大家好。 Howdy, folks.
提醒一下，如果你喜欢这些内容，可以通过点赞、评论，尤其是订阅来支持我。 This is just a reminder that if you like this content, you can help me out by liking, commenting, and especially by subscribing.
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希望你喜欢。 Hope you enjoy this.
那么，让我们来谈谈耶稣。 So let's talk about Jesus.
这次会议的主题是「你们说我是谁？」 Now the theme of the conference is "Who do you say that I am?"
他们希望我为你们概述基督徒和公教会对基督的看法，他是谁，如何回答这个问题。 And they wanted me to kind of give you a basic overview of the Christian and Catholic view of Christ, who he is, how to answer this question.
所以这应该是对我们会议主题的基本介绍。 So it's meant to be a kind of basic introduction to the subject of our conference.
如果是我安排日程，我会把基本介绍放在会议的开头。 And if I was putting the schedule together, I would put the basic introduction, you know, at the beginning of the conference.
但现在我们几乎到了尾声，你们才得到这些基础内容。 But here we are almost at the end, and now you're being given the basics.
《天主教答疑》主持人赛·凯莱特建议这样安排，是为了让我纠正其他人可能说错的地方。 Cy Kellett, host of Catholic Answers Live, suggested they did that so that I could correct anything that the others had said.
但我把这个留给你们自己判断。 But I'll leave that to you to figure out.
现在，「你们说我是谁？」 Now, "Who do you say that I am?"
是耶稣在福音书中问的问题。 is a question that Jesus asks in the Gospels.
他在哪卷福音书中问的？ In which Gospel does he ask that?
马太福音。 Matthew.
他在哪一章问的？ In which chapter of Matthew does he ask that?
16章。那么我们要谈马太福音的哪一章？ 16. So which chapter of Matthew are we about to talk about?
马太福音16章，对了。 Matthew 16, that's right.
在马太福音16章，耶稣到了该撒利亚腓立比的境内，就问门徒说：「人说我人子是谁？」 So, in Matthew 16, now, when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, "Who do men say that the Son of Man is?"
他们说：「有人说是施洗的约翰；有人说是以利 亚；又有人说是耶利米或是先知里的一位。」 And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets."
耶稣说：「你们说我是谁？」 He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?"
西门彼得回答说：「你是基督，是永生神的儿子。」 Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."
这就是彼得所作的关键告白。 So that's the key confession that Peter makes.
你是基督，是永生神的儿子。 You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.
记住这句话，稍后会有测验。 Remember it because there will be a quiz later.
想到这段经文，我想起以前有个叫「你赌你的命」的老游戏节目。 In thinking about this passage, I'm reminded of this old game show that they used to have called "You Bet Your Life."
由格劳乔·马克思主持。 And it starred Groucho Marx.
与其说是游戏节目，不如说是格劳乔·马克思讽刺选手的机会。 It wasn't so much a game show as an opportunity for Groucho Marx to make snide comments about the contestants.
但在每集「你赌你的命」中都有一个没人知道的秘密词。 But in every episode of "You Bet Your Life," they had a secret word that nobody knew.
选手们都不知道。 None of the contestants knew it.
但如果他们偶然说出了这个秘密词，就会有一只像格劳乔的鸭子下来，你就赢得100美 元。所以「你赌你的命」的口号之一是：「说出秘密词，赢得100美元。」那么…… But if they happened to say the secret word by chance, then a duck that looked like Groucho would come down and you'd win $100. And so one of the catchphrases of "You Bet Your Life" was, "Say the secret word and win $100." Well...
西门彼得回答说：「你是基督，是永生神的儿子。」 Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."
这就像「说出秘密词，赢得100美元」的时刻。 That's kind of the "say the secret word, win $100" moment.
只是他没得到100美元，而是得到了天国的钥匙。 Only he didn't get $100. He got the keys to the kingdom.
那钥匙至少值100美元，对他来说很划算。 And those have to be, you know, worth at least $100. It worked out well for him.
他的告白中有两个关键要素。 Now, he had two key elements in his confession.
首先，他说：「你是基督。」 The first one, he said, "You are the Christ."
其次，他说：「你是神的儿子。」 The second, he said, "You are the Son of God."
所以，这就是我们要谈论的。 So, that's what we're going to talk about.
要明白耶稣，你需要理解这两点。 If you want to understand Jesus, you need to understand those two things.
耶稣是基督是什么意思？ What does it mean for Jesus to be the Christ?
基督是个英语词。 Well, Christ is an English word.
但这不是我们用来表达这个概念的唯一英语词。 But it's not the only English word that we have for this concept.
还有另一个。 There's another.
谁能想到另一个表示基督的英语词？ Who can think of the other English word that we have that means Christ?
好，让我们试试。 Okay, let's try it.
《哈利路亚大合唱》是亨德尔的《弥赛亚》的一部分，对吧。 The Hallelujah Chorus is part of Handel's Messiah, right.
所以「弥赛亚」也是表示基督的另一个英语词。 So that's another English word that also means Christ.
这些词从哪里来的？ Where did we get these words?
我们从希腊语、亚兰语和希伯来语中得到的。 Well, we got them from Greek, Aramaic, and Hebrew.
这些词都很有趣。 And they're all really fun to say.
希腊语中，基督这个词是Christos。 In Greek, the word for Christ is Christos.
这个词有趣，因为它有那个音。 And that's fun to say because it's got that sound in it.
在礼貌的英语中，我们通常不会这样发音。 We normally don't get to do that in polite English.
不过，如果你愿意，可以去苏格兰参观尼斯湖。 However, if you want to, you can go to Scotland and visit Loch Ness.
但通常我们不会发那个音。 But normally, we don't get to say that sound.
如果这里没有疫情，我会鼓励大家一起说。 If we didn't all have COVID in here, I'd encourage us to all just say it together.
但可能会有些飞沫，所以要安全。 But it can generate a little spray, so be safe.
总之，希腊语中基督这个词是Christos。 In any event, the Greek word for Christ is Christos.
亚兰语中是Mshiach，也有那个音。 The Aramaic word is Mshiach, so it's got that same sound in it.
希伯来语中是Mshiach。 And the Hebrew word is Mshiach.
所以我们从希腊语得到基督，从亚兰语和希伯来语得到弥赛亚。 So that's where we get Christ from Greek and Messiah from Aramaic and Hebrew.
但这些词都是什么意思？ But what do all of these words mean?
受膏者，对吧。 Anointed, right.
受膏或受膏者。 Anointed or anointed one.
但这又引出一个问题。 But that only raises a question.
什么是膏抹？ What is anointing?
我们现在不常膏抹什么东西。 I mean, we don't anoint a lot of stuff these days.
你上次膏抹什么东西是什么时候？ When was the last time you anointed anything?
这不是非基督徒家庭的人常常知道的词。 It's not a word that people who weren't raised Christian will frequently even know.
所以我们从在线词源词典中看到它的来源。 So here, from the online etymological dictionary, we have where it comes from.
「膏抹」这个词在14世纪进入英语。 Anoint entered the English language in the 14th century.
意思是倒油或涂抹膏油。 And it meant to pour oil upon or smear with ointment.
你可能会想，为什么要倒油在什么东西上？ And you might wonder, why would you pour oil on something?
为什么要这样做？ Why would you do this?
在1400年代，他们这样做是为了…… Well, what they were doing in the 1400s was...
为了药用目的，在东西上涂抹油脂，就像膏药。 smear grease or oil on something for medicinal purposes, like ointment.
