东方异端，它声称在道成肉身中，虽然他完全是神也完全是人，但他只有一个意志。
- start: 1738.199
  end: 1745.203
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: His divine will sort of swallowed up His human will, and of course, this is contrary to the Church's teaching.
  zh: 他的神性意志某种程度上吞没了他的人性意志，当然，这与教会的教导相违背。
- start: 1746.924
  end: 1750.246
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: So the emperor fined some of the council at Constantinople.
  zh: 于是皇帝在君士坦丁堡召集了部分会议。
- start: 1750.47
  end: 1760.318
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And the Pope at that time, Pope Agatho, following Pope Leo's example, sent a lengthy dogmatic letter to the council, setting forth the orthodox doctrine.
  zh: 当时的教宗阿加托效法良教宗的榜样，向会议发送了一封长篇的教义信函，阐述了正统教义。
- start: 1760.919
  end: 1769.867
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: His letter several times reminded the council that he spoke with the authority of Peter, that the Church of Rome had never embraced any error, and that she must be obeyed.
  zh: 他的信多次提醒会议，他是以彼得的权柄说话，罗马教会从未接受任何错误，必须服从她。
- start: 1770.067
  end: 1774.03
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The council received the letter and concurred with the contents of the letter.
  zh: 会议接受了这封信，并赞同信中的内容。
- start: 1774.351
  end: 1790.771
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'In a letter to the Pope, signed by the whole council—this is the Council of Constantinople, 680-681—this is what the council said to the Pope: Christ, our true God, has revealed your holiness as a wise physician, mightily driving away the disease of heresy by the medicine of orthodoxy.'
  zh: 在致教宗的一封信中，由整个会议签署——这是680-681年的君士坦丁堡会议——会议这样对教宗说：「基督，我们的真神，已显明你的圣德如同明智的医生，用正统信仰的良药有力地驱除异端的疾病。」
- start: 1790.851
  end: 1797.252
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We leave to you what is to be done with the heretics, since you occupy the first seat of the universal Church.
  zh: 「我们把如何处置异端者的事交给你，因为你坐在普世教会的首位。」
- start: 1797.373
  end: 1806.435
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: By the writing of the true confession from your paternal blessedness to the most pious king, we recognize as pronounced by the chiefest head of the apostles.
  zh: 「通过你这位慈父的真实信仰告白写给最虔诚的君王的信，我们认出这是使徒之首所宣告的。」
- start: 1806.525
  end: 1811.647
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And the council, we have it in the record, begged the Pope to give his confirmation to their decisions.
  zh: 根据记录，会议恳请教宗确认他们的决定。
- start: 1812.047
  end: 1822.551
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: By that time, the Pope had died, but his successor, Pope Leo II, did confirm the condemnation and thereby asserted the inviolability of the Roman Catholic faith.
  zh: 那时教宗已经去世，但他的继任者良二世教宗确实确认了这个谴责，从而确立了罗马公教信仰的不可侵犯性。
- start: 1823.071
  end: 1832.294
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And the last council—yes, the last council, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787—this was the council dealing with iconoclasm.
  zh: 最后一个会议——是的，最后一个会议，787年的第二次尼西亚会议——这是处理圣像破坏运动的会议。
- start: 1832.429
  end: 1841.411
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In 726, the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued an edict ordering all images in all the churches to be removed.
  zh: 726年，伊索里亚的利奥皇帝颁布法令，命令移除所有教堂中的圣像。
- start: 1841.872
  end: 1852.334
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, he may have been following the example of the Muslims, whose caliph had just recently destroyed all images in the churches in the territory which he controlled.
  zh: 现在，他可能是在效仿穆斯林的做法，他们的哈里发刚刚在其控制的领土内摧毁了所有教堂中的圣像。
- start: 1852.875
  end: 1858.236
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Patriarch of Constantinople, St. Germanus, wrote to Pope Gregory II, appealing for help.
  zh: 君士坦丁堡的牧首，圣日耳曼写信给额我略二世教宗，请求帮助。
- start: 1858.616
  end: 1862.217
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope condemned the heresy immediately in a council in Rome.