这就是我们今天所用的。 That's what we have today.
与同一个词有关。 It's related to the same word.
然而，最终在科弗代尔圣经中，「膏抹」这个词被用 来指基督这位受膏者，因此这个词变得灵性化了。 Eventually, though, the word anoint got used in the Coverdale Bible with reference to Christ as the anointed one, and so that's resulted in the word becoming spiritualized.
所以现在英语中人们会说他们有神的膏抹去做某事。 So now people in English will talk about they have an anointing from God to do something.
但最初在一世纪，这个词不一定有灵性化的含义。 But originally, in the first century, it didn't have this spiritualized meaning necessarily.
在路加福音7章，有一个场景是耶稣在法利赛人西门家里，一个有罪的女人膏抹他的脚。 Here is a scene from Luke 7 where Jesus is at the house of Simon the Pharisee and a sinful woman anoints his feet.
在他脚上涂抹滑溜溜的东西听起来并不特别灵性，对吧？ Putting slippery stuff on his feet doesn't sound really particularly spiritual, does it?
而且，他的脚也不是唯一你会想到膏抹的地方。 Also, his feet weren't the only place that you would expect an anointing.
事实上，还有身体的另一个部分更需要膏抹，耶稣指出了这一点。 In fact, there's another part of the body you would expect an anointing even more, and Jesus points it out.
他对主人说：「你这法利赛人西门没有用油膏我的头，但这女人用香膏膏我的脚。」 He talks to his host and he says, "You, Simon the Pharisee, did not anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment."
你可能会想，为什么有人会想要油倒在头上？ And you might wonder, well, why would anybody want oil poured on their head?
这似乎有点奇怪。 You know, it seems kind of strange.
如果你走进厨房，你的家人拿橄榄油倒在你身上，你会怎么反应？ If you walked into your kitchen and one of your family members took some olive oil and just dumped it on you, how would you react?
你可能不会很高兴。 It probably wouldn't be something that you would be very pleased with.
但在这里，耶稣似乎期待这样做。 But here, Jesus seems to expect it.
所以这是主人可能为尊贵客人所做的事。 So it's something that a host might do for an honored guest.
那么，古代的人为什么会想要油倒在他们身上呢？ So why would someone in the ancient world want oil poured on them?
我们今天有的东西，他们那时没有。 Well, there's something we have today that they didn't have then.
你不能上亚马逊买一箱除臭剂。 You couldn't just go on Amazon and buy a case of deodorant.
所以他们会用油加上香料和香水。 And so what they would do is they would take oil and they would put fragrances and perfumes in it.
这样当他们倒在你身上时，会有很好的香味。 And so it would then, when they would pour it on you, it would smell really good.
所以这是他们个人护理的一部分。 And so this was an item of personal care that they would do.
有点像涂抹古龙水或香水之类的东西。 It's kind of like putting on cologne or perfume or something like that.
这是他们期待的事情。 And it was something they looked forward to.
被认为是非常愉快的事情。 It was considered a very pleasant thing.
正如我们在诗篇133篇中看到的，诗人用膏抹作比较。 As we can see here from Psalm 133, where the psalmist is making a comparison involving anointing.
他说：「看哪，弟兄和睦同居是何等地善，何等地美！ He says, "...behold how good and pleasant it is when brothers dwell in unity.
这好比那贵重的油浇在亚伦的头上，流到胡须，又流到他的衣襟。」 It is like the precious oil upon the head running down upon the beard, upon the beard of Aaron, running down on the collar of his robes."
亚伦是以色列的大祭司，以色列最重要的宗教人物。 So Aaron was the high priest in Israel, the most important religious figure in Israel.
所以他会被倒上这贵重的油，闻起来非常香。 And so he would have this precious oil poured on him, and it would smell really good.
诗人将此比作弟兄不争斗时的美好。 And the psalmist is comparing that to how good it is when brothers are not fighting like siblings.
现在，胡须油又流行起来了，至少在时尚人士中是这样。 Now, it turns out this oil on the beard thing, that's come back into style, at least with hipsters.
如今你也可以买到。 These days you can also buy this.
胡须油有多种不同的香味。 And beard oil comes in a bunch of different fragrances.
这个是烟草香草味。 This one is tobacco vanilla.
还有橙奶油、樱桃和其他许多香味。 They also have orange cream and cherry and a whole bunch of other fragrances.
有时人们问我是否用胡须油。 Sometimes people have asked me, do I use beard oil?
答案是我试过，但你知道，常用的话有点贵。 And the answer is I have tried it, but, you know, using it regularly would be kind of expensive.
也许我可以批量折扣，我不知道。 Maybe I could get a bulk discount, I don't know.
但无论如何，这就是膏抹的意义。 But in any event, that's what anointing is.
但在古代以色列，膏抹不仅仅是个人护理。 But it wasn't just an item of personal care in ancient Israel.
它还有重要的意义。 It also had an important significance.
这是一个故事，一个来自撒母耳记上的场景。 This is a story, this is a scene from 1 Samuel.
在撒母耳记上这个时候，扫罗在旷野追杀大卫，因为他想要杀他。 And at this point in 1 Samuel, Saul is hunting David in the wilderness because he wants to kill him.
大卫和他的人藏在一个洞里，扫罗不知道。 And David and his men are holed up in a cave, and Saul doesn't know that.
他独自一人，甚至没有护卫，走进一个洞。 And by himself, without even a bodyguard there, he goes into a cave.
这是一个适合家庭观看的画面，画家把扫罗描绘成在睡觉。 Now, this is a family-friendly picture where the artist has depicted Saul sleeping.
但如果你是国王，你真的会不带护卫进洞小睡吗？ But if you're a king, would you really go into a cave without a bodyguard to take a nap?
不会，但有一件事国王可能会不带护卫进洞去做。 No, but there is one thing that a king might go into a cave to do without a bodyguard.
他可能要做的就是如厕。 The one thing he might do is a number two.
这实际上就是经文中发生的事。 And that's actually what's happening in the text.
当他如厕时，正如大多数现代圣经所说，大卫悄悄走到他身后，割下他的外袍衣襟。 And so while he's relieving himself, as most modern Bibles put it, David sneaks up behind him and cuts off the hem of his garment.
然后，扫罗离开洞后，大卫出来，离他有安全距离，说：「 耶和华将你交在我手里，有人叫我杀你，但我却怜恤你。 And then, after Saul leaves the cave, David comes out, now that he's at a safe distance, and says, "The Lord gave you into my hand in the cave, and some bade me kill you, but I spared you.
我说，我不敢伸手害我的主，因为他是耶和华的受膏者。」 I said, I will not put forth my hand against my Lord, for he is the Lord's anointed."
在希伯来语中，这个词是Mashiach。 And in Hebrew, the word is Mashiach.
所以，他是耶和华的弥赛亚。 So, he's the Lord's Messiah.
然后他举起衣襟说：「记得这个吗？ And then he holds up the hem of the garment and says, "Remember this?
你认得这个吗？ You recognize this?
这是我本可以杀你而没有的证据。」但我想指出的是，扫罗是耶和华的弥赛亚。 It's proof that I could have killed you and I didn't." But the point I want to draw from this is that you have Saul as the Lord's Messiah.
而且不仅仅是扫罗。 And it's not just Saul.
在其他地方，先知撒母耳膏立大卫作以色列的王，所以大 卫也是耶和华的受膏者之一，或耶和华的弥赛亚之一。 Elsewhere, the prophet Samuel anoints David to be king over Israel, and so David is also one of the Lord's anointed or one of the Lord's messiahs.
你甚至不必是犹太人也可以成为耶和华的弥赛亚之一。 And you don't even have to be a Jew to be one of the Lord's messiahs.
这是居鲁士大帝的雕刻，也称波斯的居鲁士。 This is a carving of Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Persian.
他是公元前500年代的波斯皇帝，是耶和华的弥赛亚之一。 He was a Persian emperor in the 500s BC, and he was one of the Lord's messiahs.
在以赛亚书45章中，神说：「耶和华对他的受膏者居鲁士如此说。」 It says so right in Isaiah 45, where God is talking and he says, "Thus says the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus."
再次使用了Mashiach这个词。 And again, it uses the word Mshiach.
所以居鲁士是耶和华的弥赛亚之一。 So Cyrus is one of the Lord's messiahs.
为什么？ Why?
为什么这个外邦人会是耶和华的弥赛亚之一？ Why would this pagan be one of the Lord's messiahs?
这是因为，或至少部分原因是，居鲁士结束了巴比伦的被掳。 Well, it's because—or at least in part, it's because Cyrus is the guy who ends the Babylonian exile.
他让犹太人回到他们的土地，开始重建圣殿。 He's the one that lets the Jews go back to their land and start rebuilding their temple.
所以他是个好人。 So he's a good guy.
因此，以赛亚称他为耶和华的弥赛亚。 And as a result, Isaiah refers to him as the Lord's Messiah.
神在历史中兴起他，结束巴比伦的被掳，让圣殿得以重建。 God raised him up in history to end the Babylonian exile and let the temple be rebuilt.
所以你不必是犹太人也可以成为耶和华的弥赛亚之一。 So you don't have to be a Jew to be one of the Lord's messiahs.
随着时间的推移，尽管旧约中有多个弥赛亚，多个 基督，人们开始期待有一个特别的弥赛亚要来。 And over the course of time, even though there were these multiple messiahs in the Old Testament, these multiple Christs, there came to be an expectation that there would be one in particular, that there was this coming Messiah.
罗马历史学家苏埃托尼乌斯在他的《罗马十二帝王传》中谈到这一点。 And the Roman historian Suetonius talks about this in his Lives of the Caesars.
他说，当时命定世界的帝国要归于从犹太出来的人。 He says that it was fated for the empire of the world at that time to devolve on someone who should go forth from Judea.
所以将有一人从犹太出来，继承世界的帝国。 So someone was going to come forth from Judea and inherit the empire of the world.
但记住，你不必是犹太人才能成为弥赛亚。 But remember, you don't have to be a Jew to be a Messiah.
所以苏埃托尼乌斯认为这个预言是指罗马皇帝。 And so Suetonius thought that this prophecy applied to a Roman emperor.
他说这个预言是指罗马皇帝，正如事实所示。 He said this prediction referred to a Roman emperor as the event showed.
但犹太人将其应用于自己，爆发了叛乱。 But the Jews, applying it to themselves, broke out into rebellion.
所以在公元60年代，犹太人反抗罗马统治。 So in the AD 60s, the Jews revolted against Roman rule.
罗马派将军维斯帕先和他的儿子提多去镇压叛乱。 The Romans sent in the general Vespasian and his son Titus to put down the rebellion.
但在此期间，军团拥立维斯帕先为皇帝。 But while they're doing that, the legions acclaimed Vespasian, the emperor.
于是他从犹太出来，回到罗马，继承了世界的帝国。 So he comes forth from Judea, goes back to Rome, and inherits the empire of the world.
所以苏埃托尼乌斯认为这个预言在维斯帕先身上应验了。 So Suetonius thought this prophecy was fulfilled in Vespasian.
犹太历史学家约瑟夫也这么说，尽管约瑟夫可能对自己的观点撒了谎。 Josephus, the Jewish historian, says the same thing, though Josephus is probably lying about his own view.
因为约瑟夫常常撒谎。 Because Josephus lies a lot.
但在一世纪确实有这样的期待，认为会有一位犹太领袖赶走罗马人，革新世界秩序。 But there was this real expectation in the first century that there would be a Jewish leader who would kick out the Romans and revolutionize the world order.
我们在福音书中看到这一点。 And we see that in the Gospels.
例如，在约翰福音6章中，我们被告知耶稣知道他们要来强逼他作王。 In John 6, for example, we're told that Jesus perceives then that they were about to come and take him by force to make him king.
于是他又独自退到山上。 So he withdrew again to the hills by himself.
所以耶稣不得不避开人们对他作为政治弥赛亚、领导反抗罗马的期待。 So Jesus was having to evade this expectation that people had that he would be a political Messiah that would lead a rebellion against the Romans.
其他人也对此感到担忧。 And other people were concerned about this too.
犹太公会也是如此。 The Jewish ruling council also was.
他们看到耶稣所做的事，如洁净圣殿。 They looked at things that Jesus had done, like clearing the temple.
他们说：「若这样由着他，人人都要信他，罗马人也要来夺我们的地土，灭我们的百姓。」 And they said, "If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place, meaning our temple, and our nation."
这正是公元60年代和70年代发生的事。 And that's what happened in the AD 60s and 70s.
但耶稣并不打算成为这种弥赛亚。 But Jesus was not planning on being this type of Messiah.
当本丢彼拉多问他是否是犹太人的王时，耶稣回答说：「我的国不属这世界。 When Pontius Pilate asked him if he was king of the Jews, Jesus replied by saying, "My kingship is not of this world.
我的国若属这世界，我的臣仆必要争战，使我不至于被交给犹太人。 If my kingship were of this world, my servants would fight that I might not be handed over to the Jews.
只是我的国不属这世界。」 But my kingship is not from this world."
所以耶稣并不打算成为政治弥赛亚。 So Jesus was not planning on being a political Messiah.
他计划成为这样的弥赛亚，这不是大多数人所期待的。 He was planning on being this kind of Messiah, which is not what most people were expecting.
但他给人留下了深刻印象，正如马可福音告诉我们的，在十字 架上有一个罗马兵丁非常感动，说：「这人真是神的儿子！」 But he made an impression, and as Mark's gospel tells us, at the crucifixion there was a Roman soldier who was very impressed, and he said, "Truly this man is the Son of God."
说出秘密词，赢得100美元。这是彼得告白的第二部分。 Say the secret word and win $100. That's the second thing that is part of Peter's confession.
所以现在我们需要谈论成为神的儿子是什么意思。 So now we need to talk about what it means to be the Son of God.
《公教会教理》说，在旧约中，「神的儿子」是给 天使、选民、以色列子民和他们的君王的称号。 Well, the Catechism of the Catholic Church says that in the Old Testament, "Son of God" is a title given to the angels, the chosen people, the children of Israel, and their kings.
它表示一种被收纳的儿子身份，建立神与他的受造物之间特别亲密的关系。 It signifies an adoptive sonship that establishes a relationship of particular intimacy between God and his creature.
所以你可以是神的普通受造物，一个被造之物，但神收纳你，使你成为神的儿子。 So you can be an ordinary creature of God, a created being that God nevertheless adopts so that you become a son of God.
教理说，旧约将此应用于天使、整体的以色列作为选民，也 应用于个别以色列人，以色列的子民，以及以色列的君王。 And the Catechism says that the Old Testament applies this to angels, to Israel as a whole, as the chosen people, also to individual Israelites, the children of Israel, and to the Israelite kings.