  zh: 教宗立即在罗马的一次会议中谴责了这个异端。
- start: 1862.418
  end: 1872.146
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: A little bit later, the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem—you see all the other four being heard from—they also begged the Pope to intervene and put an end to the heresy.
  zh: 不久之后，亚历山大、安提阿和耶路撒冷的牧首——你看到其他四个都发声了——他们也恳求教宗介入并终止这个异端。
- start: 1872.406
  end: 1882.974
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But the emperor was using the military force—the military might, I might say—of the empire to maintain that heresy, so the Pope was unable to rescue the East for a while.
  zh: 但皇帝正在使用帝国的军事力量——我可以说是军事威力——来维持那个异端，所以教宗一时无法拯救东方。
- start: 1883.155
  end: 1895.035
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But in 780, a new emperor ascended to the Byzantine throne under the guardianship of his mother, who was not an iconoclast, and a new orthodox patriarch asked for a general council.
  zh: 但在780年，在其母亲的监护下，一位新皇帝登上了拜占庭的王位，他的母亲不是圣像破坏者，一位新的正统牧首请求召开大公会议。
- start: 1895.035
  end: 1898.996
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope consented, and 350 bishops gathered at Nicaea.
  zh: 教宗同意了，350位主教聚集在尼西亚。
- start: 1899.156
  end: 1904.718
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: A letter from the Pope was read, a long document setting forth the doctrine to be held by the council.
  zh: 会议宣读了教宗的一封信，这是一份阐述会议应持守教义的长篇文件。
- start: 1904.798
  end: 1908.459
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The council's response was, We follow, we receive, we accept.
  zh: 会议的回应是：「我们跟随，我们接受，我们认可。」
- start: 1908.72
  end: 1911.52
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Pope eventually confirmed the decree of the council.
  zh: 教宗最终确认了会议的法令。
- start: 1912.501
  end: 1919.003
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In every single case, the ecumenical council simply confirmed what the popes had decided.
  zh: 在每一个案例中，大公会议只是确认了教宗已经决定的事。
- start: 1919.085
  end: 1928.247
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In every single case, the ecumenical councils were ecumenical precisely and only because the Pope had confirmed and approved them.
  zh: 在每一个案例中，大公会议之所以是大公的，恰恰是而且仅仅是因为教宗确认和批准了它们。
- start: 1928.647
  end: 1932.528
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now let me say just a word about non-papal councils in the East.
  zh: 现在让我说说东方那些非教宗主导的会议。
- start: 1932.788
  end: 1939.509
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In the first eight centuries, there were many councils held in the East quite apart from the Pope's supervision or approval—quite a number.
  zh: 在最初的八个世纪里，在东方举行了许多完全不受教宗监督或批准的会议——数量相当多。
- start: 1940.209
  end: 1945.03
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Not one of those councils ever solved one doctrinal controversy.
  zh: 这些会议中没有一个解决过任何教义争议。
- start: 1945.405
  end: 1949.687
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Almost all, if not all, were in fact motivated by heresy.
  zh: 几乎所有的，如果不是全部的会议，实际上都是由异端推动的。
- start: 1950.147
  end: 1954.909
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Every single one of them was either ignored or rejected by the successors of Peter.
  zh: 它们每一个都被彼得的继承人要么忽视要么拒绝。
- start: 1955.45
  end: 1964.274
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now, in light of these facts, think about this statement by Bishop Callistus Ware, the Greek Orthodox bishop.
  zh: 现在，根据这些事实，想想希腊正教主教卡利斯图斯·韦尔的这个说法。
- start: 1964.554
  end: 1968.656
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He has written that the whole body of the Church is a bearer of infallibility.
  zh: 他写道整个教会团体都是无误性的承载者。
- start: 1968.863
  end: 1970.884
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In a sense, of course, a Catholic would agree with that.
  zh: 从某种意义上说，当然，一个公教徒会同意这一点。
- start: 1970.884
  end: 1976.227
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In a sense, he goes on to say that the councils of bishops are the mouth of the Church.
  zh: 从某种意义上说，他接着说主教会议是教会的口。
- start: 1976.507
  end: 1979.569
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The councils of bishops are the mouth of the Church.