那么在哪里这样做呢？ So where does it do that?
在哪里这样做呢？ Where does it do that?
是的。 Yeah.
在约伯记1章，我们有一个天上的场景，神在他的天庭中，说： 「有一天，神的众子来侍立在耶和华面前，撒但也来在其中。」 Well, in Job 1, we have this scene in heaven where God is in his heavenly court, and it says, "...now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also came with them."
在希伯来语中，撒但的意思是控告者。 In Hebrew, Satan means the accuser.
所以撒但基本上是神天庭中的检察官。 And so Satan is basically the prosecuting attorney in God's heavenly court.
他的工作是找出人们做坏事，然后在神面前控告他们。 It's his job to find people doing bad stuff and then accuse them before God.
但我们感兴趣的是在那里神的众子。 But what we're interested here in is the sons of God that are there.
在这个时候，天上没有圣徒，没有人类的圣徒。 Well, there are no saints, no human saints in heaven at this point.
那么这些神的众子是谁呢？ So who are these sons of God?
他们就是…… They would be the...
天使，对吧。 The angels, right.
所以你知道吗？ So what do you know?
教理是对的。 The catechism was right.
那么，作为选民的以色列呢？ Okay, what about Israel as the chosen people?
在何西阿书中，我们看到神说：「以色列年幼的时候我爱他，就从埃及召出我的儿子来。」 Well, in Hosea, we find God saying, "When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son."
所以以色列这个民族也被理解为神的儿子。 So Israel as a nation is also understood as God's Son.
这里有一张查尔顿·赫斯顿带领一些演员通过特效的图片。 And here we have a picture of Charlton Heston having led some actors through a special effect.
如果你仔细看，会发现特效正在倒塌在其他演员身上。 And if you look carefully, you'll see the special effect is collapsing on some other actors.
我不知道演员协会对查尔顿·赫斯顿杀死他们许多 成员会怎么说，但我想他们已经解决了这个问题。 I don't know what the Screen Actors Guild would have to say about Charlton Heston killing a lot of their members, but I assume they've worked that out by this point.
那么个别以色列人呢？ What about individual Israelites?
在申命记中，他们被告知：「你们是耶和华你们神的儿女」，所以不要行异教的习俗。 Well, in Deuteronomy, they are told, "You are the sons of the Lord your God," and so don't do pagan practices.
不要为死人用刀划身，也不要为死人剃光额头。 You know, don't cut yourself for the dead or make any baldness on your forehead for the dead.
我的意思是，趁着还有头发就好好用吧。 I mean, come on, use it while you got it.
但以色列人是神的儿女。 But the Israelites were sons of God.
他们的君王呢？ How about their kings?
在撒母耳记下，神对大卫说到他的儿子所罗门。 Okay, well, in 2 Samuel, God is talking to David about his son Solomon.
神说：「我要作他的父，他要作我的子。」 And God says, "I will be his father, and he, Solomon, shall be my son."
这里有所罗门在圣殿画作中的照片，你知道，他建造了圣殿，所以我想。 And here we have Solomon photobombing a painting of the temple, which, you know, he built it, so I guess.
无论如何，教理是对的。 In any event, the Catechism was right.
在旧约中，神的儿子这个称号应用于天使、作为 选民的以色列、个别以色列人和以色列的君王。 In the Old Testament, sons of God get applied to angels, to Israel as the chosen people, to individual Israelites, and to Israelite kings.
那么新约呢？ What about the New Testament?
教理接着说，当应许的弥赛亚君王被称为神的儿子时，根 据这些经文的字面意思，并不一定意味着他超越人性。 Well, the Catechism goes on to say, when the promised Messiah King is called Son of God, it does not necessarily imply that he was more than human, according to the literal meaning of these texts.
那些称耶稣为神的儿子、以色列的弥赛亚的人，或许仅仅是这个意思。 Those who called Jesus Son of God as the Messiah of Israel perhaps meant nothing more than this.
就像这个人。 Like this guy.
记得他吗？ Remember him?
他是个罗马人。 Well, he's a Roman.
他认出耶稣是以色列的王。 He recognizes that Jesus is the king of Israel.
你知道，牌子上就这么写着。 You know, I mean, it says so right above him.
所以他可能认为，也许耶稣像所罗门那样，作为 王是神的儿子，或像大卫、扫罗，甚至居鲁士。 And so he could think perhaps, well, maybe he's a son of God like Solomon, as a king was son of God, or David, or Saul, or even Cyrus.
所以他不一定认为耶稣超越人性，尽管他也可能这样想。 And so he didn't necessarily think that Jesus was more than human, although he might have also.
教理说，这对西门彼得来说并非如此。 Well, the Catechism says this isn't the case for Simon Peter.
他认识到耶稣超越人性。 He recognizes Jesus is more than human.
当他认耶稣为基督，是永生神的儿子时，耶稣郑重地回答： 「这不是属血肉的指示你的，乃是我在天上的父指示的。」 When he confesses Jesus as the Christ, the Son of the living God, Jesus responds solemnly, "Flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven."
所以父向彼得启示，这里有比所罗门或大卫那种儿子身份更深的含义。 So the Father has revealed to Peter that more is going on here than just the kind of sonship that Solomon or David had.
我们在新约其他地方也得到确认。 And we find that confirmed elsewhere in the New Testament.
例如，在约翰福音第一章，我们读到：「太初有道，道与神同在，道就是神。」 In John, in the first chapter of John, for example, we read, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."
我们还会在几节后了解到，约翰所说的道就是耶稣。 And we're also going to learn a few verses later that Jesus is the Word John is talking about.
所以耶稣超越人性。 So Jesus is superhuman.
耶稣就是神。 Jesus is God.
那么，说他是神的独生子是什么意思呢？ What does it mean to say he's the only begotten Son of God, though?
有些圣经译本会这样说，一些较旧的译本。 That's what some Bible translations will say, some older ones.
「独生子」是个有趣的词组。 "Only begotten Son" is kind of an interesting phrase.
你知道，什么是…… You know, what is...
它是什么意思？ what does it mean?
通常查看希腊文会有帮助。 Well, it can often be helpful to look at the Greek.
这是希腊文。 So here's the Greek.
这有帮助吗？ Does that help?
这个怎么样？ How about that?
这样好点了吗？ Is that a little better?
在希腊文中，「独生」这个词是monogenes。 In Greek, the word for only begotten is monogenes.
你可能会问，monogenes是什么意思？ And you might say, well, what does monogenes mean?
一种方法是查看这个词的组成部分或词源，它的来源。 One way to try to figure it out would be to look at the parts of the word or its etymology, where it comes from.
monogenes由希腊语中的两个词组成。 And monogenes comes from two terms in Greek.
Monos的意思是只有、孤立、单一或独特。 Monos means things like only, isolated, single, or unique.
Genea的意思是种族、世代、起源、出生等。 Genea means things like race, generation, origin, birth, and some other stuff.
所以你可以选择「唯一出生」，说好吧，也许monos加gene a或monogenes，也许意思是「唯一出生」或「独生」。 So you could pick only in birth and say, okay, maybe monos plus genea or monogenes, maybe that means only born or only begotten.
这会是个安全的结论，对吧？ That would be a safe conclusion, right?
危险，威尔·罗宾逊，危险！ Danger, Will Robinson, danger!
机器人出现提醒我们，我们可能正要犯所谓的词源谬误。 The robot is popping up to alert us to the fact we may be on the verge of committing what's known as the etymological fallacy.
词源谬误是将一个词的来源与其意义混淆。 The etymological fallacy involves confusing a word's origin with its meaning.
我给你一个词源谬误的好例子。 I'll give you a nice example of the fallacy.
英语词「nice」来自拉丁词「nescius」。 The English word "nice" comes from the Latin word "nescius."
在拉丁语中，「nescius」的意思是无知或愚蠢。 In Latin, "nescius" means ignorant or foolish.
「Nice」并不意味着无知或愚蠢。 Nice does not mean ignorant or foolish.
如果你说「那是一件漂亮的裙子」，并不是说那是一件无知或愚蠢的裙子。 If you say, "That's a nice dress," it does not mean that is an ignorant or foolish dress.
通常不是。 Usually.
你永远不知道在巴黎时装秀上会看到什么。 You never know what you're going to find on a Paris fashion runway.
顺便说一下，如果有女士想要这件裙子，它是Comme Les Garçons 2017秋冬系列的一部分。 By the way, if any ladies would like to get this dress, it's part of the Comme Les Garçons Fall-Winter 2017 collection.
既然每个设计师都应该为自己的错误负责，这位设计师是川久保玲。 And since every designer should take responsibility for his mistakes, the designer was Rei Kawakubo.
但词源谬误是将一个词的来源与其意义混淆。 But the etymological fallacy involves confusing a word's origin with its meaning.
那么，如果不是通过词源，你如何找到它的意义呢？ So how do you find out its meaning if it's not its origin?
是用法，而不是词源，决定了意义。 Well, usage, not origin, determines meaning.
「Nice」这个词的词源可能是无知或愚蠢。 The origin of the word "nice" may be ignorant or foolish.
但我们用「nice」表示愉快或吸引人。 But we use nice to mean pleasant or attractive.
所以「nice」的意思是愉快或吸引人。 So nice means pleasant or attractive.
那么，一世纪的希腊语使用者如何使用「monoge nes」这个词呢？你可以在希腊语词典中找到答案。 Well then, how did first-century Greek speakers use the word "monogenes"? You'll find the answer by looking in Greek dictionaries.
最著名的新约希腊语词典是BDAG。这个昵称来自编辑鲍尔、丹克、阿特和金里奇。 The most famous dictionary of New Testament Greek is known as BDAG. It's a nickname from the editors Bauer, Denker, Art, and Gingrich.
根据BDAG，「monogenes」的意思是独一无二、唯一、独有或独特。 And according to BDAG, "monogenes" means things like the only one of its kind, one and only, only, or unique.
你在其他希腊语词典中也会发现同样的解释。 And you'll find the same thing in other Greek dictionaries.
在米利根和莫尔顿的新约希腊语词汇中，说「mon ogenes」字面意思是独一无二、唯一或独特。 In Milligan and Moulton's vocabulary of New Testament Greek, it says that "monogenes" is literally one of a kind, only, or unique.
他们甚至补充说，不是「独生」，那会是另一个希腊词。 And they even add not only begotten, which would be a different Greek word.
不是「monogenes」，「独生」会是「monogenetos」。 Instead of "monogenes," only begotten would be "monogenetos."
你会在较新的圣经译本中看到这种认识的反映。 And you'll see this awareness reflected in more recent Bible translations.
例如，我不是《新美国圣经》的忠实粉丝，但在修订版中，他们把这点处理得很好。 For example, I'm not a huge fan of the New American Bible, but in the revised edition, they get this right.
他们将约翰的话译为：「我们见过他的荣光，正是父独子的荣光。」 They'll translate John as saying, "We saw his glory, the glory of the Father's only Son."
《英文标准版》同样译为「父独子的荣光」。 The English Standard Version similarly has "the only son from the father."
而《列克瑟姆英文圣经》，一个非常新的、非常直译的 版本，说我们见过他的荣光，正是父独一者的荣光。 And the Lexham English Bible, which is a very recent, very literal translation, says that we saw his glory, glory as of the one and only from the father.
这是最直译的，因为希腊文中「儿子」这个词「huios」不在这段经文中。 And that's the most literal because the Greek word for son, "huios," is not in this text.
字面上只是说我们见过父独一者或独特者的荣光。 It literally just does say we saw the glory of the one and only or the unique one from the father.
所以如果耶稣是独特的神的儿子，这可能会让你有个问题。 So if Jesus is uniquely the Son of God, that may leave you with a question.
我们不也是神的儿女吗？ Aren't we sons of God too?
答案是肯定的，约翰也知道。 And the answer is yes, and John knows that.
如果你回看约翰福音1章，约翰说，凡接待耶稣的，就是信他名的人，他就赐他们权柄作神 的儿女。这等人不是从血气生的，不是从情欲生的，也不是从人意生的，乃是从神生的。 If you look back in John 1, John says that to all who did receive Jesus, who believed in his name, he gave the right to become children of God, who were born not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.
接着他说：「道成了肉身，住在我们中间，充充满满地有恩 典有真理。我们也见过他的荣光，正是父独生子的荣光。」 And then the very next thing he says is, "And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father."
所以约翰知道，在某种意义上，基督是独一的儿子， 但在另一种意义上，我们所有基督徒都是神的儿女。 So John is aware that there's a sense in which Christ is the one and only Son, but there's another sense in which we are all Christians, children of God.
所以我们可以在教理所说的基础上补充。 So we can add to what the Catechism said.
除了旧约中被描述为神儿子的各种人物，在新约中， 耶稣被认作独特意义上的神的儿子，但基督徒也是。 In addition to the various Old Testament figures that could be described as sons of God, in the New Testament, Jesus is recognized as the Son of God in a unique sense, but then Christians are as well.
那么耶稣作为神的儿子有何独特之处？ So how is Jesus unique as God's Son?
回到约翰福音。 Well, back to John.
道就是神。 The Word was God.
好吧，我们中有谁是神吗？ Okay, are any of us here God?
我再问一次。 I'm going to have another stab at that.
我们中有谁是神吗？ Are any of us here God?
没有。好，很好。 No. Okay, good.
很高兴我们对此有共识。 Glad we're clear on that.
所以，这就是耶稣独特的一个方面。 So, that's one way in which Jesus is unique.
约翰还说他太初就有。 John also says he was in the beginning.
我们中有谁在太初吗？ Were any of us here in the beginning?
没有。没有，很好。 No. No, good.
我喜欢这种热情。 I like the enthusiasm.
万物是借着他造的。 All things were made through him.
你们中有谁造了万物吗？ Did any of y'all make all things?
没有。没有。好，所以耶稣的独特之处在于他是永恒的，因为他在太初就有。 No. No. Okay, so Jesus is unique in that he's eternal because he was there in the beginning.
他是共同创造者，因为他造了万物。 He's co-creator because he made all things.
他是神，因为道就是神。 And he is God because the Word was God.
所以耶稣在这些方面是独特的。 So Jesus is unique in these respects.
实际上，永恒和共同创造是神性的组成部分。 Now really, being eternal and being co-creator are part of what it means to be God.
所以这是关键的。 So that's the key one.
耶稣就是神。 Jesus is God.
但新约还说了别的。 But the New Testament says something else.
保罗告诉我们，只有一位神，在神和人中间只有一位中保，乃是降世为人的基督耶稣。 Paul tells us there is one God and there is one mediator between God and men, the man, Jesus Christ.
所以仅仅因为耶稣是神，我们不应不说他也是人。 So just because Jesus is God, we shouldn't refrain from saying that he's also man.