  zh: 主教会议是教会的口。
- start: 1980.049
  end: 1992.476
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And if that's true, then I would say, following his metaphor, in the light of history, we'd have to say that if the councils are the mouth of the Church, then the papacy is the tongue and the teeth and the lips of the Church.
  zh: 如果这是真的，那么我要说，按照他的比喻，从历史的角度来看，如果会议是教会的口，那么教宗制度就是教会的舌头、牙齿和嘴唇。
- start: 1992.837
  end: 1997.319
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Now try talking without using your tongue or your teeth or your lips.
  zh: 现在试试不用舌头、牙齿或嘴唇说话。
- start: 1998.922
  end: 2002.923
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And now, as Henry VIII said to his wives, I won't keep you much longer.
  zh: 现在，就像亨利八世对他的妻子们说的那样，我不会再耽误你们太久了。
- start: 2011.485
  end: 2017.326
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Let's think for just a few moments about some eminent witnesses of the East.
  zh: 让我们花几分钟想想一些杰出的东方见证人。
- start: 2017.407
  end: 2030.948
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Witnesses of the East—and again, Father Ignatius, here’s your beloved St. John Chrysostom, the great theologian and patriarch and doctor of the Church, an Antiochian man.
  zh: 东方的见证人——再次说到，依纳爵神父，这是你敬爱的圣若望屈梭多模，这位伟大的神学家、牧首和教会圣师，一位安提阿人。
- start: 2032.048
  end: 2047.776
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'Commenting on Matthew 16, St. John Chrysostom, in the 4th century, said, Which are the greater gifts: those which the Father gave to Peter, speaking about revealing the faith to Peter, or those which the Son gave him?'
  zh: 在注释马太福音第16章时，四世纪的圣若望屈梭多模说：「哪些是更大的恩赐：圣父赐给彼得的，说到向彼得启示信仰，还是圣子赐给他的？」
- start: 2047.817
  end: 2055.372
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The Father gave to Peter the revelation of the Son, but the Son gave him to spread that of the Father and His faith Himself throughout the world.
  zh: 「圣父给了彼得关于圣子的启示，但圣子让他在全世界传播关于圣父和他自己信仰的启示。」
- start: 2055.372
  end: 2065.699
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And to a mortal man, He entrusted the power over all that is in heaven in giving the keys to him who extended the Church throughout the world and showed it stronger than the world.
  zh: 「他把天上一切的权柄托付给一个凡人，把钥匙给了他，使他把教会扩展到全世界，并显明教会比世界更强大。」
- start: 2065.939
  end: 2073.264
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: St. John Chrysostom, the great Eastern saint, was born and raised in Antioch, and he preached most of his famous homilies there.
  zh: 这位伟大的东方圣人圣若望屈梭多模在安提阿出生和成长，他的大多数著名讲道都是在那里宣讲的。
- start: 2073.669
  end: 2077.652
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In one of the homilies, he said, God has had great account of this city of Antioch.
  zh: 在其中一篇讲道中，他说：「神非常看重这座安提阿城。」
- start: 2077.652
  end: 2089.26
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He has shown indeed, especially when He ordered Peter, the ruler of the whole world, to whom He entrusted the keys of heaven, to whom He committed the office of bringing all in.
  zh: 他确实显明了这一点，特别是当他命令彼得，这位全世界的统治者，就是他托付天国钥匙的那位，委托他带领所有人进入的那位。
- start: 2089.32
  end: 2093.863
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: God ordered Peter to pass a long time here too, so they had some claims.
  zh: 神也命令彼得在这里停留很长时间，所以他们也有一些地位。
- start: 2093.863
  end: 2095.844
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But notice what he says about Peter.
  zh: 但注意他是怎么说彼得的。
- start: 2096.105
  end: 2107.119
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Or let's take a quick look at St. Maximus the Confessor, also known as St. Maximus the Theologian, dating from the latter part of the 6th and into the 7th century.
  zh: 让我们快速看看圣马克西姆忏悔者，也被称为圣马克西姆神学家，他生活在六世纪后期到七世纪。
- start: 2107.88
  end: 2121.488
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was one of the chief theologians of the Incarnation, a great theologian of ascetic mysticism, a monk persecuted and tortured for obedience to the faith and to the papal teaching.