他确实是。 He is.
保罗这样说。 Paul says so.
所以这就是耶稣作为神的儿子的独特之处。 So this is how Jesus is unique as the Son of God.
我们可能是人…… We may be men...
女人，你知道，她们也可以成为「人」。 Women, you know, they get to be men too.
并成为神的儿女。 And be sons of God.
但耶稣的独特之处在于他是两者。 But Jesus is unique in that he's both.
他既是神又是人。 He's both God and man.
这看起来很简单。 And that seems pretty simple.
你可能会想，怎么会弄错呢？ You know, you might wonder, how could you get that wrong?
事实证明，有很多种错误方式，这里是其中一些。 Well, it turns out there are a bunch of ways, and here are some of them.
这些是早期世纪人们弄错的方式。 These are ways that people got it wrong in the early centuries.
它们是异端，也一直伴随着我们。 They're heresies, and they also have been with us down through the ages.
第一个被称为二神论或三神论。 The first of them is known as ditheism or tritheism.
如果有人认为有两个神，就是耶稣和父，他就是二神论者。 Someone's a ditheist if he thinks there's two gods, which would be Jesus and the Father.
如果他认为有三个神，就是父、子和圣灵，他就是三神论者。 Or he's a tritheist if he thinks there's three gods, which would be the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
这种异端误解了神的本质，因为只有一位神，但二神论者或三神论者认为不止一位。 This heresy misunderstands the nature of God, because there's only one, but a ditheist or a tritheist thinks there's more than one.
收纳说认为他不是神；他只是一个人，但被神收纳。 Adoptionism says he wasn't God; he was just a man, but he was adopted by God.
就像所罗门、大卫、扫罗和居鲁士一样。 Just like Solomon and David and Saul and Cyrus were.
他们甚至会说，他被收纳的时刻是在他受洗时。 And they'll even say, okay, the moment when he was adopted was at his baptism.
因为那时圣灵降在他身上，神第一次说：「这是我的爱子。」 Because that's when the Holy Spirit descends on him and that's when God first says, "This is my beloved Son."
所以他们会说那是收纳的时刻。 So they'll say that's the moment of the adoption.
他们错了。 And they were wrong.
在收纳说的对立面，收纳说认为耶稣只是一个人，而幻影说则相反。 At the opposite end of the spectrum from adoptionism, which says Jesus is just a man, you have docetism.
幻影说认为耶稣是神，他只是看起来像个人。 Docetism says Jesus is God and he only appeared to be a man.
所以他有一个像幽灵的身体或天使可以拥有的临时身体。 So he had like a ghost body or a temporary body like angels can assume or something like that.
但他不是真正的人；他只是神，看起来像个人。 But he wasn't really a man; he was just really God and he appeared to be a man.
在二世纪，出现了一种叫形态论的观点。 In the second century, a view got started called modalism.
形态论是这样推理的。 And modalism reasoned like this.
它说，好吧，我们知道只有一位神。 It said, okay, we know there's only one God.
我们对此很清楚。 We're clear on that.
因此，如果只有一位神，就只有一个神格位格。 Therefore, if there's only one God, there must be only one divine person.
所以如果只有一个神格位格，我们如何解释父、子和圣灵？ So if there's only one divine person, how do we explain the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit?
他们会说，作为形态论者，他们会说这个神格位格以不同的形态行事。 And they would say, well, being modalists, they would say this one divine person acts in different modes.
有点像水。 Kind of like water.
如果你有一定量的水，它可以在某个时候是固体，然 后在另一个时候是液体，再在另一个时候是气体。 If you have a given volume of water, it could be solid at one point and then it could be a liquid at another point, and then it could be a gas at another point.
他们会说神就是这样的。 And they'll say that's how God is like.
这一个神格位格有时作为父，有时作为子，有时作为 圣灵，但实际上只是一个神格位格扮演不同的角色。 The one divine person sometimes acts as the Father, sometimes acts as the Son, and sometimes acts as the Holy Spirit, but really it's just one divine person playing different roles.
不幸的是，这与三位一体的实际理解相矛盾，三位一体的理解是父与 子是不同的位格，子与圣灵是不同的位格，圣灵与父是不同的位格。 So, unfortunately, that contradicts the actual understanding of the Trinity, which is that the Father is a different person than the Son, who is a different person than the Spirit, who is a different person than the Father.
所以根据三位一体论，神是三个位格，而不是三种形态。 So God is three persons, not three modes, according to Trinitarianism.
但有些人对此有问题。 But some folks have a problem with that.
怎么会有一位神却是三个位格呢？ How can there be one God who is three persons?
帮助我们理解的一种方法是将神视为至高的存在。 Well, something that can help us understand it is thinking about God as the supreme being.
存在就是存在的东西。就是存在的东西。 A being is something that be's. Something that exists.
明白吗？ Okay?
那么神，神存在吗？ And God, does God exist?
是的。 Yeah.
好，所以神是一个存在，但神与其他存在不同，因为他是所有存在的根基。 Okay, so God is a being, but God is different from other beings because he's the ground of all being.
他使其他一切存在成为可能。 He's what makes it possible for everything else to exist.
他是创造主。 He's the creator.
但你会在各种教会文件和许多哲学文献中发现神被描述为至高的存在。 But you will find God described as supreme being in various church documents and in a lot of philosophical literature.
所以让我们谈谈存在的类别。 So let's talk about the category of being.
任何存在的东西都是存在，很多东西都存在。 Anything that bees is a being, and lots of stuff bees.
所以雪花存在，对吧？ So snowflakes exist, right?
所以它们是存在。 So they're beings.
我们这里有一张漂亮的雪花图片。 We've got a nice picture of a snowflake there.
岩石存在。 Rocks exist.
所以它们是存在。 So they're beings.
我们这里有一张漂亮的岩石图片。 We've got a nice picture of a rock there.
人类。 Human beings.
名字里就有提示，不是吗？ Kind of a giveaway in the name, isn't it?
他们是存在。 Their beings.
所以我们有一张雪花、岩石和人的照片。 And so we've got a photo of a snowflake, a rock, and a human.
然后我们有一些天使加百列的彩色玻璃。 And then we have some stained glass of the angel Gabriel.
天使，他们存在吗？ Angels, do they exist?
是的，所以他们是存在。 Yeah, so they're beings.
抱歉我不能给你一张天使加百列的真实照片，但谷歌图片上没有。 Sorry I couldn't get you an actual photograph of the angel Gabriel, but Google Images didn't have one.
最后，我们有神作为至高的存在。 And then lastly, we've got God as the supreme being.
现在让我们谈谈另一个类别：位格。 Now let's talk about that other category: persons.
如果你手里有一片雪花，你手里有多少位格？ If you have a snowflake in your hand, how many persons do you have in your hand?
零，或者没有，或者我们这里说，你有少于一个位格。 Zero, or none, or as we'll put it here, you've got less than one person there.
好，假设你爬上这块石头。 Okay, suppose you climb up on this stone.
你爬上了多少位格？ How many persons have you climbed up on?
零。 Zero.
零或少于一个。 Zero or less than one.
假设你在商场遇到这个人。 Suppose you meet this guy at the mall.
你遇到了多少位格？ How many persons have you met?
一个，或者说在这种情况下，正好一个。 One or exactly one in this case.
如果天使加百列向你显现，告诉你要生弥赛亚，有多少位格来告诉你这件事？ And then if the angel Gabriel appears to you and tells you you're going to give birth to the Messiah, how many persons have come and told you you're going to give birth to the Messiah?
正好一个。 Exactly one.
完全正确。 Exactly right.
正确。 Correct.
所以我们看到一个模式出现，存在和位格是两个不同的类别，它们之间不是一对一的关系。 So we see this pattern emerging here where it looks like being and person are two different categories that don't match up to each other in a one-to-one fashion.
有些存在少于一个位格。 Some beings are less than one person.
有些存在正好是一个位格，如果这样，那么有些存在可以是多个位格。 Some beings are exactly one person, and if that's true, then some beings can be more than one person.
这就是神的情况。 And that's the case with God.
存在和位格是不同的类别，不是一对一的，神是一个存在却有三个位格。 Being and person are just different categories that don't match up one to one, and God is one being who is three persons.
因此形态论是错误的。 Modalism is therefore wrong.
这就是它的错误所在。 That's the mistake it makes.
它将存在的类别与位格的类别混淆了。 It confuses the category of being with the category of person.
但还有更多误解耶稣的方式。 But there are more ways to get Jesus wrong.
你不感到兴奋吗？ Aren't you excited?
下一个叫亚略主义。 The next one is called Arianism.
亚略是公元300年代初期来自埃及的一个祭司。 Arius was a priest from Egypt in the early 300s.
有时你会听人说亚略派认为耶稣只是一个人。 And sometimes you'll hear people say that Arians believe that Jesus is only a man.
错了。 Wrong.
那不是亚略所信的。 That's not what Arius believed.
我们刚才谈到的哪种观点认为耶稣只是一个人？ What view is it that holds Jesus is only a man that we talked about a minute ago?
收纳说，对吧。 Adoptionism, right.
所以我们已经知道那叫什么。 So we already know what that's called.
亚略说耶稣是首先被造的，然后神用耶稣创造了其他一切。 What Arius said is that Jesus is the first created being and then God used Jesus to create everything else.
所以耶稣有点像超级天使。 So Jesus is kind of a super angel.
多年前，人们谈论超级名模，她们常常是德国人，我有 个朋友总是称她们为「Zupermodels」。 Years ago, they would talk about supermodels, and they were frequently German for some reason, and a friend of mine would always refer to them as Zupermodels.
所以在这种观点中，耶稣有点像「Zuperangel」。 And so Jesus is, I guess, kind of a Zuperangel on this view.
但今天我们还有亚略派的人。 But we have Arians with us today.
我的意思是，希望不在这个房间里。 I mean, hopefully not in this room.
但耶和华见证人就是亚略派。 But Jehovah's Witnesses are Arians.
事实上，这是耶和华见证人的一幅艺术作品。 And in fact, this is a piece of Jehovah's Witness art.
你可以看到，在右上角，有神坐在宝座上。 And you can see it's got, up in the right-hand corner, it's got God on the throne there.
然后在前景中有耶稣。 And then it's got Jesus down in the foreground.
你可以看到他是天使，因为画家给他画了翅膀。 And you can see he's an angel because the artist has put wings on him.
所以这基本上就是亚略主义。 And so that's essentially Arianism.
耶稣是首先被造的，他基本上是一种超级天使。 Jesus is the first created being, and he's basically a kind of super angel.
但那个三世纪的异端被定罪了。 But that heresy from the 300s got condemned.
到了四世纪，有另一个人叫聂斯脱里。 By the 400s, there was this other guy named Nestorius.
聂斯脱里不愿称马利亚为「神的母亲」或「神的生母」。 And Nestorius did not want to call Mary Theotokos, or the God-bearer, or the mother of God.
他不愿意说神在马利亚的腹中。 He didn't want to say that God was in Mary's womb.
于是他们在431年的以弗所会议上召开会议，谴责了聂斯脱里主义。 And so they held a council at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and they condemned Nestorianism.
他们谴责了他的观点。 They condemned his view.
因为这其实不完全是关于马利亚的。 Because it's really not so much about Mary.
而是关于耶稣。 It's about Jesus.
因为如果他说神不在她的腹中…… Because if he's saying God wasn't in her womb...
他在说什么呢？ what is he saying?
因为显然有东西在马利亚的腹中，聂斯脱里会乐意说基督在她腹中， 或一个人在她腹中，但如果神不在，那就有问题了，因为这听起来像 是在说耶稣是两个不同的位格，其中一个是神性，一个是人性。 Because clearly something was in Mary's womb, and Nestorius would be happy to say Christ was in her womb or a man was in her womb, but if God wasn't, then you've got a problem because it sounds like you're saying Jesus is two different persons, one of whom is divine and one of whom is human.
所以聂斯脱里主义有将耶稣分裂为两个位格的风险。 So Nestorianism runs the risk of splitting Jesus into two persons.
既然它在以弗所会议上被谴责，那我们可以安全地说聂斯脱里只是 个异端，他所影响的所有所谓聂斯脱里教会都是一群异端，对吗？ Now, given that it was condemned at the Council of Ephesus, that means we're safe in saying that Nestorius was just a heretic and all of the so-called Nestorian churches that he inspired, they're all a bunch of heretics, right?
危险，威尔·罗宾逊，危险！ Danger, Will Robinson, danger!
这次，机器人提醒我们两件重要的事。 This time, the robot is alerting us to two important things.
第一，聂斯脱里在以弗所会议后接受了教会的判断。 The first one is that after the Council of Ephesus, Nestorius accepted the church's judgment.
他说，其实不，我不认为耶稣是两个位格。 He said, actually, no, I don't think Jesus is two persons.
让我澄清一下。 Let me clarify.
他确实澄清了。 And he did.
他澄清了他的观点。 He clarified his views.
他不喜欢称马利亚为神的母亲，但他澄清说他不认为耶稣是两 个位格，他接受了教会的判断，并在与教会的共融中去世。 He didn't like calling Mary mother of God, but he clarified that he didn't think Jesus was two persons, and he accepted the church's judgment, and he died in communion with the church.
亚略以忠实的公教徒身份去世。 Arius died a faithful Catholic.
我们应该称忠实的公教徒为异端吗？ Should we be calling faithful Catholics heretics?
不。希望有些人能在与教宗有关的问题上考虑这一点。 No. Wish some people would think about that in connection with the Pope.
但除了聂斯脱里以正统方式澄清他的意思外，如果他 能以正统方式澄清他的观点，聂斯脱里教会也能。 But, in addition to Nestorius clarifying that he meant what he said in an orthodox way, if he could clarify his view in an orthodox way, so can the Nestorian churches.
他们确实做到了。 And they did.
在圣若望保禄二世统治时期，他们与我们签署了一份关于基督论的联合声明，其 中他们和我们都说，尽管我们用不同的语言表达，但我们在实质上是一致的。 In the reign of Saint John Paul II, they signed a joint declaration on Christology with us, where both they and us said, even though we express ourselves using different language, we agree on the substance.
所以我们不想自夸或指责所谓的聂斯脱里教会是异端。 So we don't want to be triumphalistic or accusing the so-called Nestorian churches of being heretics.
讽刺的是，以他命名的异端实际上并不是异端。 It's an irony that the guy the heresy is named after wasn't actually a heretic.
聂斯脱里主义是异端。 Nestorianism is a heresy.
只是聂斯脱里和现代聂斯脱里教会并不以异端的方式理解它。 It's just that Nestorius and modern Nestorian churches don't understand it in a heretical sense.