  zh: 他是道成肉身教义的主要神学家之一，一位伟大的苦修神秘主义神学家，一位因顺服信仰和教宗教导而受迫害和折磨的修士。
- start: 2121.828
  end: 2126.211
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was, in fact, by order of the emperor, his tongue was cut out and his right hand was severed.
  zh: 事实上，按照皇帝的命令，他的舌头被割掉，右手被砍断。
- start: 2126.471
  end: 2129.713
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: This is what—I guess this was before his right hand was severed—he wrote this.
  zh: 这就是——我猜这是在他的右手被砍断之前——他写的。
- start: 2129.713
  end: 2139.377
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: But not to make light of his suffering, a heretic had tried to gain St. Maximus' approval for his teaching.
  zh: 但不是要轻视他的苦难，一个异端曾试图获得圣马克西姆对他教导的认可。
- start: 2139.377
  end: 2143.3
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He thought, I'll get him on my side; that will give me some weight when I go to Rome, try to get them on my side.
  zh: 他想，我要让他站在我这边，这样当我去罗马时就有些分量了，试图让他们站在我这边。
- start: 2143.3
  end: 2146.621
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: They always went to Rome trying to enlist the Pope's side if they could.
  zh: 他们总是去罗马，如果可能的话就试图争取教宗站在他们这边。
- start: 2147.162
  end: 2165.829
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Writing about this man, St. Maximus said, If the Roman Sea recognizes Pyrrhus to be not only a reprobate but a heretic, it is certainly plain that everyone else who anathematizes those who have rejected him anathematizes the Sea of Peter; that is, he anathematizes the Catholic Church.
  zh: 写到这个人时，圣马克西姆说：「如果罗马海认定皮鲁不仅是一个弃绝者而且是一个异端，那么很明显，任何咒诅那些拒绝他的人的人就是在咒诅彼得的海，也就是说，他在咒诅大公教会。」
- start: 2166.19
  end: 2170.354
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: I need only add that he excommunicates himself also.
  zh: 我只需要补充说他也把自己逐出教会了。
- start: 2170.354
  end: 2210.624
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: If indeed he’d be in communion with the Roman Sea and the Church of God, then he says, 'Let him hasten first of all to satisfy the Roman Sea,' that is, the Apostolic Sea, which from the incarnate Son of God Himself and also by all holy synods, according to the holy canons and definitions, has received universal and supreme dominion, authority, and power of binding and loosing over all the holy churches of God which are in the whole world.
  zh: 如果他确实要与罗马海和神的教会共融，那么他说：「让他首先赶快满足罗马海」，也就是宗徒海，它从道成肉身的神子本身以及所有神圣会议，按照神圣教规和定义，已经接受了对全世界所有神圣教会的普世和最高统治权、权柄，以及捆绑和释放的权力。
- start: 2210.864
  end: 2215.926
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: For with it, the Word, who is above the celestial powers, binds and looses in heaven also.
  zh: 因为藉着它，那超越天上权柄的道，也在天上捆绑和释放。
- start: 2216.46
  end: 2228.807
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: No stronger statement is possible, and this is from one of those bishops about whom the present Eastern Orthodox apologists say they do not regard themselves as bound to obey the Pope.
  zh: 再也没有比这更强烈的声明了，而这来自于那些主教中的一位，现在的东正教护教者说他们不认为自己有义务服从教宗。
- start: 2228.987
  end: 2240.767
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: 'One final saint here: St. Theodore of Studium, a monk who organized his monastery in the most remarkable way.'
  zh: 这里最后一位圣人：斯图迪特的圣德奥多，一位以最非凡的方式组织他修道院的修士。
- start: 2240.767
  end: 2249.273
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In fact, his monastic rule was the model for the Byzantine world for a long time, and it still exists on Mount Athos.
  zh: 事实上，他的修道院规则长期以来都是拜占庭世界的典范，至今仍在阿索斯山上沿用。
- start: 2249.454
  end: 2254.577
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He was persecuted, of course, and exiled for his orthodoxy and fidelity to papal teaching.