现在，在聂斯脱里主义的对立面，有一种观点叫做基督一性论。 Now kind of at the opposite end of the spectrum from Nestorianism is a view called monophysitism.
Monos的意思是单一或独自。 Monos means single or alone.
我们谈过这个。 We talked about that.
Phusis的意思是本性。 Phusis means nature.
所以基督一性论认为耶稣只有一个本性。 And so monophysitism is the view that Jesus has only one nature.
他是一个位格，根据基督一性论，他基本上有一个融合了神性和人性本性。 He is one person, and according to monophysitism, he's got basically one nature that is a fusion of the divine and the human.
所以在某些版本中，他有点像50%的神性和50%的人性。 So in some versions, he would kind of like be 50% God and 50% man.
在其他版本中，人性基本上被消除了。 In other versions, the human nature is basically eliminated.
它被他的神性吸收了。 It gets absorbed by his divine nature.
这种观点也是异端，因为如果他没有完整的神性 和完整的人性，他就不是真正的人或真正的神。 And this view is also going to be heretical because he's not truly man or truly God if he doesn't have a full divine nature and a full human nature.
所以我们指责基督一性论教会是异端是正确的，对吗？ So we would be right to accuse the monophysite churches of being heretics, right?
对吗？ Right?
危险，威尔·罗宾逊，危险！ Danger, Will Robinson, danger!
这次机器人提醒我们，再次在圣若望保禄二世统治时期，基督一 性论教会澄清了他们语言的含义，如今他们实际上与我们一致。 This time the robot is alerting us to the fact that, again, in the reign of St. John Paul II, the monophysite churches clarified what they meant by their language, and they actually agree with us these days.
所以，我们也与他们有关于基督论的联合声明。 So, we have a joint declaration on Christology with them, too.
所以，要小心你称谁为异端。 So, be careful who you're calling a heretic.
现在，接下来我们要谈的最后一种错误叫做亚波里拿留主义。 Now, next, the last way of getting it wrong we're going to talk about is called Apollinarianism.
有多少人听过有人说人有三部分：身体、魂和灵？ How many people have heard people suggest that humans have three parts, a body, a soul, and a spirit?
有多少人听过这种三部分的观点？ How many people have heard that three-part view?
对。 Right.
古希腊人就有这种观点。 Well, the ancient Greeks had that.
有个叫亚波里拿留的人持这种观点。 And there was this guy named Apollinarius who had that view.
他准备说，好吧，耶稣有一个人的身体。 And he was prepared to say, okay, Jesus, he's got a human body.
他有一个人的魂，意思是让他感知事物的敏感部分。 He's got a human soul, meaning the sensitive part that lets him feel things.
但他不愿意说耶稣有人的理智。 But he didn't want to say that Jesus had a human intellect.
所以他说神性的道代替了耶稣的理性思维。 So he said that the divine logos stood in for Jesus' rational mind.
所以他没有人的灵或人的理性灵。 So he didn't have a human spirit or a human intellectual spirit.
他有的是神性的道。 He had the divine logos instead.
所以亚波里拿留不会说耶稣是一个人。 And so Apollinarius wouldn't say Jesus is a man.
他会说耶稣是一个带有肉体的神。 He would say Jesus is a flesh-bearing God.
因为他是神，但他也有肉体。 Because he's God, but he's also got flesh.
或者，正如我以前的一位老师所说，亚波里拿留的观点是「神在肉体中」。 Or, as one of my old instructors put it back in the day, Apollinarius' view is God in a bod.
但再次地，在这种观点中，他不是完全的人，所以这是个问题。 But again, he's not fully man on this view, so that's a problem.
我们要看的最后一个是一个相关的观点，叫做基督一志论。 The last one we're going to look at is a related view called monothelitism.
Monos是什么意思？ Monos means what?
我们说过两次。 We've said it twice.
Monos。 Monos.
单一，独自，足够ICEL用了。Thelema，那是国际英文 礼仪委员会；每当你在弥撒中遇到生硬的翻译时，可以感谢他们。 One, single alone, good enough for ICEL. Thelema, that's the International Commission on English and Liturgy; you can thank them whenever you have a clunky translation at Mass.
但希腊文中的thelema意思是意志。 But thelema in Greek means will.
所以基督一志论者推理说，好吧，耶稣可以有人的身体，他可以 有人的灵，但如果他有人的意志，那如何与他的神性意志相关？ And so what the monothelites reasoned was, okay, Jesus can have a human body, and he can have a human spirit, but if he's got a human will, how does that relate to his divine will?
我的意思是，如果他有两个不同的意志，它们可能会互相冲突。 I mean, if he's got two different wills, they could be in conflict with each other.
我们不想说耶稣与自己冲突，或者你可以说如果他有两个意志，他可能是两个不同的人。 And we don't want to say Jesus is in conflict with himself, or you could say if he's got two wills, he might be two different people.
所以为了防止这样说，基督一志论者得出结论，他一定只有一个意志，那就是神性的。 So to prevent saying things like that, the monothelites concluded he must have only one will, and it's divine.
所以他们会说他有完整的神性和几乎完整的人性，但没有意志。 So they'd say he's got a complete divine nature and almost all of a human nature, but not the will.
意志来自神。 The will is coming from God.
意志是神性的意志。 The will is the divine will.
但再次地，这剥夺了耶稣作为完全的人的身份。 But again, that robs Jesus of being fully a man.
所以，这是错误的。 So, it’s wrong.
现在，要正确理解耶稣，那些是误解耶稣的一些方式。 Now, the way to get it right, those are some ways to get Jesus wrong.
正确理解的方式是认识到，正如教理所说，他是真神又是真人。 The way to get it right is to recognize, as the Catechism says, that he's true God and true man.
这意味着他是完全的神；他有完整的神性，他也是完全的人；他有完整的人性。 That means he's fully God; he has a complete divine nature, and he's fully man; he has a complete human nature.
如果你想更详细地说，你可以说耶稣是一个位格。 If you want to put it a little more elaborately, you could say Jesus is one person.
但他有两个本性。 But he has two natures.
一个是神性，一个是人性。 One is a divine nature, one is a human nature.
在他的人性中，是完整的，所以他有完整的人类灵魂和完整的人体。 And in his human nature, it's complete, so he has a complete human spirit and a complete human body.
这是一个相当冗长的方式来说耶稣的真理，但如果你想更简单地说…… That's a fairly lengthy way to say the truth about Jesus, but if you want to say it more simply...
你可以说：「你是基督，是永生神的儿子。」 you could say, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."
那是你要作的告白。 That's the confession you want to make.
所以如果你到天上见到耶稣，我告诉过你会有个测验，他说：「你说我是谁？」 So if you go up to heaven and you meet Jesus, and I told you there was going to be a quiz, and he says, "Who do you say that I am?"
你说：「你是基督，是永生神的儿子。」 You say, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."
说出秘密词，赢得100美元。你可能得不到天国 的钥匙，但至少圣彼得会用钥匙让你进入天国。 Say the secret word, win $100. You may not get the keys to the kingdom, but at least St. Peter will use the keys to let you into the kingdom.
非常感谢。 Thank you so much.
在结束之前，再次提醒，如果你喜欢所看的内容 ，可以通过点赞、评论，尤其是订阅来支持我。 And before we go, just one more reminder that if you like what you've watched, you can help me out by liking, commenting, and especially by subscribing.
我正在努力发展我的频道，非常感谢你的帮助。 I'm trying to grow my channel, and I'd really appreciate your help.
谢谢，愿神祝福你。 Thank you, and God bless you.