  zh: 当然，他因正统信仰和对教宗教导的忠诚而受到迫害和流放。
- start: 2254.998
  end: 2275.256
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Writing to Pope Leo III against heretics known as the Moacians—we won't go into that one—he said, Since to great Peter, Christ our God gave the office of chief shepherd after entrusting him with the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, to Peter or his successors must of necessity every novelty in the Church be referred.
  zh: 他写信给良三世教宗反对被称为莫阿西派的异端——我们不详述这个——他说：「既然对伟大的彼得，我们的神基督在托付他天国的钥匙后给了他首席牧者的职分，教会中的每一个新事物都必须提交给彼得或他的继承人。」
- start: 2275.476
  end: 2280.519
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Save us, most divine head of all heads, chief shepherd of the Church under heaven.
  zh: 「拯救我们，至高的众首领之首领，天下教会的首席牧者。」
- start: 2281.039
  end: 2289.723
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Writing about councils, St. Theodore said—he referred to the Pope—he said, To whom is given the authority over an ecumenical synod?
  zh: 写到会议时，圣德奥多说——他指的是教宗——他说：「大公会议的权柄赐给了谁？」
- start: 2289.744
  end: 2330.091
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: The authority in an appeal for help from Pope Pascal, he wrote, and finally, when he received the Pope's reply to his letter, he wrote back, In truth, we have seen that a manifest successor of the apostles presides over the Roman Church.
  zh: 他在向帕斯卡教宗求助的上诉中写道，最后，当他收到教宗对他信件的回复时，他回信说：「事实上，我们已经看到使徒的明显继承人主持着罗马教会。」
- start: 2330.111
  end: 2341.874
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: We truly believe that Christ has not deserted the Church here—that is, His Church in Constantinople—for assistance from you has been our one and our only aid from of old and from the beginning.
  zh: 「我们真诚地相信基督并未抛弃这里的教会——就是他在君士坦丁堡的教会——因为从古时候从一开始，来自你的帮助就是我们唯一的援助。」
- start: 2341.874
  end: 2349.376
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: By the providence of God, in the critical times, you are indeed the untroubled and pure font of orthodoxy from the beginning.
  zh: 「藉着神的眷顾，在关键时刻，你确实从一开始就是正统信仰不受干扰的纯净源泉。」
- start: 2349.58
  end: 2354.924
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You are the calm harbor of the whole Church, far removed from the waves of heresy.
  zh: 「你是整个教会的平静港湾，远离异端的波浪。」
- start: 2354.924
  end: 2359.227
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: You, the God-chosen city of refuge.
  zh: 「你，神所拣选的避难城。」
- start: 2361.049
  end: 2385.517
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: In light of that, when you hear this business of, Well, the Pope only had a primacy of honor because he had to be on the winning side, when you hear apologists say that papal authority really began in the 6th or 7th century because of fortuitous historical circumstances, then you have to ask the person who says that to please go back and read the facts of history.
  zh: 鉴于此，当你听到这种说法，说教宗只是因为必须站在胜利的一方才有荣誉首席地位，当你听到护教者说教宗的权威实际上是在六世纪或七世纪因为偶然的历史环境才开始的，那么你就必须请说这种话的人回去阅读历史事实。
- start: 2386.358
  end: 2387.679
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: It's simply wrong.
  zh: 这完全是错误的。
- start: 2387.679
  end: 2391.602
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He's not only the first of bishops; he's not that at all.
  zh: 他不仅仅是主教中的第一位，他根本不是那样。
- start: 2391.602
  end: 2393.064
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: He's much more than that.
  zh: 他远不止于此。
- start: 2393.064
  end: 2396.466
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: Thanks be to God, he's not just the first among equals.
  zh: 感谢神，他不仅仅是同等中的首位。
- start: 2396.547
  end: 2412.883
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: From the moment our Lord Jesus Christ ascended, Peter and each of his successors have been a living sacrament—a living sacrament of the unity and the indefectibility and the infallibility of Jesus Christ's one true Church.
  zh: 从我们的主耶稣基督升天的那一刻起，彼得和他的每一位继承人都是一个活的圣事——耶稣基督唯一真实教会的合一性、永存性和无误性的活的圣事。
- start: 2413.145
  end: 2414.769
  speaker: SPEAKER_00
  en: And thanks be to God for that.
  zh: 为此我们感谢神。
